中国西北地区冰雹的气候特征及异常研究

选取西北地区均匀分布的85个地面测站1961～2001年冰雹资料,分析了降雹的空间分布和年、日变化及持续时间。结果表明,西北地区冰雹与地形、海拔高度有密切关系,具有明显的局地性。其自然正交函数分解(EOF),主要表现为干旱区、高原区等空间差异(LV)。旋转自然正交函数分解(REOF)表明,旋转载荷向量场(RLV)反映了8个主要降雹异常类型区。旋转主分量(RPC)揭示了近41年来西北地区冰雹日数时间演变特征：北疆、南疆和秦岭南部年冰雹日数总体呈多雹—少雹—多雹趋势;柴达木盆地和青藏高原东北侧总体呈少雹—多雹—少雹趋势;天山、青藏高原东南部、河套南部总体呈减少趋势。     

1980—2018年青海高原冰雹分布特征及其关键影响因素分析

基于青海高原50个地面气象观测站点1980—2018年的观测数据,结合欧洲中心ERA-Interim再分析资料,利用线性倾向估计、皮尔逊相关分析以及概率密度分布等方法,揭示青海高原降雹频次、大小、持续时间的时空分布特征,以及海拔高度、特殊层高度和气温变化对冰雹分布特征的影响。结果表明:近39年来,青海高原年降雹次数总体表现为显著减少趋势,进入21世纪后减少尤为明显,6—7月冰雹高发且减少速率为年内最快,平均单次降雹持续时间亦呈显著减少趋势,20世纪90年代中后期开始,较大冰雹发生概率明显增大;空间分布上,南部高海拔地区为冰雹高发区,降雹持续时间也较长,大冰雹落区主要在冰雹次数较少的东部低海拔地区;直径介于3～5 mm以及持续时长在2～3 min左右的降雹频率最高;较低的0℃和-20℃层高度有利于冰雹生成并且延长降雹持续时间,较高的0℃和-20℃层高度对支撑空中冰雹的碰并增长具有重要作用;降雹频次和降雹持续时间显著减少不仅与0℃和-20℃层高度上升有关,还与平均气温显著升高、气温日较差减小密切相关。     

1961～2017年遵义地区冰雹时空分布特征

本文利用CIMISS、遵义13个气象站月报表等数据,收集了1961年1月1日至2017年12月31日遵义地区气象站的冰雹、大风和降水情况,从冰雹直径、冰雹时间和空间分布、冰雹与大风的关系、冰雹与降水的关系等方面综合分析了遵义地区冰雹时空分布特征。结果表明：遵义地区降雹以小冰雹为主,发生大冰雹的概率小;降雹持续时间以短时降雹为主,降雹点1日内多次降雹可能性小;降雹日数余庆最多,赤水最少,遵义东部降雹日数最多,中部、西部和北部依次递减,大范围降雹的可能性较小;降雹时间集中在2～5月,其中4月最多,旬分布上看,5月上旬降雹日数最多;遵义地区降雹主要出现在夜间,白天集中在14～20 时;冰雹日数的年际变化和年代际变化总体呈下降的趋势,2011～2020年冰雹日数总和很可能跌破历史极值;降雹点出现大风的可能性较小,但整个遵义地区在同一天内既出现降雹又出现大风的概率高达74.23%;冰雹直径和降雨量之间呈弱的正相关。     

青海省东北部近41a降雹持续时间时空分布特征及影响因子研究

利用青海省东北部11个地面观测站1980-2020年的降雹和高空资料,分析了降雹持续时间的时空分布及海拔、气温、相对湿度、0°和-20°高度层变化对降雹持续时间的影响。结果表明：近41a青海省东北部站点平均单次降雹持续时间的最大值出现在化隆县,高达9 min,最小值出现在同仁县,仅为4.89 min;年平均降雹持续时间以0.9 mim/10a趋势下降,持续时间小于9 min频率最高,占总观测次数的73.55 %;降雹持续时间月变化明显,日变化呈单峰型,峰值出现在午后16时,占总降雹累计持续时间的19.12 %;降雹持续时间与海拔高度呈显著的正相关,相关系数高达0.81(通过α=0.05显著性检验);降雹持续时间的减少与平均气温升高、0 ℃和-20 ℃层高度升高、气温日较差及相对湿度的减小相关。     

