包气带岩性结构对地下水生态功能影响特征

西北内陆流域下游区天然植被对地下水生态功能具有强烈依赖性,而包气带岩性结构对地下水生态功能具有明显影响,但是在目前的研究中,缺乏定量分析评判。以甘肃石羊河流域下游天然绿洲区为研究区,基于包气带岩性结构野外调查、室内土柱试验和Hydrus1-D数值模拟,研究包气带岩性结构与地下水耦合作用的生态效应,分析不同岩性结构包气带...     

西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系构建与应用

西北干旱区降水稀少、蒸发强烈,水资源紧缺,自然湖泊湿地、天然植被绿洲和土壤盐渍化程度对地下水生态水位具有强烈依赖性,因此,西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系构建成为一个重要课题.本文基于对干旱区不同类型生态状况与地下水位埋深之间关系的机制研究,构建了以浅层地下水埋藏状况为核心要素的"西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系",它由地下水对自然湿地景观维持性、天然植被绿洲维持性、农田土地质量维持性及其隶属的6项要素指标构成;在石羊河流域中、下游平原区应用结果表明,该套指标体系可为西北干旱区地下水功能评价提供参考,同时还表征石羊河流域中、下游平原区地下水生态功能脆弱,生态功能较弱和弱的分布范围占示范应用区总面积的87.86％,地下水生态功能强、较强分布范围仅占5.07％.由此可见,进一步提高西北干旱区地下水生态功能保护能力刻不容缓.     

民勤绿洲天然植被生长与地下水埋深变化关系

甘肃石羊河流域民勤盆地水资源短缺,生态环境脆弱,弄清地下水埋深与天然生态植被生长的关系,是精准调控地下水开采、针对性制定生态保护政策的重要理论依据。利用民勤盆地2000—2017年LANDSAT遥感数据,计算归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）年均值,结合85眼监测井的地下水埋深实测数据,分析了植被生长与埋深的关系。结果显示:研究区植被NDVI较低,多年均值约0.1,2012年后NDVI趋于增大,反映人工造林等措施成果明显。地下水埋深总体趋于增大,2008年后增幅减缓,目前埋深西部大于20 m,东部、北部小于20 m。区内适宜植被生长的埋深范围为2.5~3.9 m,多年平均适宜生态水位约2.66 m;埋深小于4 m时,NDVI与埋深表现为高度负相关(R<-0.8),即埋深越小,NDVI越高;埋深大于4 m时,两者无明显关系。较前人成果,文章从长序列时间、盆地空间尺度分析了民勤绿洲区天然植被生长与地下水埋深的变化,得到浅埋区生态水位,进而圈定了生态治理重点靶区。     

西北典型内陆流域地下水与湿地生态系统协同演化机制

以生态输水为代表的湿地修复工程在西北内陆流域得到了广泛应用,生态输水情形下地下水与湿地植被的交互作用决定着湿地生态系统的演化过程。以西北典型内陆流域—石羊河流域青土湖湿地为研究区,基于地下水-湿地生态系统多要素一体化动态监测网络,结合稳定同位素和卫星遥感技术手段,分析生态输水情形下的地下水动态变化与湿地植被恢复情况,从水文地质角度揭示地下水与湿地生态系统的协同演化机制。结果显示:夏季末和秋季生态输水时,湖水补给地下水且土壤含水率增大,最大土壤含水率可达0.45 m³/m³;冬季湿地湖面和表层土壤冻结,湖水对地下水补给量减少,春季冻土和湖面消融导致地下水略有回升,同时增大土壤含水率;夏季在下次生态输水前湖面面积最小(湖面面积最小约为1 km²,地下水水位最大埋深为3.6 m),部分区域地下水补给湖水,此时表层土壤含水率也最低(最小土壤含水率为0.01 m³/m³);夏季末和秋季生态输水通过将生态水储存在地下水和土壤中进而作用于次年的植被恢复与生长,增大生态输水所形成的湖面面积有助...     

