氟碳钙铈矿结构中晶体缺陷的高分辨电镜研究

用高分辨电子显微术（ＨＲＥＭ）研究了氟碳钙铈矿（ＢＳ）晶体结构中的无序堆垛和体衍交生现象，结果表明该矿物的衍生多晶体是由钙－铈氟碳酸盐矿物中不同组分的氟碳铈矿（Ｂ）和直氟碳钙铈矿（Ｓ）结构单元层沿ｃ方向无序堆垛而成。高分辨结构象揭示出氟碳钙铈矿衍生多晶体的微结构特征。讨论了氟碳钙铈矿结构中的堆垛层错等晶体缺陷现象。     

钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物中新多型体的HREM研究

利用高分辨电子显微术（ＨＲＥＭ）研究了钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物系列中氟碳铈矿（Ｂ）／直氟碳钙铈矿（Ｓ）的混层结构。发现并确定了Ｂ＿５Ｓ＿２（ＩＨ，３Ｒ）、Ｂ＿５Ｓ＿４（３Ｒ，６Ｒ）和Ｂ＿（１８）Ｓ＿（１０）（ＩＨ）规则混层矿物中５种新多型的晶体结构类型、晶胞参数以及理论晶体化学式等。ＨＲＥＭ研究揭示出，在Ｂ＿ｍＳ＿ｎ（ｍ＞ｎ）型规则混层矿物新多型体的结晶过程中，成矿地质环境是复杂的。阐明了这些多型体是由该系列矿物中的氟碳铈矿（Ｂ）和直氟碳钙铈矿（Ｓ）结构单元层以不同比例沿ｃ轴方向的有序堆垛构成。     

钙-铈氟碳酸盐矿物系列中新规则混层矿物的晶格象研究

本文用电子衍射和晶格象技术研究钙-铈氟碳酸盐矿物微结构特征。除确定有氟碳铈矿(B),氟碳钙铈矿(BS)、伦琴矿(BS_2)和B_3S_2规则混层矿物外,还首次发现了9种B_mS_n(m≥++n)型新的规则混层矿物。这些新规则混层矿物,往往以共格的形式共存于一个自然晶粒之中。大量的SAED和晶格象揭示了这类稀土矿物各成员之间的相互结构关系。研究表明:钙-铈氟碳酸盐矿物系列中矿物衍生体的微结构特征及其变化是相当复杂的,它们是由不同组分的氟碳铈矿(B)和直氟碳钙铈矿(S)的结构单元层在c轴方向通过不同比例堆垛方式,形成一系列新规则混层矿物及多型。     

钙稀土氟碳酸盐系列矿物新规则堆垛结构的透射电镜研究

采用现代透射电镜,研究我国西南某地产出的钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物,又发现8种新的B_mS_n型规则混层组分和4种未曾报道的微多型。电子衍射和高分辨晶格象研究揭示了新规则堆垛结构特征及衍生体之间的结构取向关系。阐明了它们是由两个端员矿物-氟碳铈矿(B)和直氟碳钙铈矿(S)的结构单元层沿c轴方向以不同比例有序堆垛而成,因而导致了矿物组分和结构的不均一性。     

钙稀土氟碳酸盐中四种B10S8新规则混层矿物的透射电镜研究

根据HRTEM研究，在四川西昌地区的钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物衍生多晶体中发现了四种不同的B10S8型[即氟碳怖矿（B）／直氟碳钙铈矿（S）为10：8]新规则混层矿物（B10S8－I，B10S8－Ⅱ，B10S8-Ⅱ和B10S8－Ⅳ）。用SAED和HREM方法确定了四种新规则混层矿物的晶体结构对称性、晶胞参数、结构堆垛模式及晶体化学式等。四种B10S8新规则混层矿物结构中，Ce－F离子层的堆垛层序以及两个Ce－F离子层之间的碳酸根离子层的排列方式均不同。同时还观察到该类矿物中的畸结构及堆垛层错等。     

钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物中不同多型体间共晶格取向连生的微结构研究

利用透射电子显微镜研究钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物中不同多型体间共晶格取向连生的微结构，发现氟碳钙铈矿（ＢＳ）及Ｂ＿２Ｓ规则混层矿物不同多型体之间存在５种新的共晶格取向连生现象，共晶格取向连生面网为（０００１）．研究表明，多型体间共晶格取向连生结构与Ｂ＿ｍＳ＿ｎ型规则混层矿物、多型体、微体双晶和矿物种间的共晶格取向连生等以衍生体的形式共存于氟碳钙柿矿自然品位之中。这种多型休间共晶格取向连生结构的形成可能与氟碳钙柿矿中ＣＯ＿３在结构层间的分布和排列有关。     

