线性规划在企业管理中的应用

本文是通过对青岛木器一厂的生产经营情况进行分析，综合建立线性规划(简称L．P)数学模型，然后用电子计算机求解，作出利润目标的决策和安排实现利润目标的最优生产计划。还运用解原L．P的对偶问题，求出影子价格和进行灵敏度分析，帮助企业找出生产薄弱环节，并提出内部挖潜的建议。     

辽河口芦苇湿地积水营养盐组成和结构的周日变化特征

本文于2015年5、6和9月对辽河口芦苇湿地积水进行营养盐昼夜变化监测,分析了其不同形态氮、磷组成和时空变化特征,研究了温度、盐度、pH、DO和叶绿素a理化因子,与营养盐组成和结构的关系。结果表明,芦苇湿地积水中总溶解态氮(TDN)昼夜变化相对稳定,芦苇生长初期、快速生长期和成熟期TDN含量范围依次为1.35-3.12mg/L(平均为2.07mg/L)、0.82-3.06mg/L(平均1.31mg/L)和0.31-12.59mg/L(平均3.26mg/L);虽然TDN的组成结构不断变化,但是DON始终是TN的主要组分,约占81-99%。总溶解磷(TDP)含量范围依次为0.04-0.12mg/L(平均为0.07mg/L)、0.03-0.12mg/L(平均0.06mg/L)和0.02-0.13mg/L(平均0.07mg/L)。芦苇生长期内水体中溶解性氮磷比(N/P)除5月4点外,均小于12,芦苇快速生产期(1.28)和成熟期(2.40)积水中的N/P比平均水平低于芦苇生长初期(5.47),积水中氮处于相对匮乏的状态,可能与芦苇对氮的大量吸收相关。温度、盐度、pH、DO和叶绿素a与不同形态营养盐的相关分析结果表明,芦苇湿地系统不仅存在旺盛的芦苇生产活动,也存在较强的微藻初级生产和微生物再生产活动,环境因子通过影响芦苇和积水微藻的初级生产,以及积水中微生物的再生产活动,显著影响营养盐组成和结构的时空变化。     

氮、磷对克氏前沟藻三亚株生长及产毒特性的影响

以改良 K 培养液为基础,通过设定不同的 N、P 浓度水平,探讨 N、P 营养盐对克氏前沟藻 Amphidinium klebsii(三亚株)生长及产毒特性的影响.研究结果表明, N、P 均为影响克氏前沟藻生长和产毒的重要因素.低浓度的N、P(N浓度≤4.665×10?4mol·L?1, P浓度≤2.000×10?5mol·L?1)不利于克氏前沟藻生物量的积累,但能促进其生长及毒素的产生;中浓度的N、P(4.665×10?4mol·L?1相似文献   

南美白对虾淡养过程中虾池水质测定与分析

对 4个南美白对虾淡化养殖虾池池水的温度、盐度、p H值、溶解氧、营养盐 (硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐、磷酸盐 )、叶绿素 a的变化进行了测定和分析 ,结果表明 :( 1 ) 4个虾池池水的温度为 2 3～ 2 9℃ ,盐度为 1 .1 0 0～ 1 .5 0 0 ,p H值为 8.1～ 8.8,溶解氧质量浓度为 4.84～ 6.95mg/L,基本适合南美白对虾生长过程中对水质的要求 ;( 2 ) 4个虾池池水中的无机氮和无机磷含量几乎全部超过富营养化阈值 ,其质量浓度的平均值分别为 0 .436mg/L和 0 .1 5 3mg/L。硝酸盐是总氮的主要存在形式 ,铵盐与亚硝酸盐在水体中的含量较高 ,但均低于南美白对虾要求的安全质量浓度 ,其质量浓度平均值分别为 82 .2 3μg/L和 5 5 .0 5μg/L。叶绿素 a含量很高 ,但在各虾池池水中的含量变化不一 ,与无机氮含量呈负相关。N/P值为 0 .5 8～ 1 1 .5 8,个别虾池达 32 .5 6,但各虾池绝大部分时间的 N/P值为 5以下。     