山东冰雹时空分布特征与分类预报指标研究

利用冰雹实况资料、高空探测资料、地面观测资料和EC细网格数值预报资料，统计分析了2012—2021年79次对山东造成较大灾害的冰雹过程的时空分布特征，总结了不同区域、不同大小以及关键月份降雹的关键环境参量特征及阈值。结果表明：①山东降雹具有明显的时空分布特征，降雹主要出现在鲁中地区和鲁北地区；降雹日数年际变化较大，最多年份可达14 d，最少仅为5 d；降雹主要出现在春末夏初，占全年降雹日数的65%；14:00—20:00是冰雹高发时段，占全天降雹的63.3%。②鲁中地区年平均出现大冰雹的次数最多，但半岛地区出现大冰雹的概率更大；大冰雹主要出现在5—6月，占全年大冰雹日数的68.6%。③山东降雹具有较大的对流有效位能、中等及以上强度的深层（0～6 km）垂直风切变、显著的条件不稳定层结和适宜的特征层高度/厚度。④不同区域、不同大小以及关键月份的物理参量的特征和潜势预报阈值都有一定的差别，主要体现在内陆地区、6月降雹、大冰雹较沿海地区、5月降雹、小冰雹的对流有效位能明显偏大、干暖盖指数偏小、深层垂直切变有所增大、抬升凝结高度略偏高、-20～0 ℃层的厚度偏薄。     

1965—2016年乌审旗冰雹时空分布特征

利用乌审旗3个站的1965—2016年逐时、逐日冰雹资料,分析乌审旗近52a来冰雹发生的空间分布、年际变化、月际变化和持续时间等特征。结果表明,乌审旗近52a平均降雹日数总体呈减少趋势,平均每10a减少0.8d;1965-1990年冰雹较多;2000—2015年相对较少;3—10月为降雹月,主要集中在6—9月,其中8月最多;一日发生降雹的时间主要集中在14—18时,以15—16、17—18时最多;降雹持续时间以5min以内居多;空间分布为北部降雹日数多于中部及南部。     

甘肃省天水市近40a冰雹分布特征

根据甘肃省天水市7个气象站1971～2010年冰雹观测资料,分析了近40 a来该地冰雹变化规律。结果表明:天水市的冰雹分布特征呈现明显的日变化和年际变化。日分布以午后型(13～18时)为主,占全年降雹日数的49.1%;月际变化成单峰型,降雹时段集中在5～8月,占总日数的74.8%;年均累计降雹平均日数为6.4 d,降雹总日数呈逐年下降趋势。拔海高的地区冰雹发生较多,山区多于平川地区。影响天水市的冰雹路径大多呈西北—东南方向,降雹天气以西北气流型为主。     

西北地区冰雹时空分布特征

应用1991—2000年西北地区基本站资料,统计分析了西北地区降雹的时空分布特征。结果表明：西北地区降雹主要的高频区在青藏高原中部、祁连山和天山山脉西段,并呈带状分布,多雹中心一般位于东西走向山脉的南坡,南北走向山脉的东坡。西北地区降雹旬、侯分布不均匀,产生双一多峰特征,从多雹区各代表站的旬或候际演变看,高原北部降冰雹来的比其南部早且持续时间长,但降雹日数明显少于其南部。天山山脉、祁连山降雹盛发期处于波动状态而高原中部降雹盛发期比较集中。     

德州市冰雹灾害特征及防御

分析德州11县市1957—2009年冰雹记录及全市范围内收集的所有冰雹灾害资料,计算站点冰雹日数线性变化趋势系数,得出年冰雹日数平均每10a减少0.735d。冰雹出现在3—10月,6月冰雹日数最多。降雹主要集中在14—20时。降雹持续时间一般较短,持续10min以内的占81.3%。冰雹最大直径为60mm。用降雹日数与雹灾日数的平均代表各地冰雹灾害频数,选取区域面积、总人口数、国民生产总值作为雹灾防御区划因子,计算雹灾防御区划指数,将德州市冰雹灾害防御区分为3级。     

延安地区降雹特征的统计分析

延安地区降雹特征的统计分析代娟，雷崇典（延安地区气象局延安·７１６０００）延安地区为冰雹多发区。本文通过对１９８１～１９９０年间降雹的有关资料统计分析，得出延安地区雹日的地域分布、时间分布及降雹持续时间与雹径关系的基本规律。１延安地区降尽的地域分布特...     

