影响钻孔波速测试质量的因素分析

钻孔波速测试是对地基土力学性质进行原位测试方法中的一种，目前广泛应用于岩土工程勘察中，本文主要叙述了在进行钻孔波速测试时现场应注意的一些问题。     

横波测井技术在海洋工程中的应用

单孔波速测试的传统做法是在地面激振,在孔中接收,但该方法测试深度受限,测试精度较低,且对于海上钻孔来说,根本无法实现激振,故对于海洋工程钻孔的波速测试,则需要新技术来实现横波波速的获取。笔者介绍的悬挂式波速测井法将震源和检波器同时放入井孔中,摆脱了笨重的地面敲击震源,实现了波速测井设备的轻便化,由相距1 m的两个检波器接收S波的传播信号,为一发双收装置,利用传感器接收到震源传来的S波信号到达时间(初至)差,来确定钻孔所在处地层波速的一种新技术。该方法在南堡油田平台场址调查中发挥了重要作用,对120 m深的钻孔进行了横波测井,取得了良好的测试成果,为该工程项目提供了准确的剪切波速,为划分该场址的场地土类别发挥了重要作用。     

偏心式激振器在稳态瑞利波勘探中的应用

介绍了偏心式激振器在稳态瑞利波勘探中的应用,现场工作布置方法以及频散曲线的计算方法,并对稳态瑞利波法勘探与钻孔波速测试进行了对比,两者数据很接近, 偏心式激振器激振频率低,激振能量大,在稳态瑞雷波法勘探中应用效果很好,可以代替钻孔声波测试,进行地层波速测试,降低成本,提高工程勘察效率。     

单孔与跨孔波速测试在工程中的应用

波速测试是一种快速、准确的原位测试技术.通过波速测试可获得岩土体的弹性波速,为工程设计提供较为准确的动力学参数.钻孔波速测试常用的方法为单孔检层法与跨孔平穿法.介绍了单孔法与跨孔法波速测试的工作原理、现场测试、数据处理和资料分析过程.结合工程实例说明了两种测试方法的区别及其在岩土工程勘察设计中的应用效果.     

波速扁铲侧胀试验（SDMT）在液化判别中的应用

波速扁铲侧胀仪（SDMT）是由标准的扁铲侧胀仪（DMT）和测量剪切波速砜的地震测试模块组成。综合描述了SDMT试验方法,对SDMT和钻孔波速试验测出的剪切波速砜比较,以及SDMT的液化判别初步分析。SDMT在南京的测试应用证明了SDMT的可靠性。     

原状黄土遇水及饱和后软化特征研究

黄土由于特殊的结构性导致其水敏性,以往相关研究多采用室内试验的方法。文章以动三轴弯曲元试验系统对原状黄土和饱和黄土在各级围压下的剪切波速与轴向变形进行了测试,并对兰州市西固区某饱和黄土场地进行了现场钻孔及原位试验。室内及现场试验结果表明,黄土遇水模量软化,饱和黄土更具有触变性。进一步对比饱和粉土与砂土的剪切波速与标贯击数统计关系,发现饱和粉土由于触变性导致标贯击数较小,而剪切波速为小应变无损测试,最终表现为剪切波速相同的饱和粉土与砂土,粉土标贯击数显著小于砂土。     

物探检测方法在复合地基检测中的应用--以广州石化总厂航煤油罐复合地基为例

介绍了利用瑞利波,地质雷达,钻孔波速测试原理检测强夯碎柱复合地基的方法,实践表明,工程物探测结果与常规方法检测结果相一致, 有低成本,高效率等特点。     

波速测试在高层建筑地基勘察中的应用--以遵义百货大楼岩土工程勘察为例

通过工程实例说明钻孔波速测试可定量划分岩体质量单元，确定岩体完整性系数，并利用岩体的完整性系数Kv作为同完整程度岩体承载力的类比指标。     

上海场地土的脉动特性及剪切波速特征

0　引言结合生产任务,在上海市区进行了大量剪切波速及地脉动测试。剪切波速测试主要采用跨孔法,个别采用检层法和表面波法。测试仪器为ＢＩＳＯＮ15802型、ＥＳ1225型地震仪。在测定波速的钻孔附近地面,采用65型地震仪获取脉动信号的速度响应,经ＤＦ1型五线测震仪放大后输出到ＨＰ35665Ａ型磁带记录仪和ＳＣ16型光线示波器,经变换处理和频谱分析,获得场地卓越周期和速度幅值等参数。上海位于长江三角洲前沿,面临东海。土层厚150～400ｍ,与工程建设关系较密切的是地面以下80ｍ范围内的土层,尤其是浅层土。工程地质资料表明,上海市浅层土(20…     

