基于GIS医疗设施空间可达性的研究——以大连市为例

基于可达性相关理论,以GIS网络和空间分析技术为基础,运用改进的潜能模型和两步移动搜寻法,对大连市各社区人口和医院进行叠加分析,将标准化的可达性数值进行插值处理,使之空间可视化,探究了大连市中山区、西岗区、沙河口区人口和二级以上医院空间分布现状,并对大连市医疗可达性进行了评价。结果显示:大连市医疗设施北部集中,总体分布不均。西岗区医疗可达性总体状况良好;中山区人口分布密集区,医疗可达性较好;沙河口区可达性较差,亟待提高。两步移动搜索法能更有效反应区域医疗可达性的空间分异。     

地铁网络可达性时空演化及空间形态分析

针对广州地铁网络的可达性空间特征及产生的区域响应,该文基于图及可达性测度模型,结合GIS技术,探讨其时空发育状况、拓扑结构、可达性演变与区域差异特征。结果显示,广州地铁网络与商住区的空间扩张过程在时空上吻合;广州地铁网络逐步演化为回路网络,但拓扑结构存在不足;时间可达性重心从政治中心向商业中心转移,可达性从商业中心向四周区域辐射,并随距离逐渐衰弱;可达性空间模式存在着明显的区域差异,换乘站点对所在区域的可达性作用显著;潜力可达性空间分布形态呈现双中心特征,且在空间分异上与城市交通发展水平相呼应。通过对广州地铁网络进行可达性演化和空间特征分析,既为交通可达性研究提供实践经验,也为地铁网络发展决策提供理论参考。     

基于GIS可达性的山区旅游供需空间分异测度——以贵州省为例

旅游业已经成为推动贵州省区域经济高质量发展的重要载体。本文以旅游客源地和A级旅游景区为研究对象,运用GIS网络分析和高斯两步移动搜索法系统测度山区旅游供需的空间分异特征。结果表明：1)贵州省旅游供需要素均呈现明显的集聚分布特征,两者之间空间位置错配较为严重;2)贵州省A级旅游景区空间可达性呈现典型的核心-外围空间格局;3)贵州省旅游供需联系强度整体较低且空间分异特征显著,随着搜索半径的增大,旅游供需联系强度高值区不断收缩而低值区不断扩张。     

基于GIS的两步移动搜寻法在北京市就医空间可达性评价中的应用

传统上用行政区内每千人病床数等指标来评价就医的空间可达性,并未考虑医院(供给)与人口(需求)的空间分布差异性及两者可跨越行政区界的潜在相互作用。基于GIS的移动搜寻法使用较小普查单元的人口数据,解决了内在的人口空间分布问题;移动搜寻域可以跨越行政区界,更合理地考虑病人与医院潜在的相互作用。本文通过北京市就医空间可达性的实证研究,展现了基于GIS的两步移动搜寻法在公共服务空间可达性评价方面的重要作用。     

成都市机构养老设施空间分布及可达性研究

针对目前养老机构可达性研究尺度过大影响区域可达性评价问题,该文以成都市养老机构为研究对象,基于多源数据构建随机森林模型将成都市2020年常住人口格网化,运用改进的两步移动搜索法对成都市养老机构空间可达性进行分级测算,结合空间自相关分析探讨养老机构供需空间格局及其空间分异特征。结果表明：成都市养老机构可达性整体较好,但圈层差异明显。中心圈层可达高,边缘圈层农村山地区域可达性较差;可达性与老年人口Moran’s指数为0.331,呈显著正相关,表明养老机构基础配置合理。     