氟碳钙铈矿6R2新多型的高分辨电镜研究

用电子衍射和高分辨电子显微镜技术研究了钙稀土氟碳酸盐系列矿物中氟碳钙铈矿及其衍生体的微结构,发现了氟碳钙铈矿的６Ｒ２新多型体,确定了其亚结构晶胞呈六方（Ｈ）对称α＇＝０．４１２ｎｍ,ｃ＇＇＝０．４７１ｎｍ,超结构晶胞呈菱面体（Ｒ）对称,ａ＝０．７１４ｎｍ,ｃ＝８．４７８ｎｍ,可能的空间群为Ｒ３＾－ｃ和Ｒ３ｃ,［１２１０］取向的高分辨结构像显示出该多型体结构单元层沿ｃ轴的有序堆垛及重复周期。［０００     

直氟碳钙铈矿6R,3R多型及其微孪晶结构的透射电镜研究

运用透射电镜技术，发现了三方晶系直氟碳钙铈矿（Synchysite）多型和微孪晶的存在，确定其中的多型有两种，即6R和3R多型，在3R多型中发现有微孪晶存在，这种微孪晶属（0001）孪晶面的面律（旋转）孪晶。由于直氟碳钙铈矿是钙铈氟碳酸盐系列矿物的一个端员组分，因此，对其多型和微孪晶的研究，有助于揭示该系列中间组分矿物多型和微孪晶的形成机理。     

牦牛坪稀土矿区氟碳铈矿与氟碳钙铈矿矿物学

四川省牦牛坪稀土矿区钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物有氟碳铈矿、氟碳铈矿以及笔者发现并命名的牦牛矿。本文旨在简述氟碳铈和氟碳钙铈矿的矿物学特征。牦牛坪钙稀土氟酸盐类矿物具有强选择轻稀土的特点。     

关于钙-稀土氟碳酸盐矿物名称的汉译问题

钙-稀土氟碳酸盐矿物属六方球霞石(Vaterite)型碳酸盐。已命名的有四种矿物,即Bastnacsitc,Parisite,Roentgenite和Synchysite。由新矿物及矿物命名委员会审订的汉译名分别为:氟碳铈矿,氟碳钙铈矿,伦琴石和直氟碳钙铈矿。与此相关的还有Bastnaesite-(Y),Synchysite-(Y),Synchysite-(Nd)等变种矿物分别译为氟碳钇矿、直氟碳钙钇矿和直氟碳钙钕矿。这些汉译名显然是遵循几个不同的原则确定的,     

叙永式埃洛石矿中矿物演化的研究

川、黔、滇交界处的埃洛石矿俗称“叙永石”,产于上二叠乐平统龙潭页岩和下二叠阳新统茅口灰岩的卡斯特侵蚀面间。成矿母岩为上二叠乐平统含黄铁矿的高岭石粘土岩。母岩在风化淋滤期间经历以下变化:(1)黄铁矿氧化成针铁矿;(2)高岭石从有序向无序转化,最终转变成埃洛石;(3)锐钛矿作为稳定相残留富集于剖面上部。形成的矿物组合以10埃洛石为主,包括伊利石、伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物、三水铝石、三羟铝石、石膏、水铝英石和石英。     

Ordered mixed-layer structures in the Mighei carbonaceous chondrite matrix

High resolution transmission electron microscopy of the Mighei carbonaceous chondrite matrix has revealed the presence of a new mixed layer structure material. This mixed-layer material consists of an ordered arrangement of serpentine-type (S) and brucite-type (B) layers in the sequence … SBBSBB. … Electron diffraction and imaging techniques show that the basal periodicity is ~ 17 Å. Discrete crystals of SBB-type material are typically curved, of small size (<1 μm) and show structural variations similar to the serpentine group minerals. Mixed-layer material also occurs in association with planar serpentine. Characteristics of SBB-type material are not consistent with known terrestrial mixed-layer clay minerals. Evidence for formation by a condensation event or by subsequent alteration of preexisting material is not yet apparent.     

