近45年大连地区气温日较差的演变趋势分析

利用Mann-Kendall方法对大连地区7个气象站点1961～2005年的气温日较差进行了趋势分析,并根据各因子趋势值,应用相关统计法分析了影响气温日较差呈减小趋势的因子.得到结论如下:①大连地区四季气温日较差呈现显著减小趋势,其中以秋季和冬季减小趋势最显著,夏季最弱.各季节平均气温、最高气温和最低气温呈显著上升趋势.最低气温较最高气温和平均气温升高趋势显著.②大连地区与月平均日较差相关性最强的因子是风速,其次是最低气温、水汽压和云量,都呈负相关,与最高气温呈正相关.②春夏季,日较差下降主要受最高气温的变化驱动,而秋冬季节则主要受最低气温变化的影响.     

呼和浩特市气温变化及最高、最低气温的非对称变化

采用线性倾向估计方法计算了呼和浩特站四季及年平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温及极端最高、极端最低气温、气温日较差多年来的变化趋势,并用最优二分割方法、Mann-kendall非参数统计检验方法对平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温进行气候阶段划分和突变检验.结果表明各个季节和年平均气温都存在显著的增高趋势,其中冬季和年平均气温增温趋势非常显著;最高、最低气温存在明显的非对称变化,增温主要发生在夜间,无论平均最低气温还是极端最低气温都存在显著的增高趋势,气温日较差都呈显著下降趋势.平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温在1986年前后发生了明显突变.     

商丘市气温日较差变化特征分析

利用商丘市8站1961-2006年逐日最高、最低气温资料,计算并分析了商丘市年、季及月气温日较差的线性变化趋势,结果表明:年最低气温呈明显上升趋势,最高气温上升趋势不显著,气温日较差呈显著减小趋势;春、夏、冬季季平均气温日较差均呈减小趋势,其中春季和冬季的减小趋势显著,秋季呈弱的增加趋势;全年有10个月的气温日较差呈减小趋势,其中1、3、5、8月气温日较差显著减小,1月减小幅度最大.城市化发展对气温日较差变化有一定影响,距城区较近的台站平均气温日较差显著减小,而距城区较远的台站气温日较差减小趋势不显著.     

巴彦淖尔市近47年气温变化特征分析

选取1974—2020年巴彦淖尔市9个气象观测站逐月的平均气温、平均气温日较差、平均最高气温、平均最低气温资料,采用线性倾向趋势分析法、滑动平均法、M-K检验法、Morlet小波分析法、反距离权重插值法对气温变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）近47年,巴彦淖尔市年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温呈升温趋势,春季对升温的贡献最大。年平均气温日较差为减小趋势,春季对日较差减小的贡献最大;4月最大,11、12月最小;空间分布为西北部低东南部高。（2）年平均气温、年平均气温日较差、年平均最高气温分别在1991—1992、1983—1984、1993—1994年出现突变。（3）年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温主要的震荡周期均为14年,平均气温日较差为31年。     

基于百分位数法的广东气温变化特征研究

为合理布局工农业生产和科学应对气候变化提供理论依据，基于百分位数法计算得到广东最高气温、最低气温和气温日较差的百分位数序列，并采用Sen斜率估计、非参数Mann-Kendall检验和贝叶斯突变检测等方法，在季节尺度上分析了1973—2021年广东气温的变化特征。结果表明：广东整体的气候在变暖，其中春季最高气温、秋季和冬季最低气温的增温速率较大。最高气温不同百分位数趋势的差异小于最低气温和气温日较差；气温日较差变率的站点间差异大于最高气温和最低气温。研究时段内气温发生的突变都是正向的，突变时间点多数在2000年以前。从空间分布上看，珠三角和东南沿海地区最高气温和最低气温增温速率最大，气温日较差在高百分位的变化趋势更加显著。     

