建筑物对大气污染物扩散影响的大涡模拟

利用一个大涡模式对一个方形建筑物周围的气流场进行了模拟,并与相应的风洞实验结果进行比较,对比结果表明大涡模拟方法可以精细地反映建筑物周围的流场特征.在此基础上,将拉格朗日随机游动扩散模式与大涡模式相结合,对在受建筑物影响的气流场中的大气污染物扩散进行模拟,模拟结果表明该方法可以很好地模拟出在建筑物影响下的气流变形所引起的各种污染物散布情况.建筑物周围的气流结构特性使得建筑物顶部污染源位置的细小变化可能造成建筑物周围污染物分布形势的很大不同,特别是对建筑物背风侧的空腔区内地面污染物浓度有着很大的影响.当排放     

北京交通环境污染诊断模拟初步研究

建立了能够用于评估大型城市交通环境污染与气象条件关系的数值模拟技术,即三维边界层光化学数值模式.其中,高分辨率的精细城市边界层气象场、细致的城市地理与环境参数、空气污染物输送扩散与大气化学模拟以及交通废气污染源的分布等诸多因子是实施模拟研究的几个重要环节.从模拟结果看出,各污染物在地面附近浓度相对高值区位于排放源附近和下风方.在边界层顶附近,污染物浓度分布较均匀,分布趋势和气流一致.虽然仅仅考虑了城区污染物本底浓度和主要交通干道机动车的排放,但交通排放对城区污染物浓度的贡献是较大的.     

凉山州工业排放PM_（10）的数值模拟研究

利用CALPUFF耦合MM5的大气扩散模型,对四川省凉山彝族自治州2007年工业排放PM10的扩散传输进行数值模拟,分析了污染物的浓度时空分布以及影响污染物浓度分布的主要因素。结果表明：CALPUFF耦合MM5模型对凉山州2007年工业排放PM10的浓度模拟有着较好的适用性;污染物主要沿着安宁河和黑水河分布,浓度分布特征随时间变化,其中冬季污染较为严重;各市（县）的PM10浓度值有空间差异,西昌和甘洛污染最为严重,季平均浓度分别为67.81μg/m3和57.23μg/m3;凉山州PM10的浓度分布受气象条件、地形和污染源的地理位置的综合影响。     

凉山州工业排放PM10的数值模拟研究

利用CALPUFF耦合MM5的大气扩散模型,对四川省凉山彝族自治州2007年工业排放PM10的扩散传输进行数值模拟,分析了污染物的浓度时空分布以及影响污染物浓度分布的主要因素.结果表明:CALPUFF耦合MM5模型对凉山州2007年工业排放PM10的浓度模拟有着较好的适用性;污染物主要沿着安宁河和黑水河分布,浓度分布特征随时间变化,其中冬季污染较为严重;各市(县)的PM10浓度值有空间差异,西昌和甘洛污染最为严重,季平均浓度分别为67.81μg/m3和57.23μg/m3;凉山州PM10的浓度分布受气象条件、地形和污染源的地理位置的综合影响.     

凹坑地形风流结构对污染物散布的模拟研究

利用建立的三维非静力高分辨率高阶湍流闭合模式与随机游动扩散模式研究了一个深凹露天矿区污染物散布的规律,同时在风洞中进行了示踪实验。结果表明,由于凹坑内复环流结构的存在,使得坑内污染物浓度较大,且浓度最大值出现在源的上风侧。数值试验与风洞试验结果吻合较好。     

修正的拉格朗日K模式及其在区域尺度中的应用

本文建立了模拟区域尺度的大气污染物输送与扩散过程的拉格朗日K模式，该模式结构简单，计算量小。初始浓度场采用高斯烟流扩散模式确定大气污染物的垂直分布，克服了区域模式在近距离短时间预测浓度精度不高的缺点。应用修正的拉格朗日K模式预测了江苏省区域排放的SO2在大气中输送与散布过程，验证结果表明该模式的精度能够满足区域环境污染物分布预测等环境应用的需要。     

修正的拉朗日K模式及其在区域尺度中的应用

本文建立了模拟区域尺度的大气污染物输送与扩散过程的拉格朗日Ｋ模式，该模式结构简单，计算量小。初始浓度场采用高斯烟流扩散模式确定大气污染物的垂直分布，克服了区域模式在近距离短时间预测浓度精度不高的缺点。应用修正的拉格朗日Ｋ模式预测上江苏省区域排放的ＳＯ２在大气中输送与散布过程，验证结果表明该模式的精度能够满足区域环境污染物分布预测等环境应用的需要。     

