PGE geochemistry of low-Ti high-Mg siliceous mafic rocks within the Archaean Central Indian Bastar Craton: implications for magma fractionation

Boninite-norite (BN) suites emplaced in an intracratonic setting in Archaean Cratons, are reported from many parts of the world. Such high-Mg low-Ti siliceous rocks are emplaced during Neoarchaean-Paleoproterozoic. The Archaean central Indian Bastar Craton also contains such a boninite-norite suite, which occurs in the form of dykes and volcanics. The spatial and temporal correlation of these high-Mg low-Ti siliceous rocks with similar rocks occurring around the northern Bastar and Dharwar Cratons probably represent a Bastar-Dharwar Large Igneous Province during the Neoarchaean-Paleoproterozoic. Platinum group element (PGE) abundances in these rocks provide constraints on their geochemical evolution during the Neoarchaean-Paleoproterozoic. The PGE geochemistry of the boninite-norite suite from the southern part of the central Indian Bastar Craton is presented to understand their behaviour during magma fractionation. In primitive mantle-normalized plots all samples have similar PGE fractionated patterns that are enriched in Pd, Pt and Rh relative to Ru. The Pd/Ru ratios for eight samples range from 2.0 to 7.0 which is higher than primitive mantle (primitive mantle Pd/Ru ≈1.2). The Pd/Pt ratios range between 0.2–2.5 with an average value of 0.7 which is near chondritic (primitive mantle Pd/Pt ≈0.5). PGE variations in these rocks together with those of major and other trace elements are consistent with a model involving olivine fractionation along with chromite as a cotectic phase. The Pt fractionation from Pd and Rh is controlled by both olivine and chromite crystallization at an early stage during high temperature crystal fractionation when the Pt was strongly compatible and Pd and Rh were incompatible. Strong negative correlations of the S content with iron and TiO₂ plus lithophile element contents of the rock suggest a decrease of the S solubility in the parental high-Mg magma and separation of an immiscible sulfide liquid with decreasing temperature. Palladium plus other available chalcophile elements (e.g., Re, Au, Ag) have been fractionated in this immiscible sulfide liquid after considerable olivine fractionation of the magma.     

Platinum-group elements distribution and spinel composition in podiform chromitites and associated rocks from the upper mantle section of the Neoproterozoic Bou Azzer ophiolite, Anti-Atlas, Morocco

The distribution of platinum-group elements (PGEs), together with spinel composition, of podiform chromitites and serpentinized peridotites were examined to elucidate the nature of the upper mantle of the Neoproterozoic Bou Azzer ophiolite, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. The mantle section is dominated by harzburgite with less abundant dunite. Chromitite pods are also found as small lenses not exceeding a few meters in size. Almost all primary silicates have been altered, and chromian spinel is the only primary mineral that survived alteration. Chromian spinel of chromitites is less affected by hydrothermal alteration than that of mantle peridotites. All chromitite samples of the Bou Azzer ophiolite display a steep negative slope of PGE spidergrams, being enriched in Os, Ir and Ru, and extremely depleted in Pt and Pd. Harzburgites and dunites usually have intermediate to low PGE contents showing more or less unfractionated PGE patterns with conspicuous positive anomalies of Ru and Rh. Two types of magnetite veins in serpentinized peridotite, type I (fibrous) and type II (octahedral), have relatively low PGE contents, displaying a generally positive slope from Os to Pd in the former type, and positive slope from Os to Rh then negative from Rh to Pd in the latter type. These magnetite patterns demonstrate their early and late hydrothermal origin, respectively. Chromian spinel composition of chromitites, dunites and harzburgites reflects their highly depleted nature with little variations; the Cr# is, on average, 0.71, 0.68 and 0.71, respectively. The TiO₂ content is extremely low in chromian spinels, <0.10, of all rock types. The strong PGE fractionation of podiform chromitites and the high-Cr, low-Ti character of spinel of all rock types imply that the chromitites of the Bou Azzer ophiolite were formed either from a high-degree partial melting of primitive mantle, or from melting of already depleted mantle peridotites. This kind of melting is most easily accomplished in the supra-subduction zone environment, indicating a genetic link with supra-subduction zone magma, such as high-Mg andesite or arc tholeiite. This is a general feature in the Neoproterozoic upper mantle.     