基于地统计分析的大同盆地V_(se20)及建筑场地类别预测

土层剪切波速是重要的工程地质参数,对场地类别划分及工程地质条件分析具有重要意义。以大同盆地为研究对象,对盆地进行了地质单元划分及地层岩性特征分析,依据盆地内已实施的大量地质勘察钻孔的剪切波速资料,采用地统计学方法中的空间分析、探索性统计分析、Kriging插值、确定性插值方法,给出了大同盆地范围内任意场点的V_(se20)及建筑场地类别预测分布。分析结果表明大同盆地内区域范围内任意场点的等效剪切波速及建筑场地类别数据与地质单元类型具有明显的相关性,对于盆地内不具备实施钻孔及无法进行原位测试试验的场点来说,本文提供了一种很好的预测分析方法,研究成果可为当地的国土资源规划及岩土勘察设计提供基础资料,同时可为大同盆地区域性地质条件分析、三维地质模型及大震情景模型构建提供一定的借鉴意义。     

苏皖坡缕石粘土中蛋白石特征及其成因意义

TEM和XRD研究表明，在苏皖坡缕石粘土矿床的蛋白石坡缕石层中存在0pal-A和0pal-CT两种结构的蛋白石。蛋白石坡缕石层主要含坡缕石、opal-A、opal-CT，以及少量白云石和其它矿物，由富opal-A层和富opal-CT层互层组成，交互层的厚度在几个厘米左右。蛋白石坡缕石层中的矿物基本是自生矿物，从蒸发湖水中化学沉淀形成。矿物组成特征研究表明，蛋白石坡缕石层的矿物组分(Si、Mg、Al)来源于盆地周围玄武岩淋滤的浅层地下水。根据Opal-A和Opal-CT溶解度图解和城缕石、白云石形成物理化学条件图解，当湖水具有高浓度溶解SiO2和Mg^2 时，有利于opal-A和坡缕石形成，当湖水具有低浓度溶解SiO2时，有利于opal-CT结晶。因此，沉淀SiO2的结构状态取决于地下水补给的湖水溶解SiO2浓度。富opal-A和富opal-CT交互层的形成是古气候、古水文周期性变化的指示。富opal-CT层指示高地下水补给流入量，低蒸发量，湖水低盐度和溶解组分，代表湿润气候时期；而富opal-A层代表低地下水补给流入量，高蒸发量，高溶解组分浓度，代表干旱气候时期。     

菱镁矿开采引起的Dubravsk(y) Massif水文地质结构中的地下水化学成分变化

Dubravsky Massif菱镁矿体的开采产生了部分局限在石炭纪低裂缝渗透变质岩中的喀斯特型裂缝含水层.大量的开矿过程对含水层中的地下水循环和化学成分都造成了可观的变化.本文研究了在这种复杂条件下地下水化学成分变化成因模型.根据化学配位模型,计算出所选矿物的饱和指数,从而指示所有喀斯特裂缝含水层饱和带中的地下水对菱镁矿、白云石、方解石的过饱和度和石膏的不饱和度.假设地下水未受人类活动的污染,而白云石中黄铁矿的氧化对成矿影响甚微,则水化学数据的统计描述代表了含水层中的水文地球化学背景.矿山中矿石焙烧释放的富氮气体凝聚产生的醋酸,能促进菱镁矿和白云石的溶解.这样产生的地下水相对背景值来说则富集NO3,Mg,和TIC.因此,由于地下开矿,岩溶作用估计将是原来的1.5倍.尽管有污染,这些所测参数并没有超过斯洛伐克卫生保健部颁发的No.29/2002 Z.z.饮用水标准临界值.因此采矿后含水层的开采也是可行的.     