基于公共交通系统的城市公园绿地可达性分析——以武汉市中心城区为例

城市公园绿地是城市绿色基础设施的重要组成部分,是城市居民主要的休闲游憩场所,具有重要的生态、社会文化功能。本文以武汉市公园绿地为研究对象,运用两步移动搜索法(2SFCA)计算研究区内居民基于公共交通方式下的公园绿地可达性,采用反距离加权插值法分析公园绿地可达性的空间集聚特征。研究结果表明:1)研究区内公园可达性优劣水平差异较大,呈现出中心城区内居民点公园可达性的两极分化特征,空间上表现出由东向西不断减小的梯度递减格局。2)基于公共交通方式下区内居民点的可达性和公园绿地的空间分布在一定程度上呈现出空间失配,中心城区西北部和中部人口集中区域公园可达性水平较差。     

南京市高级中学可达性及空间分布特征研究

针对现有的教育资源空间格局评价大多数以空间距离可达性作为分析指标,缺少对时间成本考虑的问题,该文在GIS空间分析技术的支持下,设计了基于优先队列的可达性算法,并基于南京市区交通道路网络计算了南京市高级中学的可达性,然后以此为基础分析了南京市高级中学的空间分布特征。通过对整体可达性、等时线、学校服务范围及分区可达性等方面的分析,结果表明:南京市区高级中学可达性较好,但不同区域之间以及区域内部,不同学校之间可达性存在明显差异。     

武汉市地铁可达性与餐饮网点的空间耦合性研究

基于地铁网络构建OD矩阵,定量化计算地铁可达性,并在此基础上分别展开地铁可达性以及餐饮网点空间分布的核密度分析,最后运用Geo Da空间计量工具对二者核密度分布做空间上的关联性分析,以此揭示地铁可达性与微博餐饮签到网点各自的空间分布规律及二者的耦合性特征。研究得出:地铁可达性各指标的核密度分布规律存在相似性,均呈现出"核心-边缘"的空间结构特征;餐饮网点核密度分布趋向于"一个核心、多个中心"的多中心、多层次空间格局;地铁可达性各指标与微博签到网点整体上存在着不同程度的空间正相关,并在局部范围内呈现出高-高集聚、低-低集聚、高-低集聚、低-高集聚4种不同类型的空间关联模式。     

基于经济联系强度的城市群发展研究——以赣州市为例

对赣州市18个区县的道路网密度、人口数和工业产值进行相关性分析,全市各区县的人口分布与工业产值之间存在明显的正相关性。并通过引力模型,对赣州各区县之间进行了可达性分析,以最短交通时间为成本限制,测算了赣州市18个区县之间的经济联系强度,可以看出,赣州交通网络结构呈三横两纵式分布,而且章贡区、南康区和赣县区在城市群中发挥着重要作用,是赣州经济发展的核心区域,城市群的空间联系方向以三区为中心,沿交通廊道成轴线状拓展,空间联系交通指向明显。从而提出以一主核心城市群,两副核心城市群的空间结构,并沿交通轴线向外辐射,带动外围城市发展,可以实现赣州市整体均衡发展。     

中心城区广场公园绿地可达性研究

城市广场公园绿地的可达性是间接反映其布局是否合理的重要指标。本文运用多中心性模型测度了武汉市中心城区公共交通网络中心性,研究了武汉市中心城区公共交通网络和广场公园绿地空间分布规律以及空间结构;并利用邻近度和中间性两个指标,进一步分析了武汉市中心城区广场公园绿地的空间可达性。结果表明武汉市中心城区广场公园绿地具有以下特点:1)整体分布呈现较强的集聚性,同时区域差异明显;2)邻近度与"距离"呈线性负相关,从中心城区的中心到边缘,广场公园绿地中间性整体呈逐渐下降的趋势;3)位于中心城区中心的广场公园绿地空间可达性最佳,其覆盖区域交通网络中心性较高,可达时间相对较短,位于人口分布中心周围的广场公园绿地可达性较好,且可达性由城区中心向城区边缘逐渐递减。     

Polygon-to-Polygon Spatial Accessibility Using Different Aggregation Approaches: A Case Study of National Forests in the US Mountain West Region