The Merensky Cyclic Unit and its impact on footwall cumulates below Normal and Regional Pothole reef types in the Western Bushveld Complex

The Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex occurs in its highest stratigraphic position as a heterogeneous, pegmatitic, feldspathic melanorite bounded by two narrow chromitite stringers at the base of the Merensky Cyclic Unit (MCU). In the Swartklip Facies of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, the occurrence of widespread thermal and mechanical erosion termed “potholing” has led to the subdivision of the Merensky Reef into Normal Reef and Regional Pothole Reef sub-facies. The transition between the two sub-facies occurs where the MCU transgresses the lower chromitite stringer of the Normal Merensky Reef and cuts down into the underlying cumulate lithologies. In the Regional Pothole Reef at the Northam Platinum Mine, several economic reef types are identified, where the Merensky Reef becomes conformable to cumulate layering, in particular, to the footwall marker (NP2 reef type) and the upper pseudoReef (P2 reef type). The Normal Merensky Reef, as well as the P2 and NP2 Reefs, contains economic platinum group element (PGE) grades and includes the lower portion of the MCU melanorite and the Merensky Chromitite. Whole rock geochemistry indicates that this package is compositionally identical in Normal, P2, and NP2 Reefs, suggesting that the base of the MCU is a relatively homogeneous drape over both Normal and Regional Pothole Reef regions. However, the lower sections of the three Reefs are variables depending on the depth of transgression of the MCU. In the Normal and P2 reef types, transgression by the MCU was arrested within harzburgites, melanorites, and norites, resulting in coarse, pegmatitic textures in the immediate footwall units. For the NP2 Reef, transgression by the MCU was arrested within leucocratic rocks and resulted in the formation of troctolites below the Merensky Chromitite. These troctolites are characterised by a coupled relationship between olivine and sulphides and by changes in major element chemistry and PGE contents relative to equivalent units in the footwall of the Normal Reef. Along with micro-textural relationships, these features suggest that troctolization of leucocratic cumulates in the NP2 Reef beneath the Merensky chromitite was a result of a reactive infiltration of a chromite-saturated melt and an immiscible sulphide liquid from the overlying MCU, rather than a significant fluid flux from below. In all reef types, the concentration of S defines symmetrical peaks centred on the Merensky Chromitite (and chromitites from pre-existing cyclic units in Normal and P2 Reefs), whereas PGE concentrations define asymmetrical peaks with higher PGE contents in reconstituted footwall rocks relative to the MCU melanorite. This signature is attributable to a magmatic model of PGE collection followed by deposition towards the base of the MCU and within reconstituted footwall rocks. The continuity of the asymmetrical magmatic PGE signature between the Normal Reef and Regional Pothole Reef sub-facies indicates that PGE mineralization inherent to the Merensky magma occurred as a drape over a variably eroded and subsequent texturally and geochemically reworked or reconstituted footwall.     

Distribution of platinum group elements in the Great Serpentinite Belt of New South Wales,Eastern Australia