Geogenic distribution and baseline concentrations of Cu and Zn in surficial soil of Guiyang, China

1 IntroductionThe term“Environmental Geochemical Baseline(EGB)”first appeared in the International Geochemi-cal Mapping Program (IGCP259) and the InternationalGeochemical Baseline Program (IGCP360) of Interna-tional Geography Contrast Program. The defin…     

Incipient Stage of Ore Formation Process of the Kamioka Zn-Pb Ore Deposit in the Hida Metamorphic Belt, Central Japan: Leaching and Precipitation of Clinopyroxene

Abstract: Boundaries between the cpx Zn-Pb ores of the Kamioka ore deposit and host clinopyroxene granitoid in the Hida metamorphic belt were examined to decipher the incipient stage of ore formation process. The boundaries are characterized by the compositional zoning of relic clinopyroxene with outward increase of XMg from 0. 5 to 0. 75 in the host rocks, and by the incline of XMg towards the ores, passing through the boundaries, reaching up to 0. 95. In the ores, relic clinopyroxene is rimmed by hedenbergite. Both clinopyroxenes show compositional zoning with outward decrease and increase of XMg and MnO, down to 0. 02 and to 3. 2 wt%, respectively. The presence of high magnesian clinopyroxene can be explained if hydrothermal fluid flow had leached hedenbergite component of relic clinopyroxene. The incline of XMg of clinopyroxene toward the ores was attributed to the degree of dissolution of clinopyroxene, and thus the total amounts of fluid to have passed. The outward decrease of XMg of clinopyroxenes in the ores was due to crystal-fluid fractionation during precipitation. These mineralogical changes at the boundaries indicate the time-integrated phenomena of hydrothermal ore forming process. Firstly, leaching of ore components by infiltrating fluid proceeded in host rocks, and enhanced the formation of a fluid channel. The condition of fluid changes through the fluid channel in P-T space, and hence ore forming minerals precipitate at a remote place from the leaching one. This in turn caused the physicochemical change of fluid condition anyhow, and accelerated the precipitation of the minerals. This leaching-precipitation sequence appears a basic process of hydrothermal ore-forming system, and characterizes the incipient stage of ore formation process of the Kamioka Zn-Pb ore deposit. Compositional zoning of clinopyroxenes defines Z-shaped compositional trend in the Di–Hd–Jo diagram, each arm of which corresponds to the leaching and the precipitation stages, and the secondary dissolution of precipitated clinopyroxene.     

Connectivity of a network of random discontinuities

Discontinuities such as fractures or cracks are common in geo-materials. Connectivity is a comprehensive parameter that includes the influence of length, orientation and density of the discontinuities. The main objectives of this paper are to define connectivity based on the statistical geometrical parameters of a network of random discontinuities and to quantify the hydraulic properties of the network using connectivity. An analytical method is first proposed to evaluate connectivity through the density of degree of freedom (DDOF). The analytically estimated DDOF is verified using numerical analysis. DDOF increases with the increases in the mean length, relative orientation and density of the random discontinuity network. Connectivity becomes better and the permeability becomes larger with increasing DDOF. The representative element volume (REV) of a random discontinuity network can be estimated based on connectivity. When a discontinuity network is poorly connected, a REV does not exist when the size of the discontinuity network is smaller than 10 times of the mean length of the discontinuities. When a discontinuity network is normally connected, a REV exists when the REV size is smaller than 10 times of the mean length of the discontinuities. When the discontinuity network is highly connected, the REV size is only 2–4 times of the mean length of the discontinuities. The results indicate that DDOF is a good indicator to quantify the connectivity of a random discontinuity network and the relationship between connectivity and permeability.     

Stratigraphy and ecostratigraphic distribution of foraminiferal morphogroups from the Upper Jurassic of the Makar’yev section (Unzha River,Volga River basin)

Investigation of the Upper Callovian to Lower Kimmeridgian microfossils from the Makar’yev reference section (Unzha River, East European Platform) has been carried out. The section is characterized by ammonite debris and abundant associations of benthic and planktic foraminifers. It is a perfect object for stratigraphic and paleoecological researches. The biostratigraphic distribution of foraminifers from the Makar’yev section allows one to identify standard foraminifera zones of the East European Platform, as well as to upgrade some of them. The analysis of vertical and lateral ammonites and foraminiferal distribution, completed with litho stratigraphy, has precised the stratigraphic volume and position of boundaries of several lithological units.An improved stratigraphic scheme for the Kostroma area of the Moscow Depression is proposed. Analysis of the composition, structure, and dynamic changes of the foraminiferal assemblages has been performed. The morphofunctional analysis of foraminiferal genera has for the first time identified how foraminiferal morphogroups differing in their life style and feeding strategy varied with short-term paleoenvironmental changes. These morphogroup changes allow establishing four ecostratigraphic levels. These paleoecological data have been calibrated along with geochemical factors. They have shown a crisis of foraminiferal association during the Late Oxfordian and Early Kimmeridgian. A similar crisis has also been discovered in the north of Siberia, which may be an argument for its global distribution. The analysis of the taxonomic composition and the density of foraminiferal associations, in parallel with the structure of the association, has revealed a succession of transgressive and regressive events during the Late Callovian-Early Kimmeridgian. It allows the typification of each assemblage in relation with each event and underlines the occurrence of second-order sea-level fluctuations (middle part of the Middle Oxfordian and the earliest Kimmeridgian).     