Long-term changes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tamarix</Emphasis>-vegetation in the oasis-desert ecotone and its driving factors: implication for dryland management

The Oasis-desert ecotone plays an important role in ensuring oasis ecological security. This study was to determine the main factors on the changes of desert vegetation in the oasis-desert ecotone, and to understand the mechanisms of the long-term changes. During past 50 years, the dominant plant species of Tamarix-vegetation in the Minqin oasis-desert ecotone changed from mesophytes to xerophytes and finally to super-xerophytes. The vegetative distribution area (belt width of Tamarix-vegetation between desert and oasis) markedly decreased from 1,000 m past to 30 m current. The coverage of Tamarix bushes reduced from 25 to 7%. The importance value (IV) of the bushes fell from 0.957 to 0.752, and Simpson index decreased from 0.702 in 1959–0.589 in 1992, and then increased to 0.712 in 2002. These changes in vegetation were closely related with the rapid decrease of groundwater table and the reduction of soil moisture due to unsustainable use of water resources for expanded agriculture development. These findings suggested that the change of Tamarix-vegetation in the oasis-desert ecotone was a process of vegetation degradation and concurrent desertification. The maintaining of stable groundwater and Tamarix-vegetation is a vital prerequisite for dryland management, especially, conserving ecological health of oasis-desert systems.     

Desert riparian vegetation and groundwater in the lower reaches of the Tarim River basin

The Green Corridor in the lower reaches of Tarim River in northwestern China has an extreme hot and dry climate. Vegetation here, consisting of arbor, shrub and grass, relies on groundwater exceedingly. However, the increasing anthropogenic activities of large-scale agricultural reclamation and unreasonable water utilization in the upper and middle reaches caused the 321-km riverway in the lower reaches to dry up completely in 1972 and resulted in the sharp decline of groundwater, followed by the ruin of desert riparian vegetation on a large scale. The Green Corridor is on the verge of shrinking. Water has a key role in maintaining ecological balance and socioeconomic development. This paper, focused on the relationship between vegetation and groundwater, discusses (1) the change of groundwater table caused by the ecological water delivery carried out in the lower reaches of Tarim River; (2) the appropriate groundwater depth meeting the vegetation’s survival; (3) the minimum ecological flux and ecological water requirement for the growth of natural vegetation. It was shown that (1) based on the analysis of the monitoring data from the groundwater level of ten times water delivery, such an extensive artificial watering takes positive effect on raising the groundwater level along the two sides of the river; (2) a groundwater table depth of 2–4 m is probably the appropriate ecological water table level for the lower reaches of the Tarim River, and 6 m is the threshold for the local vegetation; (3) at the lower Tarim River, 1.157 × 10⁸ m³ of water flow is needed for itself. The longer the duration of water releases, the greater would be the groundwater rise and the larger the range of vegetation influenced. It was found that the duration and volume of water delivery was closely related to restoration of vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The goal of this paper is to offer scientific evidences for water delivery in the rigorous areas to maintain an ecological balance.     

黑河流域下游额济纳绿洲与水资源的关系

简要介绍了黑河流域下游额济纳绿洲自然概况,分析了黑河下游地表水、地下水近20年的变化趋势,进而对额济纳绿洲植被生长、植物种群演替、植被覆盖度以及绿洲的存亡与当地地下水埋深的关系作了剖析,并对规划年绿洲变化作了预测.指出了水资源是黑河下游额济纳经济社会可持续发展和生态环境建设的依托,如何稳定绿洲和使绿洲有适度规模发展,是生态保护的核心问题,具有重要的战略意义.     

西北内陆河流域水循环和生态演变与功能保障机制研究

在气候变化、生态保护以及水资源调控影响下,西北内陆河流域水循环和生态环境状态发生了显著改变,迫切需要解答气候变化对植被恢复和产水量的影响,调水和压采等措施下地下水水位动态、管控指标及其对生态环境的维持机制。为此,文章阐述了内陆河流域气候-植被-土壤-水文相互作用机理以及上中下游演变状况。针对上游产水区,提出了山区气候变...     

黑河下游额济纳绿洲变化规律及其相关因素分析

通过处理额济纳旗地区的卫星数据,以归一化植被指数为重要指标,对可能影响绿洲的各种人为和自然因素进行了定量分析,其中包括年径流量、年降雨量、高程、坡度和地下水埋深等。结果表明:当通过狼心山的黑河流量大于3×108m3/a时,额济纳绿洲面积与黑河下游径流量呈良好的线性关系;该地区植被的生长和降雨几乎无关,两者相关系数为0·016;绿洲植被生长与高程有一定关系,最适宜绿洲植物生长的高程为930~950m;坡度和植被生长也有一定关系,坡度小的地方,植被相对茂密;地下水埋深对植被的生长存在密切的关系,用植被覆盖率的概念得到最适宜绿洲植物生长的地下水位埋深为3·2~3·8m。     