Summary The distribution of platinum group elements (PGE) within individual lithological units of the dismembered ophiolite of the Great Serpentinite Belt in New South Wales displays distinctive patterns. Within the ophiolite the PGE are mainly magmatic in origin, although the whole sequence has been extensively metamorphosed and deformed. The PGE in this ophiolite demonstrate fractionation resulting from magmatic processes.Harzburgite is characterised by a flat normalised PGE pattern, with only a slight depletion in PPGE. The minor PGE differentiation in the residual mantle rocks is probably due to the control on the PGE distribution by residual alloys and sulfides. This implies that the primary magma, generated from partial melting, was S-saturated.Cumulates of the overlying magmatic sequence show a positively sloped PGE pattern, favouring PPGE enrichment. PGE distribution in the cumulate sequence was controlled by immiscible sulfides, resulting in a similar PGE pattern for individual members of the cumulates. The highest PGE content in the magmatic section is recorded in the banded chromitite where the PGE enrichment probably results from upward-migrating magmatic fluids.Podiform chromitite is the earliest fractionated product from ascending partial melts within narrow magma conduits that channeled melts from the mantle source up to the overlying magma chamber. Such a process operated at high temperatures, hence the high melting-point IPGE was preferentially crystallised along with the chromites so that podiform chromitite displays a negatively sloped PGE pattern. Normally, sulfide saturation in the ascending melt does not take place until the melt enters the crustal magma chamber. However, immiscible sulfide liquids might have been present temporarily in some high-level podiform chromitite to generate a Pt- and Pd-enriched pod. Chromite in this pod is less in both Cr/(Al + Cr) and Mg/(Mg + F²⁺) than in those of other podiform chromitites that are dominated by IPGE and, therefore, the composition of chromite is of significance in identifying the potential Pt- and Pd-rich chromitites in this ophiolite belt.

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Verteilung der Platingruppen-Elemente im Great Serpentinite Belt von New South Wales, Ost-Australien

Zusammenfassung Die Verteilung der Platingruppen-Elemente (PGE) innerhalb der einzelnen lithologischen Einheiten des zerbrochenen Ophiolites des Great Serpentinite Belt in New South Wales zeigt charakteristische Verteilungsmuster. Die PGE sind überwiegend magmatischen Ursprungs, obwohl der gesamte Komplex intensiv metamorphosiert und deformiert worden ist. Innerhalb des Ophiolites zeigen die PGE Fraktionierung, die das Resultat magmatischer Prozesse ist.Der Harzburgit ist durch flache, normierte PGE Verteilungskurven charakterisiert, die lediglich eine schwache Verarmung an PPGE zeigen. Die geringe PGE Differenzierung in den residualen Mantelgesteinen wird durch die Steuerung der PGE Verteilung durch residuale Legierungen und Sulfide kontrolliert. Dies bedeutet, daß das durch Teilaufschmelzung entstandene Magma S-gesättigt gewesen ist.Die Kumulate der hangenden, magmatischen Abfolge zeigen positive PGE Verteilungskurven, die auf eine Anreicherung der PPGE hinweisen. Die PGE Verteilung in der Kumulat-Sequenz wurde durch entmischte Sulfide kontrolliert, weshalb die einzelnen Schichtglieder der Kumulat-Abfolge ähnliche PGE Verteilungsmuster aufweisen. Die gebänderten Chromitite zeigen die höchsten PGE Gehalte der magmatischen Abfolge, die Anreicherung der PGE ist vermutlich auf aufsteigende, magmatische Fluida zurückzuführen.Der podiforme Chromitit ist das früheste Fraktionierungsprodukt der vom Mantel durch enge Kanäle in die Magmakammer aufsteigenden Teilschmelzen. Ein derartiger Prozeß findet bei hohen Temperaturen statt, weshalb die IPGE, die hohe Schmelzpunkte aufweisen, zusammen mit dem Chromit zur Kristallisation gelangten, podiforme Chromitite zeigen daher negative PGE Verteilungskurven. Normalerweise findet eine Schwefel-Sättigung der aufsteigenden Schmelze nicht vor dem Eintritt in die krustale Magmenkammer statt. Temporär könnte jedoch eine entmischte Schwefel-Schmelze bereits in einigen high level podiformen Chromititen existiert haben, sodaß ein Pt- und Pd-angereicherter Pod entsteht. Der Chromit in diesem Pod zeigt niedere Cr/(Al + Cr) und Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) Verhältnisse als jene in anderen podiformen Chromititen, die von IPGE dominiert sind. Die Zusammensetzung des Chromites ist daher signifikant, um Pt-und Pd-reiche Chromitite innerhalb dieses Ophiolit-Gürtels zu identifizieren.