Spatial dependence of diurnal temperature range trends on precipitation from 1950 to 2004

This paper analyzes the spatial dependence of annual diurnal temperature range (DTR) trends from 1950–2004 on the annual climatology of three variables: precipitation, cloud cover, and leaf area index (LAI), by classifying the global land into various climatic regions based on the climatological annual precipitation. The regional average trends for annual minimum temperature (T _min) and DTR exhibit significant spatial correlations with the climatological values of these three variables, while such correlation for annual maximum temperature (T _max) is very weak. In general, the magnitude of the downward trend of DTR and the warming trend of T _min decreases with increasing precipitation amount, cloud cover, and LAI, i.e., with stronger DTR decreasing trends over drier regions. Such spatial dependence of T _min and DTR trends on the climatological precipitation possibly reflects large-scale effects of increased global greenhouse gases and aerosols (and associated changes in cloudiness, soil moisture, and water vapor) during the later half of the twentieth century.     

Detection and attribution of anthropogenic forcing to diurnal temperature range changes from 1950 to 1999: comparing multi-model simulations with observations

Observations show that the surface diurnal temperature range (DTR) has decreased since 1950s over most global land areas due to a smaller warming in maximum temperatures (T _max) than in minimum temperatures (T _min). This paper analyzes the trends and variability in T _max, T _min, and DTR over land in observations and 48 simulations from 12 global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models for the later half of the 20th century. It uses the modeled changes in surface downward solar and longwave radiation to interpret the modeled temperature changes. When anthropogenic and natural forcings are included, the models generally reproduce observed major features of the warming of T _max and T _min and the reduction of DTR. As expected the greenhouse gases enhanced surface downward longwave radiation (DLW) explains most of the warming of T _max and T _min while decreased surface downward shortwave radiation (DSW) due to increasing aerosols and water vapor contributes most to the decreases in DTR in the models. When only natural forcings are used, none of the observed trends are simulated. The simulated DTR decreases are much smaller than the observed (mainly due to the small simulated T _min trend) but still outside the range of natural internal variability estimated from the models. The much larger observed decrease in DTR suggests the possibility of additional regional effects of anthropogenic forcing that the models can not realistically simulate, likely connected to changes in cloud cover, precipitation, and soil moisture. The small magnitude of the simulated DTR trends may be attributed to the lack of an increasing trend in cloud cover and deficiencies in charactering aerosols and important surface and boundary-layer processes in the models.     

阿勒泰地区气温日较差的气候变化特征

利用线性趋势法对1961-2008年阿勒泰地区7个气象站点气温日较差进行趋势研究,并根据各因子趋势值,应用相关统计法分析了影响气温日较差呈减小趋势的因子。结果表明：阿勒泰地区四季日较差呈现显著减小趋势,其中冬季最显著,秋季变化最弱。各季节最低气温上升趋势最明显,而最高气温上升趋势较弱。阿勒泰地区与月平均气温日较差相关性最强的因子是日照时数,呈正相关;其次分别为总云量、降水量和水汽压,都呈负相关。年气温日较差与降水量和水汽压相关性最大。     

Trends of Temperature Extremes in China and its Relationship with Global temperature anomalies Relationship with Global Temperature Anomalies

Changes of temperature extremes over China were evaluated using daily maximum and minimum temperature data from 591 stations for the period 1961--2002. A set of indices of warm extremes, cold extremes and daily temperature range (DTR) extremes was studied with a focus on trends. The results showed that the frequency of warm extremes (F_WE) increased obviously in most parts of China, and the intensity of warm extremes (I_WE) increased significantly in northern China. The opposite distribution was found in the frequency and intensity of cold extremes. The frequency of high DTR extremes was relatively uniform with that of intensity: an obvious increasing trend was located over western China and the east coast, while significant decreases occurred in central, southeastern and northeastern China; the opposite distribution was found for low DTR extreme days. Seasonal trends illustrated that both F_WE and I_WE showed significant increasing trends, especially over northeastern China and along the Yangtze Valley basin in spring and winter. A correlation technique was used to link extreme temperature anomalies over China with global temperature anomalies. Three key regions were identified, as follows: northeastern China and its coastal areas, the high-latitude regions above 40^oN, and southwestern China and the equatorial eastern Pacific.     

Watershed-wide trend analysis of temperature characteristics in Karun-Dez watershed, southwestern Iran

Trend estimation of climatic characteristics for a watershed is required to determine developing compatible strategies related to design, development, and management of water resources. In this study, the trends of the annual maximum (T _max), minimum (T _min), and mean (T _mean) air temperature; temperature anomaly (T _anomaly); and diurnal temperature range (DTR) time series at 13 meteorological stations located in the Karun-Dez watershed were analyzed using the Mann–Kendall and linear regression trend tests. The pre-whitening method was used to eliminate the influence of serial correlation on the Mann–Kendall test. The result showed increasing trends in the T _min, T _mean, and T _anomaly series at the majority of stations and decreasing trend in the T _max and DTR series. A geographical analysis of the trends revealed a broad warming trend in most of the watershed, and the cooling trends were observed only in the southern parts. Furthermore, the geographical pattern of the trends in the T _mean and T _anomaly series was similar, and the T _max data did not show any dominant trend for the whole watershed. This study provides temperature change scenarios that may be used for the design of future water resource projects in the watershed.     