原绿球藻生态条件的研究

原绿球藻(prochlorococcus sp.)是一种海水单细胞藻类,个体小(平均长径0.8μm,宽0.5μm),生长繁殖迅速,是水产养殖中一种新的理想生物饵料。笔者在实验室条件下.研究了温度、光照和营养盐成分(氮、磷、铁单因子试验和氮、磷、铁正交试验)对这种原绿球藻生长繁殖的影响,以确定该藻的最适生态条件。单因子试验结果表明:原绿球藻适宜生长的温度为10～30℃.最适温度为25～30℃;适宜生长的光照范围为20～200μmol/m~2s.最适光照为20～40μmol/m~2s;适宜生长的N、P、Fe含量浓度分别为0～30 mg/L、0～3.0 mg/L、0～1.0 mg/L,最适浓度分别为N-5～30 mg/L、P—0.5～1.5 mg/L、Fe—0.6～1.0mg/L。正交试验结果表明:Fe对藻的生长影响极显著,N对藻的生长影响显著,P作用不显著。N和P交互作用显著,N和Fe、P和Fe交互作用不显著。最优水平组合为N-30mg/L、P—1.5mg/ L、Fe-0.8mg/L。     

全极化SAR图像中溢油极化特征研究

相比于单极化SAR图像,全极化SAR图像不仅能体现海面目标的几何特征、后向散射特征,还能体现目标的极化特征。因此,在溢油检测方面,极化SAR更具优势。特征提取作为溢油检测的关键步骤,直接影响到溢油检测的精度。在本文中,我们分析了全极化SAR图像中海面溢油的极化特征,如极化散射熵、平均散射角等。并提出了新的极化特征P,该特征参数能够反映海面目标电磁散射过程中布拉格散射机制和镜面散射机制的比例。为了研究极化特征溢油检测的能力,本文基于SIR-C/X-SAR和Radarsat-2全极化SAR图像开展了相关实验,并对比分析了溢油的多种极化特征。实验结果显示,在中低风速情况下,C波段溢油探测效果优于L波段;本文提出的极化特征P对海面散射机制敏感;基准高度和特征参数P在C波段比其他极化特征更适于溢油检测。     

菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)对N、P吸收效应及其细胞超微结构变化

通过设置5个N/P浓度梯度和3个N浓度下的4个N:P梯度,进行了江蓠对N、P的短期(O-4h)和长期(第14天)吸收速率(SNUR和LNUR)以及短期和长期吸收效率(SNUE和LNUE)的研究,同时观察了5个N/P浓度梯度对江蓠细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明:N∶P比为16∶1时,江蓠对N、P的SNUR和LNUR均最大(P＜0.05); N/P为1200/75和960/60μmol/L浓度时,分别对N和P的SNUR最大,达12.85和0.79μmol/(gDW·h),但此N/P浓度下长期培养的江蓠叶绿体结构存在不同程度的损伤;而N/P浓度480/30μmol/L时,对N和P的LNUR均最大值4.23和0.31 μmol/(gDW·h).江蓠对N、P的SNUE和LNUE在介质N/P 60/3.75μmol/L时为最高,而在1200/75 μmol/L时为最低(P＜0.05).     

不同N、P浓度条件下龙须菜对镉胁迫的生理响应

通过室内生态学对比实验,研究了龙须菜(Gracilaria limaneiformis)在不同N、P营养盐浓度条件下对重金属Cd<'2+>胁迫的生理响应.结果表明,环境中加入适当浓度的N、P营养盐(N 280 μmol/L、P 56 μmol/L)有利于提高龙须菜光合色素的含量和生长率,同时藻体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)酶活性增高,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,从而增强了龙须菜对重金属Cd2+抖胁迫的耐受性;而N、P饥饿(N、P均为0 μmol/L)或N、P营养盐浓度过量(N、P分别为216μmol/L、1 620 μmol/L)状态下,龙须菜抗氧化能力下降、脂质过氧化和膜系统受伤害程度加剧,光合色素合成和生长率受到抑制,不利于龙须菜对重金属Cd2+胁迫的生理适应.     

