GENERALIZED ENERGY CONSERVATION AND UNSTABLE PERTURBATION PROPERTY IN BAROTROPIC VORTEX

Based on a barotropic vortex model, generalized energy-conserving equation was derived and two necessary conditions of basic flow destabilization are gained. These conditions correspond to generalized barotropic instability and super speed instability. They are instabilities of vortex and gravity inertial wave respectively. In order to relate to practical situation, a barotropic vortex was analyzed, the basic flow of which is similar to lower level basic wind field of tropical cyclones and the maximum wind radius of which is 500 km. The results show that generalized barotropic instability depending upon the radial gradient of relative vorticity can appear in this vortex. It can be concluded that unstable vortex Rossby wave may appear in barotropic vortex.     

强天气冷涡云系结构的分析和物理解释

本文分析了三个产生强对流天气冷涡过程的卫星云图.冷涡云系的结构可归纳为单纯的冷涡结构和具有锢囚气旋结构两类.利用诊断分析对冷涡云系中各个组成部分,即涡旋云区、不稳定云区、正涡度平流云区、冷涡云区及暖锋云区与有关物理量的配置关系进行了讨论.     

IMPACT OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE GENESIS OF TROPICAL INCIPIENT VORTEX OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA: A CASE STUDY

Based on 6-hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and circulation data from the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), the initial developing process of tropical cyclone Mindulle (1005) in 2010 has been diagnosed to reveal the impact of air-sea interaction over the South China Sea (SCS) on the genesis of its incipient vortex. The results show that the incipient vortex first occurred east of the Luzon Island on 0000 UTC 20 August, suggesting that the topographic forcing of the Luzon Island for easterly winds over the western Pacific might be one of the factors responsible for the formation of the incipient vortex. During the formation stage of the incipient vortex, strong southeasterlies over the SCS caused warm water of the middle and eastern SCS to flow toward the Luzon Island due to Ekman transport resulting from wind stress, leading to an increase of the sea surface temperature and sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Although the anomalous sensible heating favored surface pressure to reduce, it was not conducive to the increase of local vorticity associated with the vortex above the heating area because, according to the atmospheric thermal adaptation theory, the anticyclonic vorticity would be created in the lower troposphere due to the decreased vertical gradient of the sensible heating. However, the ascending motions occurred over the eastern area of the anomalous sensible heating due to the augmentation of the vorticity advection with increasing height, causing water vapor to condense in the middle and upper troposphere. In turn, cyclonic vorticity was generated in the lower troposphere due to the increased vertical gradient of the condensation latent heating, resulting in the formation and further growth of the incipient vortex. Therefore, the vorticity creation due to the condensation heating played a dominant role during the subsequent enhancing stage of the incipient vortex.     

台风"云娜"中的涡旋Rossby波研究

运用非静力平衡中尺度模式WRF(V2.03),对2004年14号台风“云娜”在登陆后产生强降水的过程进行了42h模拟,并对螺旋云雨带的涡度场结构进行了分析。分析结果表明,WRF能较好地模拟出台风在陆地上的移动路径,及其产生的台风暴雨的螺旋状分布。台风螺旋云雨带的形成与维持,可以用涡旋Rossby波理论来解释:可以通过改变局地相对涡度径向梯度分布,从而沿台风径向激发出“局地涡旋Rossby波”。     

对流涡度矢量垂直分量在西南涡暴雨中的应用

将对流涡度矢量 (CVV) 应用于浅薄系统西南低涡引发的暴雨中,特别是将对流涡度矢量垂直分量 (C_z) 应用在2010年7月16—18日由西南涡引发的一次暴雨过程诊断中。研究了CVV垂直积分的各个分量与6 h累积降水量的关系,尤其是CVV垂直分量在西南涡暴雨过程中的指示意义。诊断结果表明:CVV垂直分量与西南涡引发的暴雨有一定对应关系,强降水发生时段与C_z垂直积分峰值出现的时间对应一致;在对流层低层850 hPa水平分布上,暴雨区位于CVV垂直分量的正值中心附近,偏向其梯度较大处;沿暴雨中心的CVV垂直分量,当对流层低层至高层呈现一致的正值时,暴雨强度会明显加强。     