格尔木河流域植被指数时空分布及其影响因素研究

格尔木河流域气候干旱少雨,生态环境较脆弱,植被动态对其生态环境保护具有重要意义。基于连续序列的MODIS NDVI数据,分析了格尔木河流域植被指数时空分布及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区NDVI平均值总体较小,主要在0.10～0.12间波动,但呈增大趋势。区内植被改善区分布在格尔木市东、西两侧,基本不变区为荒漠地区,植被退化区分布在北部盐湖区。区内裸土的面积逐渐减小,低覆盖率和高覆盖率植被的面积逐渐增加。研究区植被生长与气象、土壤水分和地下水位埋深都有关系。气温与植被指数相关关系较好,相关系数为0.822,而降水对植被的生长也有一定的作用。植被指数与表观热惯量是正相关关系,相关系数为0.979。区内植被的地下水位埋深范围为0～12 m,在水位埋深约为6.5 m的地方,植被长势最好。     

石羊河流域植被指数时空变化及荒漠化遥感监测

利用SPOT VGT NDVI数据对石羊河流域1999—2010年期间植被覆盖的时空变化进行了研究,并基于像元二分模型求算植被覆盖度,以植被覆盖度为指标对研究区荒漠化程度进行定量监测与评价。结果表明:12年来石羊河流域植被覆盖度整体呈增加的趋势,增加速率为0.003 2 a-1。植被改善的面积远大于植被退化的面积,植被改善区域的面积为11 130 km2,占研究区总面积的26.45%,主要分布在金昌、永昌、民勤、武威东部以及古浪的西北部地区;植被退化区域的面积为3 546 km2,占研究区总面积的8.43%,主要分布在天祝藏族自治县的东部和古浪南部的乌鞘岭地区。荒漠化土地面积整体呈下降的趋势,极重度荒漠化土地明显减少,转化为重度荒漠化;非荒漠化土地的增加主要以绿洲的扩张为主。     

Modelling the response of vegetation restoration to changes in groundwater level,based on ecologically suitable groundwater depth

Groundwater-level fluctuations at a large scale have a significant effect on the preservation and restoration of vegetation. This study determined suitable groundwater depth within which natural vegetation grows well, and analysed the effect of groundwater regulation on vegetation restoration in Tianjin City, northern China. Normal and lognormal distributions were used to fit the curve of the relation between vegetation and groundwater depth. The groundwater depth range corresponding to the higher frequency of vegetation distribution was regarded as the ‘suitable water depth’ range for vegetation growth. The suitable groundwater depth for shrub growth was 3–5 m and for grass growth 1–3 m. A groundwater flow model predicted the future changes of groundwater depths in the vegetation distribution area under the condition that the current levels of groundwater extraction are maintained. The results showed that there is potential for the extraction of groundwater in shrubland areas, but for grassland areas the water-table elevation showed a downward trend, meaning that water shortages in some areas may be more severe in the future. Finally, based on the current groundwater extraction regime, two regulation schemes were developed: (1) for shrubland, groundwater extraction was reduced by 10% in the ecological water deficit areas, and extraction was increased by 10% in the ecological water surplus and suitable areas, and (2) for grassland, groundwater recharge was increased by the restoration of the wetland areas. In conclusion, the groundwater depths in most of the area would be more suitable for vegetation growth under the regulation schemes.     

干旱区天然植被生态需水量计算方法

依据生态适宜性理论,建立了植物生长与地下水位关系的对数正态分布模型;基于此模型,结合遥感技术进行的生态分区和植物生理需水的现场实验数据,提出了干旱区天然植被生态需水量计算方法;应用此方法计算了黑河流域额济纳旗天然植被生态需水量,计算成果与其他成果比较相差较小。结果表明,该计算方法是合理的,可以推广应用于干旱区其他地区。     

The influence of water conveyances on restoration of vegetation to the lower reaches of Tarim River

Because of long-term stream-flow cut off in the lower reaches of Tarim River, environmental degradation has become the most severe and widespread environmental problem in Tarim River basin. Nine ecological water conveyances to the lower reaches of Tarim River made ecological environment change a lot. 3S technology was used to monitor dynamic change of ecology. However, remote sensing area index cannot analyze ecological restoration degree of Tarim River precisely because the time of each water conveyance is short, the change of vegetation area is not obvious, and there exists visual interpretation error. In this paper, remote monitoring datum of high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution were used to research the relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the groundwater depth, between NDVI and the surface vegetation coverage, and between the groundwater depth and the surface vegetation coverage. The growth and restoration of the vegetation in different periods were evaluated by investigative analysis of the change trend of NDVI. The conception of relative restoration degree was proposed and the response of vegetation restoration to the water conveyance was evaluated. The evaluation result suggests that: first, the response of vegetation to the water conveyance concentrates within 1,000 m of both riversides, and the range of influence becomes smaller along the lower reaches of Tarim River. Second, influenced by the groundwater recharge, the vegetation coverage shows decreasing trend with the increase of off-river distance. Third, the vegetation coverage shows decreasing trend along the watercourse influenced by the water consumption. Finally, in spatial, original scattered meadow of low coverage transforms to high coverage gradually in research region. Vegetation response to the water conveyance expands to both sides with the watercourse being the axis, and expanding scale increases continuously.     