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With 9 Figures     

1994 REPORT ON WHIN SILL DOLERITE WS-E FROM ENGLAND AND PITSCURRIE MICROGABBRO PM-S FROM SCOTLAND: ASSESSMENT BY ONE HUNDRED AND FOUR INTERNATIONAL LABORATORIES

This compilation report describes the field location, mineralogy, preparation and homogeneity testing of two new GIT-IWG reference materials: Whin Sill dolerite (WS-E) from England and Pitscurrie microgabbro (PM-S) from Scotland. The elemental composition of these two new reference materials has been established by an international cooperative analysis programme involving participation by 104 laboratories. A full assessment of these analytical results is presented, from which working values have been derived for the major elements as well as for 45 trace elements in WS-E and 44 trace elements in PM-S. Furthermore, isotopic ratios are presented for both samples, particularly for ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd.     

New Progress on Certified Reference Materials for Platinum-Group Elements: IGGE GPt-8, GPt-9 and GPt-10

Three new certified reference materials (CRM), certified for the platinum-group elements (PGE), GPt-8, GPt-9 and GPt-10 were developed based on the previous CRMs IGGE GPt-1 to GPt-7. The PGE concentration of GPt-8 is about 1 ng g^-1. GPt-9 and GPt-10 are ore samples with PGE concentrations of more than 1 μg g^-1. A multi-laboratory collaborative analysis scheme was adopted in the certification procedure, in which nine highly-experienced institutes and laboratories participated. The samples were analysed for the six platinum-group elements by nickel sulfide mini fire assay, with Te coprecipitation, and were determined by ICP-MS. Osmium was determined by isotope dilution.     

A baseline survey of the distribution and origin of platinum group elements in contemporary fluvial sediments of the Kentish Stour,England

The extensive anthropogenic use of the platinum group elements (PGE: Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt) is the main factor responsible for the widespread dispersion of these elements throughout the environment. Significant quantities of the PGE enter fluvial systems via road runoff, storm drains and wastewater and sewage treatment systems, and may accumulate in fluvial sediments by physical and chemical processes. A baseline survey of contemporary fluvial sediments in the Kentish Stour river, east Kent, England, has been undertaken to document the sources and distribution of anthropogenic PGE in an attempt to constrain some of the physical and chemical parameters that may influence the distribution of these elements. The geology of the catchment of the Kentish Stour is dominated by carbonate and silicate sedimentary rocks, and the river passes through urban and rural land and receives inputs of waste from sewage works. Nine sedimentary rocks, 4 motorway-runoff sediments and 22 river sediments were analysed for PGE by NiS fire assay preconcentration and ICP–MS. The highest element abundances occur in the motorway-runoff sediments (maximum total PGE content of 55 ng/g), whilst the lowest values were recorded in the sedimentary rocks, where some samples contain PGE at concentrations below the limit of detection. The total PGE content of the river sediments ranged from 0.4 to 10.8 ng/g. The distribution and variation in concentrations and ratios of the PGE in the contemporary fluvial sediments of the Kentish Stour correspond strongly with land-use changes (urban versus rural) and with points of discharge from sewage works. The absence of a pure catalytic converter signature in the river sediments, however, indicates that source signatures may be mixed in sewage works or that PGE may chemically fractionate in the fluvial environment.     

Gold and platinum group elements in cobaltarsenide ores: Hydrothermal concentration from a serpentinite source-rock (Bou Azzer,Morocco)