Spatial accessibility is an enduring topic of spatial analysis that is intimately tied to issues of spatial representation and scale. A variety of methods to measure accessibility have been developed with most research focusing on metropolitan‐sized spatial extents using census‐defined aggregation units and relying on vector point representation to calculate Euclidean or network distances as key ingredients in measure formulations. Less research considers broader scales where both origin and destination points are treated as polygons. This research develops alternative gravity‐based measures of polygon‐to‐polygon accessibility for a case study of county‐level accessibility to national forests in the western US. Different methods of county and forest representation are implemented using census block centroids and a lattice approach for disaggregation and re‐aggregation. Other characteristics that are analyzed include origin‐destination linkage definitions, population weighting, and distance thresholds. Correlation analysis is used to assess relationships of alternative measures with a simple percentage measure and with each other. Low correlations would suggest that measures capture different aspects of accessibility that are related to their qualitative characteristics. Results show the alternative measures to be dissimilar from the percentage measure; however, high correlations among alternative measures suggest that there is little to differentiate certain disaggregated measures in spite of their richer qualitative interpretation.     

基于GIS的县域交通网络可达性探讨

利用GIS技术，以河南省镇平县为例，在评价交通网络可达性的基础上，总结了影响可达性的三个因素：是否与高等级干线公路邻接；在区域中的地理位置居中还是偏远；所在区域道路网络的整体连通性。在这些因素指引下所作的路网调整，明显改善了交通网络的可达性，优化了城镇节点的交通区位。     

PPGIS在无障碍公共设施选址中的应用研究

分析了无障碍公共设施建设的现状,提出PPGIS在无障碍公共设施选址中的思路,详细描述了基于PPGIS的无障碍公共服务设施参与系统的建立,并介绍基于此系统采集的数据与区位配置模型结合用于无障碍公共服务设施选址的技术路线,最后总结了本文的研究意义。     

漯河市近40年土地利用及景观格局变化特征研究

本文以河南省漯河市为例,以遥感解译的漯河市近40年来土地利用数据为基础,运用GIS叠置分析、土地利用转移矩阵等空间分析方法,结合景观格局指标,研究其改革开放以来土地利用及景观格局变化特征,为优化土地资源配置及科学的城市规划提供依据。结果表明:(1)1980年至2015年间漯河城镇用地面积呈显著增加趋势,扩张主要占用耕地;(2)林地和农村居民点用地总体呈增加趋势,2000年来其他建设用地面积迅速增加;(3)漯河市各景观类型总体呈平衡发展态势,耕地优势度有所下降,建设用地优势度不断上升;(4)人口增长与经济发展、交通条件改善及政府政策变动是影响漯河市土地利用变化和景观格局演变的主要因素。     

基于VCM的建设用地空间分布格局对比研究

利用ArcGIS软件,通过空间聚散程度的测度方法以城市中心和主干道建立各县的VCM曲线,对比分析了各县的空间分布格局。其结果表明:(1)青河、布尔津、吉木乃、富蕴具有相似的空间分布特征,哈巴河和福海的空间分布特征各自具有独特的空间分布特征。(2)青河、布尔津、吉木乃、富蕴和哈巴河,其建设用地分布相对集中,其总体特征呈沿城市中心和主干道分布,而福海县的建设用地较为分散分布。(3)城市中心和主干道的区位影响研究区建设用地分布。     

The Vegetation Outlook (VegOut): A New Method for Predicting Vegetation Seasonal Greenness

The vegetation outlook (VegOut) is a geospatial tool for predicting general vegetation condition patterns across large areas. VegOut predicts a standardized seasonal greenness (SSG) measure, which represents a general indicator of relative vegetation health. VegOut predicts SSG values at multiple time steps (two to six weeks into the future) based on the analysis of "historical patterns" (i.e., patterns at each 1 km grid cell and time of the year) of satellite, climate, and oceanic data over an 18-year period (1989 to 2006). The model underlying VegOut capitalizes on historical climate-vegetation interactions and ocean-climate teleconnections (such as El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, ENSO) expressed over the 18-year data record and also considers several environmental characteristics (e.g., land use/cover type and soils) that influence vegetation's response to weather conditions to produce 1 km maps that depict future general vegetation conditions. VegOut provides regionallevel vegetation monitoring capabilities with local-scale information (e.g., county to sub-county level) that can complement more traditional remote sensing-based approaches that monitor "current" vegetation conditions. In this paper, the VegOut approach is discussed and a case study over the central United States for selected periods of the 2008 growing season is presented to demonstrate the potential of this new tool for assessing and predicting vegetation conditions.     

