GIS和免疫算法的垃圾楼选址优化

针对现有城市公共设施选址模型较少考虑具体城市特色和服务设施运行现状这一问题,该文提出基于地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析、改进潜能模型和免疫算法相结合的方法,在评估研究区垃圾楼可达性的基础上,利用GIS空间分析进行初步优化,并构建双目标免疫优化模型再次优化.研究表明:西城区7个街道之间可达性空间差异较大,可达性较好的区域分布在研究区中下部;现有垃圾楼数量不能满足居民需求,拟在可达性较差区域增加9座垃圾楼;经两步优化后,在原有垃圾楼布局不变前提下,研究区居民点平均可达性提高34.50％,7个街道平均可达性标准差下降了 58.18％,表明该方法在提高垃圾楼整体可达性的同时也促进其空间布局的均衡化.     

空间句法在开封市区路网空间结构中的应用

基于空间句法模型中的整合度指标计算,借助Arcview与ArcGIS软件的计算和空间分析功能,分析开封市区路网空间的可达性和可达性区域的空间分布特点,对存在问题予以归纳,提出相应的调控建议.     

基于GIS的赣州市城区道路可达性研究

以赣州市中心城区为研究区域,收集处理研究区域内的道路交通网络数据,采用GIS空间分析和相关统计算法,计算出道路密度、道路服务指数2个可达性指标,通过指标模型结果对赣州市中心城区交通网络的可达性现状进行分析.研究结果表明,赣州市城区道路交通网络可达性与城市建成区之间的可达性呈现相对不均衡,中心城区之间道路密度仍具有提高空间,章贡区的可达性程度最高,与南康区具有连接成片的趋势,赣县区的可达性最低.研究结果对赣州市城区道路网络的优化和未来建设有一定指导作用.     

地铁网络可达性时空演化及空间形态分析

针对广州地铁网络的可达性空间特征及产生的区域响应,该文基于图及可达性测度模型,结合GIS技术,探讨其时空发育状况、拓扑结构、可达性演变与区域差异特征。结果显示,广州地铁网络与商住区的空间扩张过程在时空上吻合;广州地铁网络逐步演化为回路网络,但拓扑结构存在不足;时间可达性重心从政治中心向商业中心转移,可达性从商业中心向四周区域辐射,并随距离逐渐衰弱;可达性空间模式存在着明显的区域差异,换乘站点对所在区域的可达性作用显著;潜力可达性空间分布形态呈现双中心特征,且在空间分异上与城市交通发展水平相呼应。通过对广州地铁网络进行可达性演化和空间特征分析,既为交通可达性研究提供实践经验,也为地铁网络发展决策提供理论参考。     

广东省A级旅游点空间分布特征与可达性测度

基于GIS空间分析技术,采用标准差椭圆、可达性模型等方法,从类型、聚集度、关联性等方面对广东省2010年、2013年以及2016年的A级旅游点的空间分布特征及可达性测度进行研究。结果表明,广东省及各分区A级旅游点的空间分布有集聚的趋势,粤北分区的集聚现象则有所缓解。广东省A级旅游点与客源地间的可达性良好区域具有明显的聚集现象,总体格局以珠三角中心区域为核心,呈环状向外扩散的圈层结构。     

深圳市休闲设施轨道交通可达性的空间分异特征

轨道交通日益成为各大城市组织空间布局与社会生活的工具,提高休闲设施轨道交通可达性对于提高居民生活质量、促进设施公平共享具有重要作用.本研究以深圳市为例,运用改进的两步移动搜索法,分析了市级休闲设施轨道交通可达性的空间格局,计算了不同时间阈值下基于轨道交通的休闲设施服务人口与覆盖空间的分异.研究表明,休闲设施轨道交通可达性呈现非均衡结构,高休闲服务轨道交通可达性的区域存在阴影区,不同行政区内的休闲设施在吸引人群和服务范围等方面存在显著差异.研究就促进轨道交通与休闲设施在宏观、微观、人口与空间等方面的协同提出政策建议.     

基于GIS医疗设施空间可达性的研究——以大连市为例

基于可达性相关理论,以GIS网络和空间分析技术为基础,运用改进的潜能模型和两步移动搜寻法,对大连市各社区人口和医院进行叠加分析,将标准化的可达性数值进行插值处理,使之空间可视化,探究了大连市中山区、西岗区、沙河口区人口和二级以上医院空间分布现状,并对大连市医疗可达性进行了评价。结果显示:大连市医疗设施北部集中,总体分布不均。西岗区医疗可达性总体状况良好;中山区人口分布密集区,医疗可达性较好;沙河口区可达性较差,亟待提高。两步移动搜索法能更有效反应区域医疗可达性的空间分异。     

基于交通网络的综合性医院可达性分析——以武汉市主城区为例

综合性医院是城市居民就医的重要场所,是现代医疗服务体系的重要组成部分。本文基于平峰、高峰两种时段的交通网络,利用高斯两步移动搜寻法和空间插值法对武汉市主城区进行了可达性分析。结果表明:1)两种时段的可达性一般及以上占比均较高,但平峰时分布更加均衡,高峰时极化特征明显;2)社区的可达性等级在空间上分异显著,呈现出连续的圈层式分布;3)不同区县之间分异特征明显,一般平均可达性更高的区县,其可达性波动更小,反之亦然。总之,本文为城市综合性医院可达性理论的深入、系统研究提供了一种新思路,对基于可达性的综合性医院空间布局优化具有重要的现实意义。     

成都市机构养老设施空间分布及可达性研究

针对目前养老机构可达性研究尺度过大影响区域可达性评价问题,该文以成都市养老机构为研究对象,基于多源数据构建随机森林模型将成都市2020年常住人口格网化,运用改进的两步移动搜索法对成都市养老机构空间可达性进行分级测算,结合空间自相关分析探讨养老机构供需空间格局及其空间分异特征。结果表明：成都市养老机构可达性整体较好,但圈层差异明显。中心圈层可达高,边缘圈层农村山地区域可达性较差;可达性与老年人口Moran’s指数为0.331,呈显著正相关,表明养老机构基础配置合理。     

基于决策树方法的区域可达性研究——以浙江省为例

本文以浙江省为研究区,在筛选并提取主要地理因子、计算主要城市节点可达性并利用Kriging插值方法获取可达性扩散表面的基础上,通过空间叠加将可达性与地理因子进行有效叠合,并采用空间采样方法获取采样数据,构造训练集。最后利用J48决策树算法对训练集进行归纳学习,构建并分析决策树,从而解释可达性与地理因子之间的相关模式。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。