Electronic Chart Display and Information System

This paper introduces the most advanced form of electronic chart display and information systems （ECDIS) which complies with the Performance Standards for ECDIS established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO).It also describes the key features and the important functions of ECDIS.Then the future development of ECDIS in marine is discussed.     

国际标准电子海图显示中几个关键技术的实现

针对我国建立基于标准电子海图显示信息系统(ECDIS)的关键技术问题,提出了相应的解决方案,包括自主知识产权的国际标准电子海图显示平台,符合国际海道测量组织(IHO)颁布的S-57、S-52和国际海事组织(IMO)颁布的(A)817、(A)694的数字海图显示标准。     

ECDIS与GIS数据集成研究

通过ECDIS与GIS技术的集成,可以利用GIS强大的空间数据处理能力和空间分析功能,促进ECDIS的应用与推广。本文通过对S-57标准与GIS数据模型的分析,研究了在GIS平台下建立S-57数据模型的方法,并在MapInfo平台下完成了S-57电子海图向GIS数据格式的转换,实现了ECDIS与GIS的数据集成。     

基于XML和MapGuide的ECDIS网络发布

提出了一种基于XML和MapGuide的ECDIS网络发布方法,讨论了XML应用于ECDIS的方法与优越性,以及MapGuide应用于ECDIS的方法与优越性,并讲述了XML和MapGuide如何兼容地进行ECDIS网络发布,最后成功地实现了这一新方法.     

信息技术对海道测量发展的影响分析

介绍分析了现代信息技术——ECDIS、3S技术、Internet技术在海道测量领域的应用与发展现状,旨在对未来海道测量领域的信息化建设进行探索。     

S-57数据的组织与实现

介绍了国际海道测量组织(IHO)颁布的国际通用“数字海道测量数据传输标准”(S-57)的数据模型和结构，提出了S-57标准的关键点和主要特征，建立了符合IHO S-57标准、支持“ECDIS海图内容与显示规范”(S-52)显示的数据库，实现了标准S-57数据的导入、导出。     

国际测绘机构及专家管理信息系统的设计与实现

分析了建立国际测绘机构及专家管理信息系统的必要性,介绍了VB.NET技术和ADO数据库访问技术的功能特点及关键技术的应用,阐述了该管理信息系统的设计与实现过程。     

国际测绘机构及专家管理信息系统的设计与实现

分析了建立国际测绘机构及专家管理信息系统的必要性，介绍了VB，NET技术和ADO数据库访问技术的功能特点及关键技术的应用，阐述了该管理信息系统的设计与实现过程。     

基于UML的电子海图显示与信息系统设计与实现

电子海图显示与信息系统是近年来航海领域中应用研究的重点方向。结合航海应用系统的技术背景,利用UML(Unified Modeling Language,统一建模语言)对其进行建模和设计,构建电子海图显示与信息系统的整体架构,从不同角度建立了静态模型和动态模型等多种视图,描述了系统的功能需求、功能流程、类结构与层次关系,实现了系统软件设计的可视化,最终利用面向对象技术实现了该应用系统。     

ENC不一致性问题分类及其对策

ENC作为一种独特的地理空间信息产品,广泛应用于ECDIS(电子海图显示与信息系统)。由于多方面原因,海员在ECDIS使用过程中可发现ENC中存在一些不一致性现象,不仅影响了ENC的数据质量和可信度,而且容易使海员对海上地理要素产生混淆和误判,最终影响船舶海上航行安全。由于海图编绘资料的多源性以及以单幅数据进行生产的作业模式,数据生产者在数据质量评价时都将关注点放在单幅数据的检校,却忽视了数据之间的不一致问题。为此,对各类不一致问题进行梳理分类,按照出现位置不同,将不一致问题分为"ENC内部不一致性"、"邻接ENC之间不一致性"和"重叠ENC之间不一致性"等3大类,分别进行了原因分析和示例说明,最后给出了解决ENC不一致性的途径,为ENC不一致问题的进一步研究指明了方向。     

电子海图的航线多尺度生成方法

针对当前航线自动生成方法未考虑航线跨越多幅海图的问题,本文提出了基于电子海图的航线多尺度生成方法.考虑到海图的特点,设计了海图数据多尺度表达方案,解决了海图航线的多尺度生成的关键技术问题,实现了海图航线的多尺度自动生成.实验证明:本文所提方法在电子海图多图幅无缝拼接的基础上,可实现长距离航线的多尺度生成;能够根据某航行...     