不同营养盐条件下浒苔的生长

2008年6月青岛近海发生了大规模浒苔绿潮,现场取样后在实验室进行不同营养盐条件下浒苔的生长速率研究.结果显示,青岛近岸海水不添加营养盐的对照组,浒苔平均每天的相对增长率3.85%;按每次添加10 μmol/L和50 μmol/L的2个加N组,浒苔平均相对增长率几乎相等,分别为6.31%/d和6.32%/d;按每次添加1 μmol/L的加P组,浒苔平均相对增长率低于加N组的,为5.79%/d;按每次同时加20 μmol/L浓度的N和1 μmol/L浓度的P的实验组,浒苔平均相对增长率与单加N的实验组差别不明显.在加N、加P和加微量元素情况下,平均相对增长率最高,更换培养液的又比不更换培养液的实验组明显高,分别为7.75%/d和6.84%/d.各实验组浒苔最大相对生长率出现在第3天,除对照组外,平均可达27.57%/d.实验表明浒苔对N的需求很高,添加Fe,Mn等微量元素可明显促进浒苔的生长与繁殖.     

饵料浓度和成体密度对汤氏纺锤水蚤(Acartia tonsa)产粪粒数、产卵和孵化的影响

采用静水法研究了不同饵料浓度和成体密度对汤氏纺锤水蚤产粪粒数(FP)、产卵(EP)和孵化(HS)的影响.根据碳含量设定250、500、1000、1500、2000和3000μgC/L六个饵料浓度梯度,以及40、80和160个/L三个成体密度进行实验.结果表明,在成体密度为40和80个/L时,汤氏纺锤水蚤的平均产粪粒数随着饵料浓度的增加而增加;在饵料密度高于500μgC/L时,成体密度为160个/L的产粪粒数显著低于其它两组(P＜0.05).饵料浓度和成体密度对产卵量影响显著,在相同成体密度下,产卵量随着饵料密度的提高而增加;在饵料密度高于500μgC/L时,成体密度为160个/L的产卵量显著低于其它两组(P＜0.05).汤氏纺锤水蚤卵的孵化率受饵料浓度和成体密度的影响不大.     

Antioxidant response of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica when epiphytized by the invasive macroalgae Lophocladia lallemandii

The aim was to evaluate the antioxidant defences and the occurrence of oxidative damage in Posidonia oceanica under a stress situation due to the epiphytism of the invasive macroalgae Lophocladia lallemandii. P. oceanica leaves were collected in the absence (control station) and in the presence of the epiphytic algae L. lallemandii and the antioxidant enzyme activities, markers of oxidative damage, and hydrogen peroxide production were determined. Antioxidant enzyme - catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase - activities were significantly higher in Posidonia epiphytized by L. lallemandii. Malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl derivates, and glutathione levels were also higher in L. lallemandii epiphytized P. oceanica leaves compared to control samples. The production of hydrogen peroxide was also significantly increased when Posidonia was epiphytized by L. lallemandii. The invasion of P. oceanica meadows by L. lallemandii appeared to induce oxidative stress in the seagrass as evidenced by increased levels of oxidative stress markers and antioxidant defences.     

黄海南部小黄鱼群体遗传多样性研究

以黄海南部吕泗渔场的小黄鱼（Pseudosciaena polyactis）群体为研究对象,采用ISSR技术对其遗传多样性进行分析。在使用的99个引物中,有10个引物可扩增出清晰稳定的条带,共计64条,分子质量在300-3000bp。其中多态性片段42条,多态性片段比例为65．63％,个体间相似性系数0．6667-43．8764,平均为0．7813,个体间平均遗传差异为0．2187。Shannon多样性指数12．0832,多样性值0．1888。表明黄海南部小黄鱼群体保持较高的遗传多样性,具有较大的变异潜力。提出应采取有效管理保护措施,以维持小黄鱼群体的遗传多样性水平,使该渔业资源得到合理利用。     

Lake sediment phosphorus release management—Decision support and risk assessment framework