The impact of the development of water resources on environment in arid inland river basins of Hexi region, Northwestern China

Water resources use is a key parameter in the hydrological cycle, especially in arid inland of Northwest China, groundwater movement and circulation processes are closely related to the surface water, while recoverable and renewable groundwater mainly comes from the conversion of surface river water, and there is extensive transfer among rainfall, surface water and groundwater. Human activity, in particular, large-scale water resources exploitation and development associated with dramatic population growth in the last decades, has led to tremendous changes in the water regime. There are misuse and wastage of surface water with traditional multi-channel irrigation for most rivers, which in turn leads to over-exploitation of groundwater to augment supplies. This situation has been exacerbated by rapid population growth and socio-economic development, with decreased irrigational systems return to groundwater due to the irrigation system in the middle reaches of rivers in the Hexi region becoming better. The investigations of this study revealed that over the last decades, man-made oases have developed rapidly in various inland river basins. With the increasing human demand for water, the contradiction between water demand and water supply is becoming increasingly acute and the amount of groundwater usage significantly increased. Notwithstanding the annual surface water from mountains is relatively stable in the Hexi region, the recharges of groundwater have been reduced by 11.1%, with a maximum reduction of 50% in the Shiyang River basin. Groundwater abstraction increased by approximately six times, particularly in the Shiyang River basin, groundwater abstraction exceeds recharge by 4.1×10⁸ m³ year⁻¹ in recent decades. Consequently, the groundwater level has declined widely by 3–16 m, with a maximum decline of 45 m in several groundwater observation wells in the Minqin basin on the lower reaches of the Shiyang River basin. These cause serious human activity-induced environmental problems, such as water-quality deterioration, vegetation degradation, soil salinization and land desert desertification, etc. It is suggested that modernized irrigation technology and new regulation to cover water resources management and allocation with the river basins are urgently needed to achieve a sustainable development. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the development of water resources on the environment in arid inland river basins in Northwestern China, which were analyzed by comparing the three main river basins (i.e., the Shuilei, the Heihe and the Shiyang River basins) with different water resources development cases.     

柴达木盆地生态植被的地下水阈值

生态植被的地下水阈值是指植被依赖地下水生长的最大水位埋深和溶解性总固体含量（TDS）。控制地下水开采生态风险的基础是弄清生态植被与地下水的依存关系并给出地下水阈值。文章利用遥感数据集MOD13Q1和水文地质调查获得的实测数据,统计分析了柴达木盆地主要平原区生态植被与潜水的水位埋深、TDS的关系。结果表明:天然植被依赖地下水的阈值是水位埋深为5.3 m、TDS为7.5 g/L;埋深＞5.3 m地带的天然植被基本与地下水无关;埋深＜1.1 m是水生植被、湿生植被与湿生耐盐碱植被适宜生长的水位埋深区间;埋深1.4~3.5 m是耐盐植被及中生植被与旱生植被适合生长的水位埋深区间;TDS≤1.5 g/L适宜植被生长,1.5 g/L＜TDS≤5 g/L较适宜植被生长,5 g/L＜TDS≤7.5 g/L基本不适宜植被生长,TDS＞7.5 g/L不适宜植被生长。     

黑河干流拟建水利工程对下游生态环境的影响分析

依据典型年份实际调查资料和以往研究成果, 采用地下水均衡方法, 定量对比分析了黑河拟建水利工程对下游地区地下水资源变化趋势, 并利用Visual Modflow三维地下水非稳定流软件系统模型对下游盆地未来20 a(2008—2028年)地下水位及其生态环境变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明: 在拟建工程实施20 a后黑河下游地下水位总体上处于下降趋势, 但下降幅度呈逐年减少状态直至趋于新的动态平衡.金塔-鼎新盆地地下水位下降幅度最大的地段是黑河沿岸为0.51~0.87 m, 但由于人工农业绿洲补充, 故生态环境不会有大的改变.额济纳盆地地下水位下降幅度最大的地段是古日乃及外围, 分别为1.0 m以上和0.5~1.0 m, 将引起植被的衰亡和种群的更替变化; 大部分地段地下水位下降幅度介于0.0~0.50 m之间, 对现有的生态与环境影响不显著; 桃来三达-额济纳旗以北地下水位呈现上升趋势, 上升幅度为0.10~0.87 m, 东居延海一带上升幅度大于0.87 m, 这一地区植被长势趋于良好, 植被覆盖率会有所增加, 将形成围绕海子的天然绿洲.     