北斗星基增强系统服务等级与系统性能分析

针对生命安全用户对导航系统高完好性服务能力的迫切需求,以及国际航空完好性服务竞争日趋激烈的现状,北斗全球卫星导航系统一体化设计和规划了北斗星基增强系统(BDSBAS)。该文从国际民航组织(ICAO)相关标准要求,对BDSBAS服务性能进行研究和分析,推导并论证了系统精度、完好性、连续性等主要指标的分解方法;在此基础上,仿真计算了BDSBAS不同航空完好性服务等级对北斗系统等效伪距测量误差(UERE)、卫星故障概率、虚警概率等方面性能的要求。相关研究与分析结果能够为北斗及BDSBAS工程建设提供有益参考和借鉴。     

Addressing administrative units in international tsunami early warning systems: shortcomings in international geocode standards

Abstract

Administrative units reflect the territorial hierarchies established within all countries of the world. The units are addressable with geocodes that provide a bijective mapping between territories and unique identification codes. Early warning systems for natural or man-made hazards often map affected or threatened areas to administrative units to establish a spatial reference that is comprehensible to all parts of the population. Addressing these territories in an international context has several requirements, such as worldwide coverage, completeness and topicality, which must be met by geocode standards. In this paper, the practicability and suitability of international geocode standards are examined in the context of the requirements of large-scale early warning systems. This paper exposes the insufficiencies and limitations of existing geocode standards International Organization for Standardization (ISO)-3166, Second Administrative Level Boundaries data set project (SALB) and Nomenclature of the Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) and emphasises the suitability of the non-official hierarchical administrative subdivision codes (HASC). The analysis is framed in the context of addressing affected areas for an Indian Ocean tsunami early warning system. This system was developed within the Distant Early Warning Systems project according to the requirements of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission for Regional Tsunami Watch Providers (RTWPs).     

地球自转参数的RFFLS短期预报算法研究

地球自转参数(ERP)是实现地心天球坐标系(geocentric celestial reference system,GCRS)与国际地球坐标系(international terrestrial reference system,ITRS)相互转换的必要参数,是国际GNSS服务组织(IGS)和国际GNSS监测评估系统(iGMAS)分析中心的重要产品。本文针对最小二乘地球自转参数预测算法会造成数据饱和以及新旧数据在数据处理及预报中被同等对待等问题,将遗忘因子引入最小二乘预测算法,进而提高ERP预报精度。遗忘因子递推最小二乘算法能防止数据饱和,降低旧数据的影响,加强新数据的作用,降低在求解拟合参数时出现秩亏矩阵求逆的几率,提高预报精度。本文详细推导了遗忘因子递推最小二乘表达式,探究了最佳遗忘因子,并通过ERP试验将该方法和原最小二乘的试验结果及LS-AR模型的预报结果作对比,发现仅用遗忘因子最小二乘模型预测就可以达到与LS-AR组合模型预测相当的精度。     

电子海图高速显示的数据结构

本文对普通数据和复杂空间对象的一体化及高效的空间索引组织结构作了较深入的描述。一方面,通过广义ＭＢＲ信息和四分形编码建立了空间索引,使得快速确定空间对象间的二元几何关系成为可能,实现了快速的空间检索和图形显示;另一方面,通过Ｒ树建立航海资料的二维索引结构,以及采用“上下文相关”的文本格式,体现航海资料自然的层次结构,从而提高搜索航海资料的效率。     