Monte Carlo多源模式在广东核电站大气环境评价中的应用

发展了ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ多源模式并用于模拟广东核电站排放的放射性污染物浓度分布和干湿沉积量。数值实验和六氟化硫（ＳＦ６）示踪实验表明,模式能很好地反映复杂地形和生态下垫面对污染物的输送、扩散和干湿沉积的影响;与观测值相比,浓度计算值的准确率大于等于５０％的概率为５８４％。     

CALPUFF在沈阳地区大气污染模拟中的应用

利用CALPUFF模拟了2006年1月5日沈阳地区大气污染物扩散。结果表明,CALPUFF能够直观、真实地模拟大气环境中污染物浓度的分布。污染物扩散的范围与风速相关,风速大时污染物扩散的范围大,风速小时污染物扩散的范围小。当污染物扩散的范围大时污染源附近的污染物浓度值小,污染物扩散范围小时污染源附近的污染物浓度大。其中,日平均浓度的分布受平均风场和地形的双重影响,实时浓度的分布主要受风场的影响。     

CALPUFF在沈阳地区大气污染模拟研究中的应用

利用CALPUFF模拟了2006年1月5日沈阳地区大气污染物扩散。结果表明,CALPUFF能够直观、真实地模拟大气环境中污染物浓度的分布。污染物扩散的范围与风速相关,风速大时污染物扩散的范围大,风速小时污染物扩散的范围小。当污染物扩散的范围大时污染源附近的污染物浓度值小,污染物扩散范围小时污染源附近的污染物浓度大。其中,日平均浓度的分布受平均风场和地形的双重影响,实时浓度的分布主要受风场的影响。     

Numerical study of flow and gas diffusion in the near-wake behind an isolated building

To assist validation of the experimental data of urban pollution dispersion, the effect of an isolated building on the flow and gaseous diffusion in the wake region have been investigated numerically in the neutrally stratified rough-walled turbulent boundary layer. Numerical studies were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. The CFD models used for the simulation were based on the steady-state Reynolds-Average Navier-Stoke equations (RANS) with κ-ε turbulence models; standard κ-ε and RNG κ-ε models. Inlet conditions and boundary conditions were specified numerically to the best information available for each fluid modeling simulation. A gas pollutant was emitted from a point source within the recirculation cavity behind the building model. The accuracy of these simulations was examined by comparing the predicted results with wind tunnel experimental data. It was confirmed that simulation using the model accurately reproduces the velocity and concentration diffusion fields with a fine-mish resolution in the near wake region. Results indicated that there is a good agreement between the numerical simulation and the wind tunnel experiment for both wind flow and concentration diffusion. The results of this work can help to improve the understanding of mechanisms of and simulation of pollutant transport in an urban environment.     

Operating ranges of meteorological wind tunnels for the simulation of convective boundary layer (CBL) phenomena

The operating ranges of meteorological wind tunnels for convective boundary-layer (CBL) simulation are defined in this paper based on a review of the theoretical and practical limitations of the flow phenomena and the facilities available. Wind-tunnel operating ranges are limited by the dimensions of the simulated circulations and of the tunnel itself, the tunnel flow speed and turbulence processes, and the characteristics of the measurement instrumentation. When it is desired to simulate both the CBL and the behavior of other flows imbedded within the boundary layer, such as power-plant plume rise and dispersion, then additional constraints exist on the fluid modeling process. The capabilities of meteorological wind tunnels can also be extended through the judicious use of boundary and side wall flow controls.     

Prediction of wind properties in urban environments using artificial neural network

Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling has been performed to predict turbulent boundary layer characteristics for rough terrain based on experimental tests conducted in a boundary-layer wind tunnel to simulate atmospheric boundary layer using passive roughness devices such as spires, barriers, roughness elements on the floor, and slots in the extended test section. Different configurations of passive devices assisted to simulate urban terrains. A part of the wind tunnel test results are used as training sets for the ANN, and the other part of the test results are used to compare the prediction results of the ANN. Two ANN models have been developed in this study. The first one has been used to predict mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and model length scale factor. Results show that ANN is an efficient, accurate, and robust modeling procedure to predict turbulent characteristics of wind. In particular, it was found that the ANN-predicted wind mean velocities are within 4.7%, turbulence intensities are within 6.2%, and model length scale factors are within 3.8% of the actual measured values. In addition, another ANN model has been developed to predict instantaneous velocities that enables calculating the power spectral density of longitudinal velocity fluctuations. Results show that the predicted power spectra are in a good agreement with the power spectra obtained from measured instantaneous velocities.     