Summary The cobalt-arsenide ores of Bou Azzer are located along the borders of serpentinite massifs (Upper Proterozoic ophiolite complex) in carbonate-quartz lenses resulting from hydrothermal carbonate alteration of serpentinite. The cobalt ores contain an average gold content of 5–20 ppm; gold is mainly located in skutterudite (120 ppm av.), whereas the Fe-arsenide (loellingite) contains < 1 ppm Au. Similarly the highest PGE contents are found in skutterudite (up to 2 ppm total PGE). All the arsenide ores of Bou Azzer exhibit the same chondrite normalized PGE pattern displaying positive Rh and negative Pt anomalies, and a slight positive slope (Pd/Ir = 1 to 2). This uncommon PGE pattern closely resembles to that of sulphides of komatiites.In serpentinite, the PGE patterns are typical of slightly depleted mantle rocks, and the associated podiform chromitites are within the range of ophiolitic chromitites, except for Pd and Au enrichment.Horizons of sulphide-bearing serpentinites show relatively high contents of noble metals and display PGE patterns which closely resemble those of the Co-arsenide ores, although an order of magnitude lower. These sulphides probably correspond to the remobilization during serpentinization of primary magmatic sulphides. The sulphiderich horizons are a possible source-rock for the noble metals of the Bou Azzer cobaltarsenide ores.

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Gold und Platingruppen-Elemente in Kobalt-Arsenid Erzen: Hydrothermale Anreicherung aus einem Serpentinit (Bou Azzer, Marokko)

Zusammenfassung Die Kobalt-Arsenid Erze von Bou Azzer kommen entlang den Grenzen eines Serpentinit-Massifs (Oberproterozoischer Ophiolit-Komplex) in Karbonat-Quarz-Linsen vor, die auf hydrothermale Umwandlung des Serpentinits zurückgehen.Die Kobalt-Erze enthalten 5–20 ppm Gold; dieses kommt hauptsächlich in Skutterudit (120 ppm) vor, während die Fe-Arsenide (Loellingit) weniger als 1 ppm Gold enthalten. Die höchsten PGE Gehalte kommen ebenso in Skutterudit vor (bis zu 2 ppm PGE). Alle Arsenid-Erze zeigen das gleiche Verteilungsbild mit positiven Rh und negativen Pt Anomalien, und eine leicht positive Neigung (Pd/Ir = 1 bis 2). Diese ungewöhnlichen PGE Verteilungsbilder erinnern an die von Sulfiden aus Komatiiten.Die PGE Verteilung in Serpentiniten ist typisch für leicht verarmte Mantelgesteine, und die assoziierten podiformen Chromitite liegen innerhalb des Bereiches für ophiolitische Chromitite, mit Ausnahme der Anreicherung in Pd und Au.Lagen von Sulfid-führenden Serpentiniten zeigen relativ hohe Gehalte an Edelmetallen, und PGE-Verteilungsmuster die denen von Co-Arseniderzen sehr ähnlich sind, obwohl sie um eine Größenordnung niedriger liegen. Diese Sulfide dürften Produkte der Remobilisierung primärer magmatischer Sulfide während der Serpentinisierung sein. Die Sulfid-reichen Lagen sind als ein mögliches Ursprungsgestein für die Edelmetalle der Kobalt-Arsenid-Erze von Bou Azzer zu sehen.

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With 8 Figures     

陕西太白金矿含金角砾岩中铂族元素特征

采用硫镍火法试金(NiS-FA)结合电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)分析了太白金矿硫化物和含金角砾岩中铂族元素的含量,结果显示,与秦岭地区八卦庙相比铂族元素含量较高,而低于原始地幔,其中铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)、钌(Ru)富集,并结合前人研究资料对铂族元素的来源和迁移机制进行探讨。铂族元素可能受深源的影响,IPGE(Ir、Os、Ru)可能主要以硫化物形式存在而PPGE(Rh、Pt、Pd)可能主要以单质存在。     

Platinum group element distribution in the lower and middle group chromitites in the western Bushveld Complex

Summary All analysed massive chromitite layers of the Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex are enriched in PGE's over their silicate host rocks. The concentration factor has been found to increase with stratigraphic height. The PGE-distribution of the Lower Group and Middle Group chromitites shows a systematic relationship to the chromite mineralogy of the chromitites. The LG1- to LG4-chromitite layers are characterized by the dominance of the Ru-group elements (Ru, Os, Ir). The LG5- to LG7-chromitite layers contain almost equal amounts of the two PGE-groups and in the MG-chromitites the elements of the Pt-group (Pt, Pd, Rh) are the most abundant. The chromite mineralogy subdivides the chromitites in a similar way.