新疆尉犁水黑云母:定向X射线衍射研究

用定向Ｘ射线衍射方法研究了产自新疆尉犁的两个水黑云母样品（ｘｊ－１和ｘｊ－２）。ｘｊ－１含有水黑云母和蛭石两种矿物,ｘｊ－２含有水黑云母和金云母两种矿物。两个样品中水黑云母的ｄ００１有所不同,它们的衍射蜂形和衍射强度与完全规则的水黑云母有一定的差异。根据图解法研究结果表明,在ｘｊ－１中观察到的水黑云母衍射数据实际是大量水黑云母层与少量蛭石层不规则间层的结果,而在ｘｊ－２中观察到的水黑云母衍射数据实     

Illite-smectite Mixed-layer Minerals in the Alteration Volcanic Ashes under Submarine Environment

The clay mineralogy of the clay intervals interbedded with siliceous mudstones across the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) in Pengda, Guiyang, Guizhou province, was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The clay mineral assemblages of the sediments are mainly I/S clays and minor smectite, kaolinite, and illite as reveled by XRD analyses. The peak-shape parameters BB1 and BB2 of I/S clays of the representative clay bed PL-01 are 4.7° and 4.4°, and the peak position of the low angle reflection is at 6.8° 2θ (13.6 ), suggesting that the I/S clays has a IS type of ordering. However, the presence of multi-order reflections and their intensities are different from those of completely ordered 1∶1 mixed-layer I/S clay rectorite, indicating that I/S clays of the Pengda section have partially ordered IS structures. HRTEM observations show that most of the I/S clays exhibit an IS stacking ordering. However, in some areas within a IS particle, smectite layer is observed in doublets, triplets, and quartets, which are interstratified by various amounts of illite layers, suggesting the presence of other irregular stacking in addition to the major 1∶1 IS ordered stacking. Transformation of smectite layer into illite layers is also observed in the I/S clays, suggesting that the Pengda I/S clays are derived from smectite illitization, in good agreement with the clay mineral assemblage. The I/S clays of the Pengda section contain up to 45% to 95% smectite layer, the notably higher contents of smectite layer relative to those of other PTB stratigraphic sets in south China can be attributed to difference in alteration and smectite illitization processes due to different sedimentary environments.     

Modulated structures in calcian dolomite: A study by electron microscopy

Calcian dolomite from the Devonian Lost Burro formation has been investigated with electron microscopy techniques. Electron diffraction shows evidence for “c” and “d” type reflections which may occur independently and are indicative of ordered superstructures. High resolution electron microscopy combined with selected area optical diffraction is the basis for models to explain the superstructures in calcian dolomite. It is proposed that “c” reflections are due to ordered substitution of Mg by Ca in basal cation layers. “d” reflections result when the rhombohedral stacking of basal layers is interrupted by intercalation of additional Ca layers. During electron irradiation at 1 MeV the Mg-Ca distribution becomes disordered and the crystal structure attains calcite symmetry. The arrangement of CO₃ groups remains ordered.     

An electron microscopy study of deformation microstructures in granitic mylonites from southwestern Sweden, with special emphasis on the micas

Summary ¶The lithology, age, geological setting, structural and metamorphic history of the granitic mylonites from the Mylonite Zone (MZ) in southwestern Sweden have been studied extensively. The deformation history, growth of microstructures, intensity of deformation, changes in mineral compositions, and pressure-temperature conditions of deformation have, however, not been addressed. In this study, powder X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and transmission electron microscopy of micas, chlorite, and plagioclase are combined to understand the physical and textural changes experienced by the rocks during mylonitization. It is shown that the occurrence of foliated micas in shear bands, recrystallization of quartz and biotite, and undulatory extinction in quartz grains were not uniform throughout the samples studied. Occurrence of dislocations and low-angle grain boundaries confirm that deformation occurred largely by glide dislocations. The low-angle grain boundaries observed are formed by the re-arrangement of these dislocations during grain size reduction processes. The micas show a high degree of spatial stacking order, but spatial stacking disorder in micas and chlorites has also been found.Ordered stacking faults are formed during low strain while disordered stacking faults are formed under high strain conditions. Occurrence of both ordered and disordered stacking faults indicates that the intensity of deformation was not uniform through the entire MZ. Moreover, the chemical composition of plagioclase shows that the exsolution lamellae observed with optical and electron microscopy are due to Ca-subsolidus reactions during low temperature deformation. Several substitution reactions occurring in the micas indicate that deformation took place between 0.3 and 0.4GPa, at a temperature higher than 500°C.Received October 15, 2001; revised version accepted December 25, 2002 Published online June 2, 2003