The release of phosphorus (P) from the sediments of eutrophic lakes is often associated with the proliferation of nuisance algal blooms, especially cyanobacteria. The successful implementation of management actions aimed at reducing such algal blooms requires an integrated approach, including both external and internal nutrient loads. The internal load of P can be a significant source of P for primary production, with greatest inputs occurring when lakes stratify and the hypolimnetic waters become anoxic. We reviewed the nature and characteristics of New Zealand lakes in relation to factors which affect the application of technologies to manage internal P loads within individual lakes. New Zealand's windy maritime climate causes lakes to mix more deeply than lakes in continental areas, which are characterised by relatively hot, calm summers. We assessed a range of management options which may be used to control internal P loads, and considered these in a de cision‐support framework aimed at identifying the key factors which may limit successful application. Methods to reduce P release from sediments include: physical approaches—such as artificial destratification, hypolimnetic aeration, enhanced lake flushing, and dredging/discing; and geochemical approaches—such as the application of alum and iron as flocculation agents, and other products as “capping” materials. The capping materials may be either a passive physical barrier (e.g., sand, gravel, clay) or an active barrier. The active barrier systems are generally pervious chemical or geochemical materials capable of binding contaminants by adsorption or precipitation processes. A decision‐support and risk assessment framework is provided to assist managers in the development of appropriate strategies for reducing or controlling internal P loads, and thus cyanobacteria blooms. A review of the sediment characteristics of lakes in the Taupo volcanic zone showed marked variability in sediment P content, and elevated geothermal arsenic concentrations in some lake sediments, which may affect the efficacy of chemical capping agents, indicating that site‐specific consideration of capping agent dose is required.     

深教、疏导、严管、服务——渔政管理工作的探讨

本文深入细致地对做好国家渔业法规宣传教育重要性、必要性，对渔区经济结构因地制宜进行调整和疏导，严格渔政执法，寓管理于服务之中等方面进行阐述。     

渤海冬季油气生产危险冰情报警方法

目前，渤海中的油气田冬季生产都有可能遭受不同程度的冰灾威胁，建立渤海冬季油气生产危险冰情报警系统和防冰减灾的海冰管理方法是很有必要的。本文提出一套适用于渤海不同冰区以及不同型式油气开发工程的冬季油气生产危险冰情报警方法，其中包括渤海海冰生消过程中的监测，预报系统，对不同类型开发工程危险情报警标准的考虑以及海冰管理数据库和专家系统软件。本文是在辽东湾油气田海冰管理实验和研究基础上提出的。对渤海冬季生     

固定污染源无组织排放二甲基甲酰胺的监测研究

对固定源无组织排放的二甲基甲酰胺的监测方法进行了探讨研究。利用已有车间空气中二甲基甲酰胺的检验方法，采用适当延长采样时间，改进色谱分析条件，使方法检测下限降低，以用于环境空气样品监测。当采样体积为50L时，最低检出浓度为0．01mg／m^3，可较好地满足环境影响评价工作需要；通过列举监测实例，分析如何选择适宜的监测条件，确保捕捉厂界最高浓度监测值，以获得满意的监测结果。     

Riparian protection and on‐farm best management practices for restoration of a lowland stream in an intensive dairy farming catchment: A case study

Abstract

Poor water quality (high concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), suspended solids (SS), and faecal bacteria) in Waiokura Stream, southern Taranaki, New Zealand, is attributed to diffuse and point source (PS) inputs from dairy farming. Trend analysis of concentration time‐series data (2001–2008) and annual yields (i.e., stream load divided by catchment area) showed that significant improvements occurring since 2001 may be attributed to changes in farming practices and riparian management. Yields of filterable reactive P, total P and SS declined by 25–40% as a result of increased riparian protection, a reduction in dairy shed effluent (DSE) pond discharges from 8 to 6 with conversion to land irrigation, and a 25% reduction in the average application rate of P fertiliser. Median annual Escherichia coli concentrations declined at a rate of 116 per 100 ml per year, as a result of fewer PS discharges and improved riparian management. Thus, improvements in stream water quality were attributed to adoption of on‐farm best management practices, fewer DSE discharges and riparian management involving permanent livestock exclusion from stream banks and riparian planting to mitigate runoff from pasture. During 2001–06, N fertiliser use increased by 30% and, with a 130% increase in supplementary cattle feed during 2003–08, led to an increase in average milk solids production 1021 to 1262 kg ha^?1 during 2001–06 with the increased production likely associated with increased N leaching losses. Total N and nitrate‐N concentrations and yields increased during 2001–07 as a result of the intensification in land use and increased N cycling. Stream invertebrate surveys using the macroinvertebrate community index (MCI) metric showed little improvement in MCI during 2002–07, probably because of the relatively short timeframe of this study and because water temperatures were not a limiting factor for invertebrate communities. The absence of native forest streams in the proximity of Waiokura Stream that might act as sources of sensitive species to recolonise the restored stream should also be considered as a constraint to improvements in biological community structure.     