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PGE-Verteilung in den Lower und Middle Group Chromititen des westlichen Bushveld Complexes

Zusammenfassung Alle untersuchten massiven Chromitite der Critical Zone des Bushveld Complexes sind im Hangenden ihrer silikatischen Nebengesteine an PGE's angereichert. Es stellte sich heraus, dass der Konzentrationsfaktor innerhalb der stratigraphischen Abfolge zum Hangenden hin zunimmt.Die PGE Verteilung in den Lower und Middle Group Chromititen ändert sich systematisch mit der Mineralogie der Chromite in den Chromititen. Die LG 1 bis LG 4 Chromititlagen sind durch ein Vorherrschen der Elemente der Ru-Gruppe (Ru, Os, Ir) gekennzeichnet.Die LG 5 bis LG 7 Chromititlagen enthalten beinahe die gleichen Gehalte an Elementen beider PGE-Gruppen. In den MG-Chromititen sind die Elemente der Pt Gruppe (Pt, Pd, Rh) am weitesten verbreitet. Mit Hilfe der Mineralogie der Chromite können die Chromitite auf ähnliche Weise untergliedert werden.

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With 11 Figures     

内蒙古金厂沟梁金(铜)矿床的PGE、铁族和亲硫元素的地球化学特征与物质来源、形成环境

首次采用盐酸-过氧化氢封闭熔矿与ICP-MS相结合的方法,对金厂沟梁金(铜)矿床东、西两矿区典型矿石的铂族元素(PGE)、亲铁以及亲硫元素的含量进行了系统测定,结果显示矿石中上述元素的含量均高于实验的检测限;地球化学演化特征显示含矿流体具有岩浆性质,PGE对原始地幔/球粒陨石标准化后的配分曲线均呈强烈左倾斜的分馏模式,其配分曲线和与幔源岩浆有关的富铜硫化物和富铜镍硫化物熔体的形式相似,并与幔源玄武岩、碳酸盐熔体的配分模式基本一致,反映含矿流体具有幔源岩浆属性;从区域构造、岩浆热事件角度出发,结合典型斑岩铜(钼)矿床的PGE特征,初步确定其含矿流体形成于中生代大陆边缘环境,其直接的热动源是中生代底侵的玄武岩浆。成矿阶段富含金、铜矿石的Pd/Pt、Pd/Ir比值接近低钛玄武岩浆以及玄武安山岩,而成矿早阶段贫金、铜样品的Pd/Pt、Pd/Ir比值接近地幔;反映早期含矿流体可能是直接来自中生代幔源玄武质岩浆结晶分异,而富金(铜)流体的形成可能是玄武质岩浆演化晚期被地壳物质强烈混染后的富超临界流体岩浆(低钛熔体)发生岩浆与流体分离而产生;含矿流体演化过程的PGE地球化学行为与Cu或S(As)的饱和度有关,即主要受亲硫(铜)元素或结晶分异的硫化物矿物相所制约。     

中国铂族元素矿床特征及资源潜力分析

铂族元素是我国紧缺的战略性矿产资源.我国的铂族元素矿床主要分为岩浆、岩浆热液及沉积3种成因和9个类型,文章分析了典型铂族元素矿床的基本特征,并对不同类型矿床的资源潜力进行了探讨,认为岩浆成因铂族元素矿床依然是找矿重点,黑色岩系型铂族元素矿床具有重大找矿潜力,对现有金属矿床的含铂(族)潜力再评价是发现共(伴)生铂矿的一个有效途径,此外,还要重视对热液型矿体的识别和追踪.     