东移低涡动力学的初步研究

用一个正压原始方程模式实施了六组试验，研究了东移低涡的动力学。结果表明：无论是切变基流与低涡的相互作用，还是涡块与低涡的相互作用，都可引起低涡强度在短暂时段内增强，但整个积分时段内低涡强度的演变仍呈下降趋势。切变基流、低涡和多个涡块的相互作用，可以改变下降的趋势。正相对涡度切变基流中低涡和涡块的合并，是东移低涡强度得以维持和发展的一个直接的原因。     

A study of the effect of topography on the merging of vortices

Eight sets of numerical experiments are performed in 48 hours of integtation by using a barotropic primitive equation model with a topographic term so as to investigate the effect of topography on the merging of vortices. It is pointed out that the introduction of topography may change the track of vortices,and it causes the low vortices and vorticity lumps to be detained on the southeast side of the topography,thus creating a favorable condition for the merging of the low vortex and vorticity lumps. It is also shown that the effect of topography may cause double mergers of vortices in a horizontally shearing basic flow,and it can strengthen the low vortex remarkably.     

TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS EFFICIENCY：MID-LEVEL VERSUS BOTTOM VORTEX

Cloud resolving Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model simulations are used to investigate tropical cyclone(TC)genesis efficiency in an environment with a near bottom vortex(EBV)and an environment with a mid-level vortex(EMV).Sensitivity experiments show that the genesis timing depends greatly on initial vorticity vertical profiles.The larger the initial column integrated absolute vorticity,the greater the genesis efficiency is.Given the same column integrated absolute vorticity,a bottom vortex has higher genesis efficiency than a mid-level vortex.A common feature among these experiments is the formation of a mid-level vorticity maximum prior to TC genesis irrespective where the initial vorticity maximum locates.Both the EMV and EBV scenarios share the following development characteristics:1)a transition from non-organized cumulus-scale(~5 km)convective cells into an organized meso-vortex-scale(~50 to 100 km)system through upscale cascade processes,2)the establishment of a nearly saturated air column prior to a rapid drop of the central minimum pressure,and 3)a multiple convective-stratiform phase transition.A genesis efficiency index(GEI)is formulated that includes the following factors:initial column integrated absolute vorticity,vorticity at top of the boundary layer and vertically integrated relative humidity.The calculated GEI reflects well the simulated genesis efficiency and thus may be used to estimate how fast a tropical disturbance develops into a TC.     

一次东北冷涡衰退阶段暴雨成因分析

东北冷涡暴雨一般发生在冷涡发展阶段, 冷涡衰退阶段发生暴雨的几率不高, 在日常业务预报中往往容易忽视冷涡衰退阶段暴雨的预报, 容易出现漏报的现象。作者结合观测资料和数值模拟结果, 对2005年6月21日发生在吉林省中东部地区的一次暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明: 这次暴雨发生在东北冷涡衰退阶段, 强降水区处于非常弱的对流不稳定区, 低空不同层次上急流的耦合与脉动, 在时间和空间上形成“接力” 之势, 给雨区带来特定的水汽配置并在雨区上空形成合适的不稳定环境, 导致雨区上空湿位涡的强烈增长, 在弱对流不稳定和条件对称不稳定的共同作用下, 层状云中形成对流并发展, 产生了暴雨天气。重力惯性波是暴雨产生的可能触发机制。     

东北冷涡下一次飑线和MCV的形成与水平涡度的关系

利用WRF中尺度数值模式,NCEP/NCAR分析资料,多普勒雷达观测资料等,对2016年7月25日一次东北冷涡下的飑线过程进行数值模拟,研究了飑线形成和维持与水平涡度的关系及飑线过程中中尺度对流涡旋(MCV)的形成机制,分析发现,高低层水平涡度逆时针旋转对本次飑线的形成和维持有很好的指示意义。(1)飑线发生前,高层渤海湾西侧出现水平涡度的逆时针旋转中心,并有较强的辐散配合,低层水平涡度为逆时针弯曲,为飑线产生提供了有利的上升运动条件。随后高层多个对流单体的水平涡度气旋式涡旋合并形成较大范围的气旋式涡旋结构,触发低层的上升运动,同时低层对流区前部形成一致的气旋式弯曲使得对流单体组织成带状结构,形成飑线。(2)飑线成熟时期高层水平涡度表现为统一大范围气旋式涡旋结构,低层则呈现典型的S型弯曲结构,水平涡度x方向的分量沿对流带从南至北表现为正负正,y方向的分量始终为正,并由对流带的中心向两侧减小,显示出水平涡度矢量旋转的方向对飑线影响的重要性。(3)由垂直涡度方程的分析得出,在飑线发展中期,MCV形成前,雷达反射率回波在500 hPa左右表现出明显的旋转,此时主要与500 hPa以上强的正涡度水平平流项及中层倾侧项和水平散度项有关,之后,在这几项的作用下使得中层风场产生气旋式旋转,形成MCV。      