Integrated environmental assessment of fisheries management: Swedish Nephrops trawl fisheries evaluated using a life cycle approach

Fisheries management needs to broaden its perspective to achieve sustainable resource use. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an ISO standardized method to evaluate the environmental impacts of products using a broad and systematic approach. In this study, the outcome of a management regime promoting species-selective trawling in Swedish Nephrops trawl fisheries was studied using LCA methodology by quantifying the impacts per kilogram of landing using two different fishing methods. Demersal trawling has previously been found to be both energy intensive and destructive in terms of seafloor impact and discards. It is demonstrated that species-selective trawling fulfils management objectives, although with tradeoffs in terms of fuel consumption and associated GHG emissions. To prioritize between impacts, one must be aware of and quantify these potential tradeoffs. LCA could be an important tool for defining sustainable seafood production as it can visualize a broad range of impacts and facilitate integrated, transparent decision making in the seafood industry. It is also concluded that, with current LCA methodology, use of total discarded mass could increasingly be distinguished from potential impact by applying two new concepts: primary production requirements and threatened species affected.     

利用后向预报方法分析印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼资源评估模型

当前,对渔业资源评估模型的诊断与选择,主要依赖于模型对观察数据的拟合度,很少评价模型的预测能力、并将其作为评价渔业资源评估与管理质量的依据。为此,本文利用后向预报方法评价了印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacores)资源评估模型的预测能力,并在此基础上分析了印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼的资源评估与管理质量。研究表明,在利用贝叶斯剩余产量模型对印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼进行资源评估时,存在如下问题:(1)拟合较好的模型其预测能力较差;(2)利用不同时段数据拟合模型时,采用DIC(Deviance Information Criterion)选择的最佳模型缺少稳定性;(3)不同模型估计的TAC (Total Allowable Catch)存在较大差异。据此可以判断,利用贝叶斯剩余产量模型对印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼进行资源评估与管理效果较差。本研究结果表明:(1)利用后向预报方法可评价模型的预测能力、DIC选择模型的稳定性,从而能在一定程度上判断模型模拟的种群演化动态是否正确、资源评估结果是否存在问题;(2)利用后向预报方法可揭示评估结果的不确定性及其可能引起的渔业管理风险,从而有利于避免渔业管理风险、实现渔业管理目标。     

台风下TLP立管系统可靠性评估

针对在南海海域频发的台风自然灾害,考虑海况随机性、结构随机性以及作业参数的随机性,采用梯度投影确定取样点的响应面法,分别建立P2D、D2P和P2P(P指生产立管,D指钻井立管)三种作业模式下TLP串行立管系统的结构极限状态方程。并在建立立管可靠性分析模型的基础上,确定一种立管可靠度计算方法。算例结合南海某TLP平台给出了上述方法的具体应用。研究表明,10年一遇台风情况下,P2D、D2P和P2P三种工况中生产立管系统的失效概率均小于0.001%,钻井立管系统的可靠度分别为0.016%和0.113%。在大于200年一遇的强台风情况下,P2P工况时的上下游生产立管系统失效概率均大于0.32%和0.018%。因此建议10年一遇台风情况下,停止钻井立管作业;在大于200年一遇的强台风情况下,停止生产立管作业。研究结果可为南海TLP立管系统可靠度评估及安全作业技术支持。