Influence of Changes in Solar Radiation on Changes of Surface Temperature in China

The long-term trends of total surface solar radiation(SSR),surface diffuse radiation,and surface air temperature were analyzed in this study based on updated 48-yr data from 55 observational stations in China,and then the correlation between SSR and the diurnal temperature range(DTR) was studied.The effect of total solar radiation on surface air temperature in China was investigated on the basis of the above analyses.A strong correlation between SSR and DTR was found for the period 1961-2008 in China.The highest correlation and steepest regression line slope occurred in winter,indicating that the solar radiation effect on DTR was the largest in this season.Clouds and water vapor have strong influences on both SSR and DTR,and hence on their relationship.The largest correlations between SSR and DTR occurred in wintertime in northern China,regardless of all-day(including clear days and cloudy days) or clear-day cases.Our results also showed that radiation arriving at the surface in China decreased significantly during 1961-1989(dimming period),but began to increase during 1990-2008(brightening period),in agreement with previous global studies.The reduction of total SSR offset partially the greenhouse warming during 1961-1989.However,with the increase of SSR after 1990,this offsetting effect vanished;on the contrary,it even made a contribution to the accelerated warming.Nonetheless,the greenhouse warming still played a controlling role because of the increasing of minimum and mean surface temperatures in the whole study period of 1961-2008.We estimated that the greenhouse gases alone may have caused surface temperatures to rise by 0.31-0.46℃(10 yr) 1 during 1961-2008,which is higher than previously estimated.Analysis of the corresponding changes in total solar radiation,diffuse radiation,and total cloud cover indicated that the dimming and brightening phenomena in China were likely attributable to increases in absorptive and scattering aerosols in the atmosphere,respectively.     

Impacts of climate change on cotton yield in China from 1961 to 2010 based on provincial data

To develop scientific countermeasures,the impacts of climate change on cotton yield during 1961-2010in three major cotton-producing regions of China were studied by using the available provincial data.The results indicate that(1)a rise in average temperature increased the cotton yield in most provinces of Northwest China and the Yellow River valley;however,the rise in average temperature decreased the cotton yield in the Yangtze River valley.Moreover,cotton production across the entire study region was reduced by approximately 0.1%relative to the average during 1961-2010.(2)A decrease in diurnal temperature range(DTR)reduced cotton yield in some provinces,while a beneficial DTR effect was observed in the other provinces.Changes in DTR resulted in an average decrease in production by approximatly 5.5%across the entire study region.(3)A change in the amount of precipitation increased the cotton yield in some provinces;however,it caused a decrease in other provinces.The decrease in average production due to the change in precipitation was approximately 1.1%.We concluded that the changes in temperature and precipitation decreased cotton yields in China,while beneficial effects of temperature and precipitation existed in the cotton-growing regions of Northwest China during 1961-2010.     

A study on the role of land-atmosphere coupling on the south Asian monsoon climate variability using a regional climate model

The spatial and temporal trends of 11 (7) temperature (precipitation) extreme indices are examined for the Loess Plateau Region (LPR) and its southeast and northwest sub-regions based on daily observations at 214 meteorological stations. Results show widespread significant warming trends for all the temperature extremes except for the diurnal temperature range (DTR) and the lowest daily maximum temperature in each year (TXn) during 1961–2010. When regionally averaged, a significant warming trend is detected for all the indices except for DTR and TXn in the past 50 years. Compared with the entire LPR, a significant warming trend is detected for all the indices except for DTR and TXn over the southeast sub-region of LPR; while it is observed for all the indices over the northwest. The trends for these indices are generally stronger in the northwest than in the southeast in the past 50 years. In contrast, for precipitation indices, only a small percentage of areas show significant drying or wetting trends and, when regionally averaged, none of them displays significant trends during the past 50 years. On the sub-regional scale, however, a larger percentage of areas show significant drying trends for precipitation indices generally over the southeast relative to the entire LPR, and noticeably, the sub-regional average heavy precipitation (R10mm) and wet day precipitation (PRCPTOT) display significant decreasing trends during the past 50 years; whereas only a slightly larger percentage of areas show significant wetting trends for these indices over the northwest compared with the entire LPR, and when sub-regionally averaged, none of the indices have significant trends during the past 50 years.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.