Dynamical and Thermal Problems in Vortex Development and Movement. Part I: A PV–Q View

Based on the Lagrangian change equation of vertical vorticity deduced from the equation of threedimensional Ertel potential vorticity(PV e),the development and movement of vortex are investigated from the view of potential vorticity and diabatic heating(PV-Q).It is demonstrated that the asymmetric distribution in the vortex of the non-uniform diabatic heating in both vertical and horizontal can lead to the vortex’s development and movement.The theoretical results are used to analyze the development and movement of a Tibetan Plateau(TP) vortex(TPV),which appeared over the TP,then slid down and moved eastward in late July 2008,resulting in heavy rainfall in Sichuan Province and along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The relative contributions to the vertical vorticity development of the TPV are decomposed into three parts:the diabatic heating,the change in horizontal component of PV e(defined as PV 2),and the change in static stability θ z.The results show that in most cases,diabatic heating plays a leading role,followed by the change in PV 2,while the change of θ z usually has a negative impact in a stable atmosphere when the atmosphere becomes more stable,and has a positive contribution when the atmosphere approaches neutral stratification.The intensification of the TPV from 0600 to 1200 UTC 22 July 2008 is mainly due to the diabatic heating associated with the precipitation on the eastern side of the TPV when it uplifted on the up-slope of the northeastern edge of the Sichuan basin.The vertical gradient of diabatic heating makes positive(negative) PV e generation below(above) the maximum of diabatic heating;the positive PV e generation not only intensifies the low-level vortex but also enhances the vertical extent of the vortex as it uplifts.The change in PV e due to the horizontal gradient of diabatic heating depends on the vertical shear of horizontal wind that passes through the center of diabatic heating.The horizontal gradient of diabatic heating makes positive(negative) PV e generation on the right(left) side of the vertical shear of horizontal wind.The positive PV e generation on the right side of the vertical shear of horizontal wind not only intensifies the local vertical vorticity but also affects direction of movement of the TPV.These diagnostic results are in good agreement with the theoretic results developed from the PV-Q view.     

在“鞍”型大尺度环流配置下西南低涡发展的物理过程及其对川东暴雨发生的作用

利用2005年7月6～9日川东地区暴雨过程的观测资料，从大尺度环流、水汽输送和温度平流，并利用湿位涡的垂直和水平分量(Pm1和Pm2）以及相当位温，分析诊断了此次暴雨发生的大尺度环流背景特征以及西南涡发展的物理过程, 其结果表明如下:(1)在此次暴雨发生期间，四川盆地北部由于受中高纬长波东移调整的影响, 不断有低压槽分裂出来并影响此地区, 在盆地的西南方向的孟加拉湾季风槽比较活跃, 南海季风向北输送由于受到西风输送的作用在四川盆地东南部也出现弱的横槽, 并且西太平洋副高西伸到四川盆地东部以及存在于高原中部的高压共同作用, 从而形成明显“鞍”型大尺度环流配置; (2)在此“鞍”型场大尺度环流背景下, 强西南气流绕流高原东侧直接进入四川盆地, 而弱西南气流则绕流云贵高原输送进入四川盆地东部, 受地形的阻挡和西伸的西太平洋副高的作用在四川盆地东部形成向北的急流辐合带, 同时, 由于两支气流输送着大量的水汽, 暖湿空气在川东地区形成高温高湿的辐合区; (3)在此“鞍”型场作用下, 盆地上空的低层不断聚集季风气流输送的大量暖湿空气, 而在高层有冷干空气侵入, 从而导致盆地内低涡系统强烈发展; (4) 由湿位涡的垂直分量和水平分量的诊断表明了在暴雨发生期间, 在四川盆地北部上空的高层不断有干空气入侵, 引起了垂直对流不稳定, 即Pm1<0, 并向盆地东北部发展, 从而使此区域气旋性涡度不断加强, 即低涡强烈发展; 并且, 在盆地上空低层暖湿空气相当位温的水平梯度对于西南低涡的发展和暴雨的发生同样起了重要作用, 正的Pm2中心与暴雨发生区域有很好的一致性, 这表明暴雨往往发生在高温高湿的强垂直不稳定区域。     