伪卫星辅助下的北斗GBAS完好性增强技术研究

根据机场实施精密导航技术（RNP）的要求,国际民航组织（ICAO）提出地基增强系统（GBAS）,GBAS必将成为未来发展的必然趋势。但是在复杂的机场环境下,卫星信号易受外界影响和干扰,连续性不足,进而影响GBAS系统完好性性能的实施。因此,本文提出了伪卫星与北斗卫星联合定位增强GBAS的方法,并从加入伪卫星后的精度因子（DOP）、多参考一致性检测（MRCC）、完好性等方面进行了对比仿真分析。仿真结果表明,增加伪卫星后的系统精度因子得到了明显改善（PDOP小于3）,同时提高了完好性性能,能够为复杂环境下的机场提供GBAS CAT Ⅱ类及以上等级的精密进近服务。     

Combining the Arc Marine Framework with Geographic Metadata to Support Ocean Acoustic Modeling

A data model for use in a rapid environmental assessment system is constructed. The data model is used in an information layer that supports acoustic assessments of the ocean environment. Such an assessment requires use of both historic and real‐time oceanographic data. The foundation of the data model is Arc Marine, a framework specification for geospatial oceanographic databases that provides structures for containing the basic data types used in oceanographic research. Arc Marine also allows design extensions to account for application specific data structures as demonstrated through incorporation of aspects of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 19115 Geographic Information–Metadata standard. The ISO 19115 standard provides structures for recording the historic processing of the data sets. The data model is used to construct a database in the open source database management system (DBMS) PostgreSQL. The resulting system also incorporates the concept of user exits, the seamless extension of the DBMS through inclusion of application‐specific software.     

一种改进的机载激光测深深度偏差模型

机载激光测深在潮间带获取海底地形应用中具有高效、灵活、经济等优点，但测深精度受海洋水文参数和仪器测量参数影响严重，传统偏差模型因顾及的要素不全面，修正精度不高。因此，采用逐步回归法构建了一种改进的顾及水深、水体含沙量、波束扫描角和传感器高度等参数的深度偏差修正模型。实验结果表明，机载激光测深原始水深经传统偏差模型和改进偏差模型修正后均能满足国际海道测量组织（International Hydrographic Organization，IHO）一等测深标准，且改进模型修正精度优于传统模型修正精度。     

Requirements for Next Generation Spatial Data Infrastructures-Standardized Web Based Geoprocessing and Web Service Orchestration

Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) have been widely accepted to exchange geospatial data among organizations. Today SDIs main focus lies on the provision of geospatial data in the form of distributed spatial web services, the retrieval through catalogues, and visualization in the form of Web Map Services (WMS). The hypothesis presented in this paper takes SDI's one step further by providing a method to process geodata in an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) compliant way into information. Two case studies present the potential of standardized geoprocessing services. In addition, this paper addresses the problem of service chaining by providing a system architecture to implement complex geoprocessing models and workflows based on web services using Web Service Orchestration (WSO). The proposed methods utilize spatial standards provided by OGC, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and ‘mainstream IT’ standards provided by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) to establish a generic web service architecture for providing common geoprocessing capabilities (e.g. spatial algorithms, map algebra, etc.) for usage in SDIs.     

Broadcast vs. precise GPS ephemerides: a historical perspective

The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) Operational Control Segment (OCS) generates predicted satellite ephemerides and clock corrections that are broadcast in the navigation message and used by receivers to estimate real-time satellite position and clock corrections for use in navigation solutions. Any errors in these ephemerides will directly impact the accuracy of GPS based positioning. This paper compares the satellite position computed using broadcast ephemeredes with the precise position provided by the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS) Final Orbit solution. Similar comparisons have been undertaken in the past, but for only short periods of time. This paper presents an analysis of the GPS broadcast ephemeris position error on a daily basis over the entire operational lifetime of the GPS system. The comparison was undertaken from 14 November 1993 through to 31 December 2002. The statistics of these errors were also analyzed.Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Royal Australian Air Force, Australian Defense Organization, Australian government, United States Air Force, US Department of Defense, or the US Government.