近56a新疆塔里木盆地非对称性增温变化特征分析

基于塔里木盆地25个气象台站1960—2015年的气温数据,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析了年、季平均气温、最高气温、最低气温及日较差的时空变化特征。结果表明:56 a来,研究区年平均最高、最低气温在时间变化上呈非对称性增长,年平均最低气温变率为年平均最高气温变率的1.5倍。区域间的变暖幅度大致随纬度差异由北向南递增。不同季节增温幅度亦表现出非对称性,冬季平均气温、最低气温增幅均为全年最高,夏季最低,秋季最高气温增幅最高,夏季最小。四季平均气温的升高主要与最低气温的显著升高关系密切。年平均气温日较差呈显著下降趋势,气候倾向率为-0.19℃/10 a。平均气温和最高气温的气候突变年份基本都发生在1993年前后。     

华中区域1960～2005年平均最高、最低气温及气温日较差的变化特征

利用华中区域(河南、湖北、湖南3省)42站1960～2005年逐月平均最高、最低气温资料,计算并详细分析了该区域年(季、月)平均最高、最低气温和气温日较差的线性变化趋势、突变性及周期性特征。结果发现:1)华中区域年平均最高、最低气温均呈现上升趋势,年平均气温日较差呈减小趋势,其中年平均最低气温变化最显著。2)平均最高气温在春、秋、冬均呈上升趋势;平均最低气温四季均呈上升趋势,其中春、冬季变化显著;平均气温日较差在夏、冬季下降趋势较为明显,其中以冬季降幅最大。3)全年有4个月平均最高气温呈下降趋势,其中8月最为显著;平均最低气温在冬、春季为明显上升趋势,其他月变化趋势不显著;平均气温日较差在冬、夏季呈明显下降趋势,其中1月最为显著。4)年平均最高、最低气温在20世纪90年代经历了一次由冷变暖的明显突变;四季中,平均最高气温春、冬季突变显著,平均最低气温春、夏季突变显著。5)年平均最高、最低气温存在显著的2～4a周期变化。     

呼和浩特市气温变化及最高、最低气温的非对称变化

采用线性倾向估计方法计算了呼和浩特站四季及年平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温及极端最高、极端最低气温、气温日较差多年来的变化趋势，并用最优二分割方法、Mann-kendall非参数统计检验方法对平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温进行气候阶段划分和突变检验。结果表明：各个季节和年平均气温都存在显著的增高趋势，其中冬季和年平均气温增温趋势非常显著；最高、最低气温存在明显的非对称变化，增温主要发生在夜间，无论平均最低气温还是极端最低气温都存在显著的增高趋势，气温日较差都呈显著下降趋势。平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温在1986年前后发生了明显突变。     

SRES A1B情景下中国区域21世纪最高、最低气温及日较差变化的模拟分析

利用区域气候系统模式PRECIS(Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies)分析A1B情景下中国区域21世纪3个时段2011~2040年、2041~2070年、2071~2100年最高、最低气温及日较差相对于气候基准时段(1961~1990年)的变化。结果表明:中国区域未来3个时段平均最高、最低气温呈逐渐增大趋势,日较差呈逐渐减小趋势;最高气温增幅分别为1.7、3.2、3.9°C,最低气温增幅分别为1.9、3.6、4.7°C,最低气温增幅与最高气温增幅相比可达1.1倍以上。未来最高、最低气温冬季增幅最大、春季最小,日较差则表现为冬季减小幅度最大、夏季减小不明显。最高、最低气温及日较差变化的空间分布显示,最高气温在东北地区升幅最大,在西北、黄土高原和四川盆地亦有较大幅度的上升,但在青藏高原北部和华南地区升幅较小;最低气温在西北地区升幅最大,在东北和青藏高原北部升幅较大,而四川盆地和华南地区升幅较小;日较差在中国北方地区普遍减小,在青藏高原北部减小最为明显,但在四川盆地与云贵高原东部地区日较差则呈增大趋势。     

1981-2015年招远市气温变化征分析

文章利用招远国家气象观测站1981-2015年气温观测资料,运用趋势滑动平均和线性倾向估计方法对招远气象站气温变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:1981-2015年招远气象站年平均气温以0.22℃/10a的速率呈明显上升趋势,且具有明显的阶段性变化特征.季节平均气温均以不同速率上升,冬季气温上升趋势最为显著.年平均最高气温、最低气温均呈上升趋势,年平均最低气温上升趋势最显著.受热岛效应的影响,年平均最低气温的上升速率远大于年平均最高气温.除夏季平均最高气温呈缓慢下降趋势,其他季节均呈上升趋势,且冬季平均最低气温上升趋势最为明显.平均最低气温的快速上升使得气温日较差呈减小趋势.     