中国西部特殊地貌区地下水开发利用与生态环境功能保护研究

西北内陆流域平原区降水稀少、蒸发强烈,近50 a来各流域下游区天然绿洲面积不断萎缩。以石羊河流域、艾丁湖流域为研究区,针对下游区天然绿洲退变主因与机制问题,基于农田面积、出山地表径流量及灌溉引用水量、地下水开采量和流入下游区地表径流量调查统计、潜水埋深及包气带水理指标原位监测和地下水水位统测,以及植被类型、分布范围、覆盖度和NDVI指数等遥感解译获得的资料,应用流域水循环和水量均衡理论、时间序列分析和地学多元相关分析方法开展研究,得出如下认识:（1）近50 a来,西北内陆流域下游区天然绿洲严重退化的根源是天然水资源匮乏,主因是人口数量不断增加和上、中游区拦用出山地表径流水量大。（2）灌溉耕地不断扩大是下游区天然绿洲面积萎缩的主要驱动因素,每增加1.0 km2灌溉耕地导致石羊河流域下游、艾丁湖流域平原区的天然绿洲面积分别减少1.35~2.07 km2和1.57~3.83 km2;气候越干旱、上游出山年径流水量越少,灌溉引用出山径流水量占当年总径流量的比率越大,流入下游区地表径流水量越少,由此造成下游区天然绿洲面积减少越大。（3）西北内陆流域天然绿洲退化可控,但是由于水资源不足,制约了天然绿洲退化的可控性。在水资源匮乏背景下,现状人口数量驱动的农田用水规模难以继续调减,需要有序促进经济社会用水规模与天然绿洲修复供水规模之间的和谐程度。因此,本研究成果为西北内陆流域水资源合理开发利用和天然绿洲退化修复提供了重要科学依据。     

陕北能源化工基地资源开发引起的植被生态风险

地下水和煤炭资源开发是否会破环生态环境,以及会给生态环境安全带来多大的风险,是陕北能源化工基地资源开发和生态环境保护中不可逾越的课题。以陕北能源化工基地生态环境最为脆弱的风沙滩地区为研究区,在研究地下水位埋深与植被生态关系的基础上,建立了不同地貌类型、不同潜水水位埋深对应的植被群落类型和植被指数的分布关系,利用Modflow软件建立了风沙滩地区地下水流数值模拟模型,采用蒙特卡洛方法建立了植被生态随机模型,根据地下水水位埋深与植被生态的关系实现了地下水流模型和植被生态模型的耦合求解,对地下水资源和煤炭资源开发可能引起的植被生态变化进行预测和风险评估。     

内蒙古西辽河平原植被指数时空变化及其影响因素研究

西辽河平原位于我国北方农牧交错带,属半干旱气候,发育科尔沁沙地,生态环境极其脆弱,开展植被指数时空变化及其影响因素研究,对于预测土地退化风险意义重大,可为该流域生态环境保护治理及水资源合理开发利用提供技术支撑。利用2000—2019年MODIS NDVI数据,采用一元线性回归趋势法和Mann-Kendall检验分析了近20年来该地区的植被生长变化趋势及突变情况。从影响植被生长的水热条件出发,分析了NDVI值与气象因素（降水、气温）、土壤湿度、地下水埋深等因子的相关关系;结合人类活动,分析了土地利用类型变化对NDVI值的影响。结果表明:（1）2000—2019年生长季NDVI值整体呈上升趋势,不存在显著突变点,最高值0.56,最低值0.41。（2）NDVI值在空间上呈现“东高西低”的分布特征,不同用地类型的NDVI值由大到小依次为耕地>林地>沼泽地>滩地>草地>盐碱地>沙地。（3）92.5%的区域植被呈增长趋势,7.5%的区域植被呈减少趋势。（4）NDVI值与降水、气温、土壤湿度呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.86,0.78,0.81,降水对植被影响最大。（5）最适宜天然植被生长的地下水埋深约为3 m,当地下水埋深大于10 m时,NDVI值会随着埋深的增加剧烈减小。（6）人类活动如土地开垦、植树造林是近20年来NDVI值呈增加趋势的主要原因之一,在一定程度上改善了当地生态环境。