Space-time accessibility measures: A geocomputational algorithm with a focus on the feasible opportunity set and possible activity duration

 Space-time accessibility measures have received much attention in recent years due to their sensitivity to differences in individual ability to participate in activities in space and time. Despite the conceptual attractiveness and robustness of space-time measures, only few attempts have been made to operationalize them to date. Research that seeks to improve space-time accessibility measures is still sorely needed. This study seeks to enhance space-time accessibility measures through developing a new operational method and GIS-based algorithm that better represents the space-time characteristics of urban opportunities (e.g. their geographical distribution and opening hours) and human activity-travel behavior (e.g. delay times, minimum activity participation time, and maximum travel time threshold). The proposed method not only takes into account the number and size of opportunities, but also the possible activity duration at each activity location given its opening hours and the effect of transport network topology (e.g. one-way streets, turn restrictions and over-pass). Incorporating these elements into space-time measures helps overcome several shortcomings of previous approaches to evaluating space-time accessibility. Received: 15 September 2002 / Accepted: 10 February 2003 A version of this paper was presented at the 98th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Los Angeles, March 19-23, 2002. We thank Joe Weber for providing the digital transport network with travel speeds and a version of the geocomputational algorithm he used in his study (Weber 2001), upon which our developmental effort has been based. We are also grateful to the helpful comments and suggestions of the reviewers.     

An Integrated GIS Approach to Accessibility Analysis

Accessibility is an important element in evaluating existing land‐use patterns and transportation services, predicting travel demands and programming transportation investments in urban transportation planning. This paper presents an integrated GIS approach to accessibility analysis, which provides a general framework for integrated use of GIS, travel impedance measurement tools and accessibility measures to support the accessibility analysis process, including formulating the concept of accessibility, selecting or developing accessibility measures, specifying the accessibility measures, deriving the accessibility values using the selected or developed accessibility measures, and presenting and interpreting the accessibility values. An integrated GIS tool, ACCESS, designed for implementing the integrated approach is also described and illustrated.     

Optimizing the spatial relocation of hospitals to reduce urban traffic congestion: A case study of Beijing

Traffic congestion represents an ongoing serious issue in many large cities. Many public facilities, such as hospitals, tend to be centrally located to ensure they are most accessible to local residents; as a result, they may contribute significantly to a city's traffic congestion. In this study, a multi‐objective spatial optimization model was provided to help formulate hospital relocation plans, taking into account both traffic congestion and hospital accessibility. Using intra‐urban movement data, we proposed a method to estimate the area‐wide traffic congestion caused by hospital visits and to identify potential hospitals to be relocated. An NSGA‐II (Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) algorithm was applied to solve the hospital relocation optimization problem; we applied our model to study optimal hospital relocation plans in Beijing. Analysis results provide a tradeoff between traffic congestion relief and hospital accessibility. We discussed plans that significantly reduce traffic congestion while maintaining a high level of hospital accessibility. Our study has significant policy implications and provides insights for future facility planning and transportation planning.     

翻转课堂在地理信息系统课程教学中的实践与思考

针对教师主导的传统教学模式在地理信息系统课程教学中存在的不足,提出了将翻转课堂这一新的混合学习教学模式引入教学的想法。首先分析了地理信息系统课程实施翻转课堂的必要性和可行性,然后在综合考虑地理信息系统课程特点与中外教育文化差异的基础上进行了课程设计和组织实施。实践结果表明,实施翻转课堂确实能够提高学生学习主动性和教学质量,同时也对教师的专业水平和教学能力提出了更高的要求。