DIFFERENCES OF INTERDECADAL OSCILLATION BETWEEN MEAN TEMPERATURE OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE AND THEIR INFLUENCES ON WARMING SIGNAL

1 INTRODUCTION The interdecadal oscillation (IDO) has received much attention across the world climate community. As some studies show, the interdecadal time scale is an important bridge that connects with two other scales. Being background for the intera…     

Detection and attribution of anthropogenic forcing to diurnal temperature range changes from 1950 to 1999: comparing multi-model simulations with observations

Observations show that the surface diurnal temperature range (DTR) has decreased since 1950s over most global land areas due to a smaller warming in maximum temperatures (T _max) than in minimum temperatures (T _min). This paper analyzes the trends and variability in T _max, T _min, and DTR over land in observations and 48 simulations from 12 global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models for the later half of the 20th century. It uses the modeled changes in surface downward solar and longwave radiation to interpret the modeled temperature changes. When anthropogenic and natural forcings are included, the models generally reproduce observed major features of the warming of T _max and T _min and the reduction of DTR. As expected the greenhouse gases enhanced surface downward longwave radiation (DLW) explains most of the warming of T _max and T _min while decreased surface downward shortwave radiation (DSW) due to increasing aerosols and water vapor contributes most to the decreases in DTR in the models. When only natural forcings are used, none of the observed trends are simulated. The simulated DTR decreases are much smaller than the observed (mainly due to the small simulated T _min trend) but still outside the range of natural internal variability estimated from the models. The much larger observed decrease in DTR suggests the possibility of additional regional effects of anthropogenic forcing that the models can not realistically simulate, likely connected to changes in cloud cover, precipitation, and soil moisture. The small magnitude of the simulated DTR trends may be attributed to the lack of an increasing trend in cloud cover and deficiencies in charactering aerosols and important surface and boundary-layer processes in the models.     

Spatial dependence of diurnal temperature range trends on precipitation from 1950 to 2004

This paper analyzes the spatial dependence of annual diurnal temperature range (DTR) trends from 1950–2004 on the annual climatology of three variables: precipitation, cloud cover, and leaf area index (LAI), by classifying the global land into various climatic regions based on the climatological annual precipitation. The regional average trends for annual minimum temperature (T _min) and DTR exhibit significant spatial correlations with the climatological values of these three variables, while such correlation for annual maximum temperature (T _max) is very weak. In general, the magnitude of the downward trend of DTR and the warming trend of T _min decreases with increasing precipitation amount, cloud cover, and LAI, i.e., with stronger DTR decreasing trends over drier regions. Such spatial dependence of T _min and DTR trends on the climatological precipitation possibly reflects large-scale effects of increased global greenhouse gases and aerosols (and associated changes in cloudiness, soil moisture, and water vapor) during the later half of the twentieth century.     