Evaporative systems and diagenetic patterns in the Calatayud Basin (Miocene,central Spain)

This paper concerns the evaporite units, depositional systems, cyclicity, diagenetic products and anhydritization patterns of the Calatayud Basin (nonmarine, Miocene, central Spain). In outcrop, the sulphate minerals of these shallow lacustrine evaporites consist of primary and secondary gypsum, the latter originating from the replacement of anhydrite and glauberite. In the evaporative systems of this basin, gypsiferous marshes of low salinity can be distinguished from central, saline lakes of higher salinity. In the gypsiferous marsh facies, the dominant, massive, bioturbated gypsum was partly replaced by synsedimentary chert nodules and siliceous crusts. In the saline lake facies, either cycles of gypsiferous lutite‐laminated gypsarenite or irregular alternations of laminated gypsum, nodular and banded glauberite, thenardite and nodular anhydrite precipitated. Early replacement of part of the glauberite by anhydrite also occurred. Episodes of subaerial exposure are represented by: (1) pedogenic carbonates (with nodular magnesite) and gypsiferous crusts composed of poikilitic crystals; and (2) nodular anhydrite, which formed in a sabkha. Additionally, meganodular anhydrite occurs, which presumably precipitated from ascending, highly saline solutions. The timing of anhydritization was mainly controlled by the salinity of the pore solutions, and occurred from the onset of deposition to moderate burial. Locally, a thick (>200 m) sequence of gypsum cycles developed, which was probably controlled by climatic variation. A trend of upward‐decreasing salinity is deduced from the base to the top of the evaporite succession.     

Anisotropie verticale de la perméabilité de l'horizon fissuré des aquifères de socle : concordance avec la structure géologique des profils d'altération

Pumping tests carried out in the fissured layer of a granitic hard-rock aquifer, interpreted at the observation wells by means of the analytical solution of Neuman and at the pumping wells with that of Gringarten show the existence of a strong vertical anisotropy of this layer of the aquifer; the horizontal permeability is clearly and systematically higher than the vertical one. These results agree perfectly with the geological observations, the fissured layer of the weathered granite profile showing the existence of many sub-horizontal fissures. It confirms that, within the fissured layer, the permeability of sub-horizontal fissures due to the weathering process dominates over that of sub-vertical fissures of tectonic origin. To cite this article: J.-C. Maréchal et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).To cite this article: J.-C. Maréchal et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

菱镁矿开采引起的Dubravsk"非汉字符号" Massif水文地质结构中的地下水化学成分变化

Dubravsky Massif菱镁矿体的开采产生了部分局限在石炭纪低裂缝渗透变质岩中的喀斯特型裂缝含水层。大量的开矿过程对含水层中的地下水循环和化学成分都造成了可观的变化。本文研究了在这种复杂条件下地下水化学成分变化成因模型。根据化学配位模型,计算出所选矿物的饱和指数,从而指示所有喀斯特裂缝含水层饱和带中的地下水对菱镁矿、白云石、方解石的过饱和度和石膏的不饱和度。假设地下水未受人类活动的污染,而白云石中黄铁矿的氧化对成矿影响甚微,则水化学数据的统计描述代表了含水层中的水文地球化学背景。矿山中矿石焙烧释放的富氮气体凝聚产生的醋酸,能促进菱镁矿和白云石的溶解。这样产生的地下水相对背景值来说则富集NO3,Mg,和TIC。因此,由于地下开矿,岩溶作用估计将是原来的1.5倍。尽管有污染,这些所测参数并没有超过斯洛伐克卫生保健部颁发的No.29／2002 Z.z.饮用水标准临界值。因此采矿后含水层的开采也是可行的。