Evaluation of a micro-scale wind model’s performance over realistic building clusters using wind tunnel experiments

The simulation performance over complex building clusters of a wind simulation model(Wind Information Field Fast Analysis model, WIFFA) in a micro-scale air pollutant dispersion model system(Urban Microscale Air Pollution dispersion Simulation model, UMAPS) is evaluated using various wind tunnel experimental data including the CEDVAL(Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Micro-Scale Dispersion Models) wind tunnel experiment data and the NJU-FZ experiment data(Nanjing University-Fang Zhuang neighborhood wind tunnel experiment data). The results show that the wind model can reproduce the vortexes triggered by urban buildings well, and the flow patterns in urban street canyons and building clusters can also be represented. Due to the complex shapes of buildings and their distributions, the simulation deviations/discrepancies from the measurements are usually caused by the simplification of the building shapes and the determination of the key zone sizes. The computational efficiencies of different cases are also discussed in this paper. The model has a high computational efficiency compared to traditional numerical models that solve the Navier–Stokes equations, and can produce very high-resolution(1–5 m) wind fields of a complex neighborhood scale urban building canopy(～ 1 km ×1km) in less than 3 min when run on a personal computer.     

Evaluation of pedestrian winds around tall buildings by numerical approach

Summary A numerical model based on the compressible flow equations has been used to simulate the pedestrian wind fields around the programming tall buildings in Beijing city. The model results are well agreed with those of the wind tunnel experiments. Since numerical model can provide the detailed flow field data at each grid point and each time step, it has a great advantage compared with the wind tunnel experiment in accurately evaluating the wind effects on pedestrian and other environmental issues. Furthermore, advance computational technology has made the numerical modeling become fast and cheaply. It is believed that the numerical simulation will play an increasingly more important role in the coming years, especially in dealing with wind environment.     

Fluid mechanical aspects of the pollutant transport to coniferous trees

Forest decline in some parts of Europe gave rise to various environmental studies concerning the intake and uptake of pollutants in the ecosphere. As far as fluid mechanics is concerned, the current interest is centered on flow-induced phenomena, e.g., the flow-enhanced deposition of pollutants to trees. In order to understand better the mechanisms of pollutant dispersion and deposition to trees, wind tunnel experiments carried out with small real coniferous trees and model trees are summarized in this paper. The flow around single trees and tree stands, both in flat terrain and on hillsides, has been analysed. The measurements were performed with a two-component laser Doppler anemometer system installed in an atmospheric boundary-layer wind tunnel. A chemical tracer method based on an ammonia-manganese chloride reaction was applied to visualize the deposition patterns around trees and modeled forest stands.     

Effect of wind vertical shear on diffusion characteristics in the mesoscale range

Using the turbulent statistical form of the vertical vortex diffusion coefficient K, in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and Ekman spiral wind profile, the three-dimensional diffusion equation is solved by the numeri-cal method. The influences of vertical shear of both wind direction and wind speed on pollution trajectory and horizontal diffusion parameters σy are numerically analysed. The expressions of both pollution trajectory and σy, including the factor of wind shear, are obtained. The results show that the vertical shear of wind is important among all factors affecting the mesoscale dispersion. Specifically, from neutral to stable atmospheric conditions, vertical shear of wind makes greater contribution to σy than turbulence, thus it is the most important factor. In this paper, we have compared horizontal dispersion pattern with both Pasquill's dispersion pattern considering wind direction shear, and experimental data collected at 9 different sites rang-ing from 10 to 100 km, and the results show that our dispersion pattern is closer to the experimental values than Pasquill's results, and his correction to shear of wind direction is too large under the stable conditions.     

Wind tunnel modeling of small-scale meteorological processes

After introductory remarks on similarity laws to be satisfied in wind tunnel experiments simulating small-scale meteorological processes, mean and turbulence characteristics of wind tunnel boundary layers are presented and compared with the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer. The results are used to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of physical modeling of pollutant dispersion in general. In the second part of the paper, the potential of wind tunnels to solve micro-meteorological problems of real practical interest will be demonstrated. The example involves the investigation of the effects of building downwash on ground-level concentrations for flue gases discharged from natural draft wet cooling towers.     

An Actively Controlled Wind Tunnel And Its Application To The Reproduction Of The Atmospheric Boundary Layer

An actively controlled wind tunnel equipped with multiple fansand airfoils has been developed, mainly for the purpose of reproducing the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) for wind engineering applications. Various fluctuating flows can be achieved in this wind tunnel by altering the input data of the fans and airfoils through computer control. In this study, the ABL is physically simulated in this wind tunnel, and particular attention ispaid to the simulation of the profile of Reynolds stress. The method of generating the fluctuating flow and the experimental results of reproducing the ABL are presented. As the results show, the spatial distribution of Reynolds stress is satisfactorily simulated, and the profiles of other statisticalturbulent parameters, such as mean velocity, turbulent intensity, integral scale and power spectrum are successfully reproduced simultaneously.