Spatial asymmetry of temperature trends over India and possible role of aerosols

Dissimilarities in temperature trends in space and time over the Indian region have been examined to look for signatures of aerosols’ influence. Separate temperature time series for North and South India were constructed for dry (November–May) and wet (June–October) seasons. Temperature trend for the entire period 1901–2007 and different subperiods of 1901–1950, 1951–1990, 1971–2007, and 1991–2007 have been examined to isolate the aerosol and other greenhouse gas influences on temperatures. Maximum (daytime) temperatures during dry season corresponding to North and South India show significant warming trend of 0.8 and 1.0?°C per hundred years during the period 1901–2007, while minimum temperature shows nebulous trend of 0.2 and 0.3?°C per hundred years over North and South India, respectively. During the wet season, maximum temperature shows nearly half of dry season maximum temperature warming trend. However, asymmetry is observed in dry season maximum temperature trend during post-industrial period 1951–1990 wherein the North/South India shows decreasing/increasing trends, while during the recent period 1991–2007 trends are uniformly positive for both the regions. Spatial and temporal asymmetry in observed trends clearly point to the role of aerosols in lowering temperature trends over northern India. Atmospheric aerosols could cause a negative climate forcing that can modulate the regional surface temperature trends in a significant way. As this forcing acts differentially on day and night temperatures, trends in diurnal temperature range (DTR) provide a direct assessment of impacts of aerosols on temperature trends. Time series of diurnal temperature range for dry and wet seasons have been examined separately for North and South India. Over North India, the DTR for dry season has increased gradually during the period 1901–1970 and thereafter showed decreasing trend, while trends in temperature range over Southern India were almost opposite in phase with North India. The aerosol and greenhouse gases seem to play an important role in the spatial and temporal variability of temperature range over India.     

阿勒泰地区气温日较差的气候变化特征

利用线性趋势法对1961-2008年阿勒泰地区7个气象站点气温日较差进行趋势研究,并根据各因子趋势值,应用相关统计法分析了影响气温日较差呈减小趋势的因子。结果表明：阿勒泰地区四季日较差呈现显著减小趋势,其中冬季最显著,秋季变化最弱。各季节最低气温上升趋势最明显,而最高气温上升趋势较弱。阿勒泰地区与月平均气温日较差相关性最强的因子是日照时数,呈正相关;其次分别为总云量、降水量和水汽压,都呈负相关。年气温日较差与降水量和水汽压相关性最大。     

Interannual and Decadal Variations of Surface Solar Radiation over East China in the First Half of the 20th Century

Variability and long-term trends of sunshine duration(SSD) and total cloud cover(TCC) were studied based on surface observations from 10 meteorological stations over East China in the first half of the 20 th century. The correlation coefficients between SSD and diurnal temperature range(DTR), as well as TCC, were analyzed. SSD experienced a significant increasing trend(0.16 h d-1 per decade) from 1908 to 1936, and the maximum brightening was in autumn(0.33 h d-1 per decade). The good agreement between the variability of SSD and DTR, supported by the correlation coefficient between them of 0.72, implies that the SSD measurements were reliable. TCC showed a decreasing trend(-0.93% per decade) and was significantly inversely related to SSD(-0.74), indicating the variation of SSD was attributable to changes in cloud cover. The result was obviously different to that since the 1960 s, when clouds could not account for the decadal trend of surface solar radiation in China.     

1961～2015年中国地区冰雹持续时间的时空分布特征及影响因子研究

本文利用1961～2015年（55年）中国地区577个地面观测站的冰雹资料,应用统计学方法,分析了冰雹持续时间的空间分布、年际变化以及日变化特征,包括站点降雹累积持续时间、平均单次降雹持续时间、区域平均单次降雹持续时间、小时降雹累积持续时间和总降雹累积持续时间。结果表明:（1）1961～2015年中国地区站点降雹累积持续时间与海拔高度呈现较高的正相关关系,相关系数高达0.99。站点降雹累积持续时间的最大值出现在青藏高原地区,累积持续时间高达250分钟,其次为内蒙古中部以及东北部的山区地带,累积持续时间约为150分钟。（2）1961～2015年平均单次降雹持续时间呈现上升趋势,55年冰雹累积持续时间大约增长1分钟,且通过了95%信度水平的显著性检验。（3）西北地区、北部平原地区和东南地区在1961～1980年期间,区域平均单次降雹持续时间都有显著的下降趋势,而在1970～2015年期间西北地区和青藏高原地区呈现显著的上升趋势。1961～1980年期间区域平均单次降雹持续时间在西北地区的长期趋势变化主要受到日最低气温以及温度日较差长期年际变化的影响,在北部平原地区仅与温度日较差相关,而在东南地区与三个对流参数都有较好的相关性;1970～2015年和1961～2015年期间西北地区和青藏高原地区的区域平均单次降雹持续时间的上升趋势分别与这两个区域的区域平均日最高气温、日最低气温呈正相关。（4）单次降雹持续时间的日变化明显,午后至夜间出现的冰雹持续时间长于凌晨和上午的冰雹持续时间,持续时间峰值出现在当地时间17时和18时。本文还利用探空资料分析了对流有效势能和Totals-totals指数与冰雹持续时间的关系,结果表明中国地区20时（北京时）的对流有效势能和Totals-totals指数可能是冰雹持续时间日变化的影响因子之一。     