THE USE OF SHEAR GRADIENT VORTICITY IN TROPICAL CYCLONE HEAVY PRECIPITATION PREDICTION: A HIGH-RESOLUTION NUMERICAL CASE STUDY

This study introduces a new dynamical quantity, shear gradient vorticity (SGV), which is defined as vertical wind shear multiplying the horizontal component of vorticity gradient, aiming to diagnose heavy precipitation induced by some strong convective weather systems. The vorticity gradient component can be used to study the collision or merging process between different vortexes or the deformation of a vortex with a sharp vorticity gradient. Vertical wind shear, another contributed component of SGV, always represents the environmental dynamical factor in meteorology. By the combined effect of the two components, overall, SGV can represent the interaction between the environmental wind shear and the evolution of vortexes with a large vorticity gradient. Other traditional vorticity-like dynamical quantities (such as helicity) have the limitation in the diagnosis of the convection, since they do not consider the vorticity gradient. From this perspective, SGV has the potential to diagnose some strong convective weather processes, such as Extratropical Transition (ET) of tropical cyclones and the evolution of multicell storms. The forecast performance of SGV for the numerical ET case of Typhoon Toraji (0108) has been evaluated. Compared with helicity, SGV has shown a greater advantage to forecast the distribution of heavy precipitation more accurately, especially in the frontal zone.     

Study on the Interaction of Non-axisymmetric Binary Vortices

In the context of advection dynamics,19 experiments(Exps.)are performed using a quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model to explore the condition for the mergence of binary vortices and the self-organization of the larger scale vortex.Results show that the initial distance between the centers of binary vortices and the non-axisymmetric distributions of their initial vorticity are two factors affecting the mergence of binary vortices.There is a critical distance for the mergence of initial symmetric binary vortices, however,the mergence of initial non-axisymmetric binary vortices is also affected by the asymmetric structure of initial vortices.The self-organization processes in 19 experiments can be classified into two types:one is the merging of identical,axisymmetric binary vortices in which the interaction of the two vortices undergoes slowly change,rapid change,and the formation,stretching,and development of the filaments of vorticity, and the two vortices merge into a symmetric vortex,with its vorticity piled up in the inner region coming from the two initial vortices,and the vorticity of the spiral band in the outer region from the stretching of the filaments of the two initial vortices.And the other type is the merging of the two non-axisymmetric initial vortices of an elliptic vortex and an eccentric vortex in which the elliptic vortex,on the one hand, mutually rotates,and on the other hand moves towards the center of the computational domain,at the same time expands its vorticity area,and at last forms the inner core of resultant state vortex;and the eccentric vortex mutually rotates,meanwhile continuously stretches,and finally forms the spiral band of resultant state vortex.The interaction process is characteristic of the vorticity piled up in the inner core region of resultant state vortex originating from the elliptic vortex and the vorticity in spiral band mainly from the successive stretch and rupture of the eccentric vortex.     

Properties and stability of a meso-scale line-form disturbance

By using the 3D dynamic equations for small- and meso-scale disturbances, an investigation is performed on the heterotropic instability (including symmetric instability and traversal-type instability) of a zonal line-like disturbance moving at any angle with respect to basic flow, arriving at the following results: (1) with linear shear available, the heterotropic instability of the disturbance will occur only when flow shearing happens in the direction of the line-like disturbance movement or in the direction perpendicular to the disturbance movement, with the heterotropic instability showing the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave; (2) in the presence of second-order non-linear shear, the disturbance of the heterotropic instability includes internal inertial gravity and vortex Rossby waves. For the zonal line-form disturbance under study, the vortex Rossby wave has its source in the second-order shear of meridional basic wind speed in the flow and propagates unidirectionally with respect to the meridional basic flow. As a mesoscale heterotropic instable disturbance, the vortex Rossby wave has its origin from the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance and is independent of the condition in the direction parallel to the flow; (3) for general zonal line-like disturbances, if the second-order shear happens in the meridional wind speed, i.e., the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance, then the heterotropic instability of the disturbance is likely to be the instability of a mixed Rossby–internal inertial gravity wave; (4) the symmetric instability is actually the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave. The second-order shear in the flow represents an instable factor for a symmetric-type disturbance; (5) the instability of a traversal-type disturbance is the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave when the basic flow is constant or only linearly sheared. With a second or nonlinear vertical shear of the basic flow taken into account, the instability of a traversal-type disturbance may be the instability of a mixed vortex Rossby – gravity wave.     