铜、镍、铂族元素地球化学性质及其在幔源岩浆起源、演化和岩浆硫化物矿床研究中的意义

Ni、Cu和PGE具有不同于其他微量元素的特殊的地球化学性质,这些特殊的性质使得它们在幔源岩浆起源和演化以及岩浆硫化物矿床的成因研究中具有不可替代的作用。在S不饱和的条件下,Ni、Os、Ir和Ru具有相容元素的特性,而Cu和Pd是强不相容元素,因此,它们在玄武岩浆分离结晶过程中常常发生分异。一旦体系达到S饱和,这些元素则会强烈地进入硫化物熔浆,特别是PGE具有极高的硫化物熔浆/硅酸盐熔浆分配系数,极微量的硫化物熔离便可导致残余岩浆中PGE的显著亏损,因此,PGE是玄武岩浆硫化物熔离作用最敏感的示踪元素。硫化物熔离和成矿实质上是幔源岩浆特殊演化过程的结果,所以,Ni,Cu和PGE的特殊性质可用来探讨岩浆硫化物成矿的关键控制因素。Ni、Cu和PGE具有不同的单硫化物固溶体/硫化物熔浆分配系数,因此,它们也是硫化物熔浆结晶分异的重要示踪元素。本文试图从Ni、Cu和PGE地球化学性质和行为入手,并借助一些研究实例,对它们在幔源岩浆起源和演化以及岩浆硫化物矿床成因研究中的示踪意义进行系统介绍。     

河北高寺台杂岩体铂、钯地球化学分布和异常特征

在高寺台超镁铁杂岩体发现了2种铂族元素异常:一种异常分布在杂岩体纯橄榄岩或橄榄岩带的镁质超基性岩中,与已知的含铂族铬铁矿有关,与已知的铬、钴、镍等矿化主金属的强异常密切共生。在这种异常中,钯呈甚低的背景分布,w(Pt)/w(Pd)大;另一种铂族元素异常呈带状沿杂岩体透辉岩带及其中的剪切带分布,其异常特征是铂、钯异常密切共生,w(Pt)/w(Pd)近于1,并且,在这种异常中,不伴生铬、镍等元素的强异常。这是一种新的铂、钯等元素的地球化学富集和矿化。研究表明,采用岩石、土壤、水系沉积物铂、钯地球化学勘查技术,可以发现难识别的铂族矿化。     

云南省中西部红色风化壳中铂族元素分布特征

近年来,铂族元素以其广泛的地质活动环境受到越来越多的关注,人们对铂族元素的研究也从其在硫化物熔体、硅酸盐熔体和热液流体中的富集成矿行为逐渐延展到其在表生风化过程中的地球化学迁移行为.本文通过对我国云南省中西部潞西菲红、元谋朱布和弥渡金宝山3个具有铂族元素矿化的超基性岩体形成的红色风化壳研究发现,三地风化壳化学风化程度远...     

Comparison of Silver and Gold Inquarting in the Fire Assay Determination of Palladium/Platinum and Rhodium in Geological Samples

The classical lead fire assay is still the most important method for the pre-concentration and separation of Ag, Au and some of the platinum-group elements (PGE) in the analysis of geological materials. The most frequently used fire assay procedure is the determination of Au, Pd and Pt with Ag as collector. When Au is used instead of Ag as a collector, Pd, Pt, Rh and possibly Ir can also be determined. In this study the recoveries by Au and Ag collectors, also called inquarts, were compared in the fire assay analysis of Pd, Pt and Rh in geological reference materials. The amount of gold to be added was optimised. Variable recoveries were obtained with Ag inquart for Rh, but a 2 mg inquart of Au gave good recoveries for all three of these elements in the analysis of reference samples of different geological materials. A procedure, alternative to scorification, to overcome interferences caused by base metals in the cupellation step is presented. The procedure involves cutting the Pb button into pieces and analysing the pieces separately. Prior to this, a homogeneity study of the lead button was made, and it showed that Pd, Pt and Rh were evenly distributed in the Pb button. All determinations were made using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).     