1948～2001年全球陆地12～2月降水旱涝长期变化

本文利用1948～2001全球陆地月降水资料(PREC／L)，研究了全球、北、南半球及欧亚、非洲、澳洲、北美、南美和南极大陆6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水趋势变化及早涝气候变化。结果表明：全球、南、北半球的12～2月的陆面降水有明显的年代际变化，全球12～2月降水量从1975年开始有明显的下降趋势，回归系数约为-0．017mm／a。北半球有明显的降水减少，约为-0．028mm／a，南半球12～2月降水表现为极微弱的下降趋势，且在统计上是不显著的。划分出了全球、南北半球、全球6个大尺度区域12～2月旱涝年，指出全球及北、南半球12～2月的旱涝有明显的年代际变化。70年代中期以前是全球洪涝多发期，80年代到90年代为全球干旱多发期。北半球旱涝特征与全球特征相近，南、北半球12～2月的旱涝没有明显的联系。12～2月大尺度区域中：欧亚大陆、北美洲、南极大陆旱涝年的分布有明显的年代际特征，并指出全球大部分地区的旱涝年降水量有显著的差异。6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水相关关系中，欧亚大陆和非洲大陆的相关系数最高，为-0．35，北美大陆与欧亚大陆，南美洲和澳洲的12～2月降水也有较高的相关关系。     

Long-term trends in maximum, minimum and mean annual air temperatures across the Northwestern Himalaya during the twentieth century

The study reveals significant rise in air temperature in the northwest Himalayan (NWH) region by about 1.6°C in the last century, with winters warming at a faster rate. The diurnal temperature range (DTR) has also shown a significantly increasing trend. This appears to be due to rise in both the maximum as well as minimum temperatures, with the maximum increasing much more rapidly. The results are in contrast to the findings in the Alps and Rockies where the minimum temperatures have increased at an elevated rate. Conforming to the global trends, the study confirms episodes of strong warming and cooling in the NWH in the last century. Real warming appears to have started from late-1960s and highest rate of increase was experienced in the last two decades. The study also shows teleconnections between temperatures and an epochal behaviour of the precipitation till late-1960s. These teleconnections seem to have weakened gradually since then and rapidly in the post-1991 period, indicating the waning effect of the natural forcings in this period.     

CLIMATE CHANGE: LONG-TERM TRENDS AND SHORT-TERM OSCILLATIONS

Identifying the Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature reconstruction and instrumental data for the past 1000 years shows that climate change in the last millennium includes long-term trends and various oscillations. Two long-term trends and the quasi-70-year oscillation were detected in the global temperature series for the last 140 years and the NH millennium series. One important feature was emphasized that temperature decreases slowly but it increases rapidly based on the analysis of different series. Benefits can be obtained of climate change from understanding various long-term trends and oscillations. Millennial temperature proxies from the natural climate system and time series of nonlinear model system are used in understanding the natural climate change and recognizing potential benefits by using the method of wavelet transform analysis. The results from numerical modeling show that major oscillations contained in numerical solutions on the interdecadal timescale are consistent with that of natural proxies. It seems that these oscillations in the climate change are not directly linked with the solar radiation as an external forcing. This investigation may conclude that the climate variability at the interdecadal timescale strongly depends on the internal nonlinear effects in the climate system.