The impact of deformation on vortex development in a baroclinic moist atmosphere

A mathematical relation between deformation and vertical vorticity tendency is built by introducing the frontogenesis function and the complete vertical vorticity equation, which is derived by virtue of moist potential vorticity. From the mathematical relation, it is shown that properly configured atmospheric conditions can make deformation exert a positive contribution to vortex development at rates comparable to other favorable factors. The effect of deformation on vortex development is not only related to the deformation itself, but also depends on the current thermodynamic and dynamic structures of the atmosphere, such as the convective stability, moist baroclinicity and vertical wind shear(or horizontal vorticity). A diagnostic study of a heavy-rainfall case that occurred during 20–22 July 2012 shows that deformation has the most remarkable effect on the increase in vertical vorticity during the rapid development stage of the low vortex during its whole life cycle. This feature is mainly due to the existence of an approximate neutral layer(about 700 h Pa) in the atmosphere where the convective stability tends to be zero. The neutral layer makes the effect of deformation on the vertical vorticity increase significantly during the vortex development stage, and thus drives the vertical vorticity to increase.     

飓风中的涡旋罗斯贝波

文中从柱坐标系下的正压无辐散涡度方程出发,用WKBJ方法求解方程,发现在飓风中存在类似于行星罗斯贝波的涡旋罗斯贝波,这种波的形成主要是由于飓风中基态涡度垂直分量的径向梯度所决定。利用一次飓风过程的精确数值模拟所输出高分辨的资料,计算了飓风中径向涡度梯度的分布,指出这类波动主要存在于眼墙和眼心中。波动结构分析表明,波动能量具有径向频散,这有可能是飓风暖心结构的一种形成机制。最后用波射线法讨论了定常涡旋罗斯贝波的径向频散     

位涡在暴雨成因分析中的应用

应用位涡理论，对1991年江淮地区一次特大暴雨过程中位涡及其有关物理量的分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:强降水总是落在干位涡比较小的地方和湿位涡负中心暖气流一侧，它和相对湿位涡的关系更直接。湿位涡斜压部分可清楚地反映湿斜压性对对流不稳定系统所起的作用。大气在湿位涡值比较小的区域对锋生强迫有更强的响应。     

涡旋Rossby波传播的不同特征

用一个柱坐标系涡度正压方程的半谱模式，实施了4组试验，研究了不同初始扰动涡旋分布条件下，涡旋Rossby波的传播特征问题。结果指出：正值、负值相间的沿方向角二波分布的初始场，与只有正值涡旋的初始场相比，其后涡旋Rossby波的传播有明显的差别，即前者向内传播的涡量比后者衰减得快，而且前者是单峰传播，后者是双峰传播。     

1977年1月500mb的大气环流及动能转换关系

1977年1月是北半球中纬大陆地区近年来最严寒的一个月。利用500 mb逐日资料,进行了天气学和能量学的研究,所得结果如下: (1)这个月极区经常出现高压,而且阿拉斯加高压脊特别强而稳定。由于极区高压,高纬西风动量大量地往中纬输送,造成高纬强东风。 (2)对于这个月月平均基本气流,进行正压不稳定度判据的检定,发现存在接近正压不稳定的条件。同时,有供给涡动发展的能量。 (3)这个月涡动中,最活跃的是n=3波,寒潮爆发主要是同3波盛行期相联系。3波之所以异常活跃,是由于从2波接受异常多的能量。 (4)2波输出能量较往年多一倍以上,主要输送给3波,对3波发展起着重要作用。 对这些结果进行了物理上的联系和讨论。