甘肃省贵金属矿和铂族元素地球化学勘查的发展及新案例

由于Ａｕ、Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ等元素分析测试技术的突破，使中国的贵金属地球化学勘查得到迅速发展。甘肃省自８０年代以来，金矿地球化学勘查取得了丰硕的成果。９０年代初，在研究改进Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ、Ａｕ化学－光谱法快速联测分析方法的基础上，在祁连山地区开展了针对金和铂族元素的区域地球化学勘查。工作结果，Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ、Ａｕ的报出率都达到了１００％，从而可靠地圈定了Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ、Ａｕ的地球化学异常。这一案例证明，地球化学勘查在寻找金和铂族元素矿产方面都是有效的     

Observations on New Approaches for the Determination of Platinum-Group Elements, Gold and Silver in Different Geochemical Samples from Siberia and the Far East

Some recent experiments on the determination of Au and the platinum-group elements (PGE) in geochemical samples are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the determination of ultra-low levels of PGE concentrations in resistant matrices, including chromites, molybdenites and ultrabasic ores. The problems and features of PGE determination in samples of various chemical composition are considered. For each sample type studied, a series of sample preparation techniques are proposed. These techniques included acid digestion, fusion with sodium peroxide, cold sintering with an oxidizing mixture of Na₂O₂+ Na₂CO₃ and also oxidizing fluorination with bromine trifluoride. A new approach for preparing geochemical material prior to digestion, based on mechano-chemical activation with simultaneous hyperfine grinding, is proposed and studied. The instrumental determination of PGE contents was carried out directly by AAS from extracted organic phases. It was found that a combination of digestion processes was required to achieve geochemical background levels of Au and PGE concentrations with the following detection limits: Pd, Rh - 1 ng g⁻¹, Pt, Ru - 10 ng g⁻¹, Au - 0.2 ng g⁻¹, Ag - 0.1 ng g^−1. The uncertainty in PGE and Au determination in geochemical samples is dependent on metal concentration, and also on their distribution in samples. The total analytical uncertainty of the proposed method is between 15-30%.     

北大别白垩纪镁铁－超镁铁岩的铂族元素地球化学研究

采用镍锍火试金法结合ICP-MS分析了12个北大别白垩纪镁铁-超镁铁岩样品的Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt和Pd的含量,结果显示铂族元素（PGE）的含量较低,原始地幔标准化后的PGE分布模式呈正斜率型,PPGE相对原始地幔略微亏损,而IPGE强烈亏损,Pd/Ir值远高于相应的地幔比值。这些镁铁-超镁铁岩中PGE的强烈分异是地幔低程度的部分熔融过程中,PPGE主要受硫化物控制,而Ir则存在于非硫化物相如尖晶石,可能还有合金之中造成的。同时,铂族元素的分布特征表明这些镁铁-超镁铁岩是岩浆结晶分异的产物。     

PGE distribution in sulfide ores from ultramafic massifs of the central East Sayan Mountains,Southern Siberia,Russia

Data on the composition of sulfide ores from ultramafic massifs in the central East Sayan Mountains and on the regularities of platinum group elements (PGE) in these ores are presented. It is found that the highest PGE contents are characteristic for net-textured and massive ores from the Zhelos massif: total PGE content there is up to 15 ppm, with Pd/Pt = 3–8, for Ni and Cu contents of 1.5–2.8 and 0.5–2.7 wt%, respectively. In the disseminated ores of the Zhelos massif, PGE contents vary from 1 to 7 ppm, at Ni and Cu contents varying in the ranges of 0.5–1.0 and 0.2–0.4 wt %, respectively. In the Tokty-Oi massif, disseminated ores are characterized by higher absolute PGE contents (1.6 to 3.3 ppm) at similar Ni content. PGE tenor of disseminated ores is higher compared to that of massive and net-textured ones. In the cross-sections of both massifs, net-textured and massive ores of an essentially pyrrhotine composition are found at the contact between ultramafic and host rocks. Total PGE in these ores is up to 12 ppm. The obtained data on sulfur isotopes indicate the common, well-homogenized sources, and close physical–chemical depositional conditions of all ore types.