顶部电离层电子密度和温度的统计背景及其地磁活动变化

通过对DEMETER卫星从2004年11月7日至2005年11月30日期间探测到的710 km高度顶部电离层的电子数据进行网格化(纬度2°×经度4°)统计平均,本文分析了不同地磁条件下顶部电离层电子密度和温度的全球分布情况.不论是在地磁宁静还是地磁活动期间,顶部电离层电子密度的分布都存在着一个巨大的威德尔海异常(夜间电...     

北半球电离层中纬槽发生率及其槽极小位置变化的统计研究

本文利用2014年9月到2017年8月全球高时空分辨率TEC数据对北半球四个经度带电离层中纬槽的发生率和槽极小位置的变化进行了统计研究.基于Kp指数,我们引入了一个包含地磁活动变化历史效应的地磁指数(Kp 9)来分析中纬槽位置变化与地磁活动水平的关系.通过与其他地磁活动指数的对比,发现槽极小纬度与Kp 9指数的相关性最好.此外,本文重点分析了中纬槽发生率及槽极小纬度的经度差异、季节变化、地方时变化以及与地磁活动强度等的关系.结果表明,中纬槽的发生率与经度关系不大,主要受到季节、地方时与地磁活动的影响.午夜中纬槽发生率在夏季较低,其随地方时的变化则呈现出负偏态分布的特点,在后半夜发生率更高,而地磁活动增强对中纬槽的发生具有明显的促进作用.对于槽极小纬度,其在四个经度带的分布差异不大,但月变化各不相同,其中-120°经度带呈单峰分布,在夏季槽极小纬度更高,而0°经度带夏季槽极小纬度更低.槽极小的位置显著依赖于地磁活动、地方时以及季节变化.一般说来,地磁活动越强,中纬槽纬度越低.中纬槽位置随地方时的变化有明显的季节差异,冬季昏侧槽极小纬度随地方时变化较快,弱地磁活动条件下22∶00 LT前即达到最低纬度,其后位置几乎保持不变,而两分季槽极小纬度从昏侧至午夜都在降低,夏季槽极小纬度从昏侧连续下降至03∶00 LT左右.     

太阳活动高年上电离层中O+-H+离子过渡高度的特征

本文用日本电离层探测卫星ISS-b的资料,假设F₂层峰顶以上电离层中各类离子随高度呈扩散平衡分布,得到了太阳活动高年（1978年8月-1979年8月）确定顶外电离层电子密度剖面形状的一个重要参数,即O⁺-H⁺离子过渡高度h_T的一些变化特征.指出h_T的日变化特性主要受电离层中O⁺离子的产生与复合作用的控制.太阳活动高年在不同纬度和所有经度区域,平均说来日间h_T为大约1500-2500km变化,而夜间位于800-1400km,冬夜甚至接近中性氢、氧原子的化学平衡高度.过渡高度也表现出明显的纬度关系,在接近±20°的磁赤道地区,h_T基本上不随纬度变化;但在大于±30°磁纬区域h_T随纬度很快增加.义中还就h_T随时间和地磁（或地理）纬度变化的机制作了简要讨论.     

极光电集流纬度变化特征初步分析

为研究极光电集流地磁纬度分布特征,利用北半球SME台站提供的极光电集流指数,通过时序叠加的方法,分析98-07年极光电集流中心地磁纬度随季节和世界时的分布特征.通过对磁扰程度的分级,分析极光电集流地磁纬度随地磁扰动程度的变化特征.结果表明:1)由于SME台站覆盖范围更广,更多地记录到最大的极光电集流强度,有利于研究极光电集流的变化特征;2)西向板光电集流纬度分布存在与强度相反的季节性变化特征,在春秋出现最低值,冬季、夏季出现最高值;3)在| SML|＜2000 nT时,西向极光电集流地磁纬度随着极光电集流强度的增强,近似以线性关系向低纬迁移.随后伴随SML的进一步增强,西向极光极光电集流中心地磁纬度仍有向低纬迁移的趋势,但主要是在磁纬62°N-63°N之间波动.     

短周期地磁扰动的时空分布特征研究

本文对2008—2010年隆尧地磁台站的地磁水平分量H和磁偏角D的秒数据进行了短时快速傅里叶变换,按连续型地磁脉动Pc2—Pc6所对应的频率范围对频谱进行了频段划分,在此基础上研究了各频段频谱总幅值即短周期地磁扰动的时空分布特征.在时间变化上,同一年中不同频段的幅值具有相似的变化规律,每年的幅变特性与该年对应的Vr指数的时间分布也具有一致的变化形态,仅仅在变化的幅度上存在差异.磁偏角D的幅值和VrD均呈现出显著的季节变化特征,而水平分量H的幅值和VrH却不显著.在空间变化上,各频段幅值均随地磁纬度的增加而增大,随地方时变化呈现出双峰双谷的特征.     

中国西南区域孕震区电离层TEC变化长时间序列分析

通过中国地壳运动网络提供的GPS观测数据,获取了高精度电离层TEC分布,采用滑动四分位法分析了中国西南区域2008年4—10月(太阳和地磁活动平静时段)6次连续的MW6.0以上地震期间孕震区电离层TEC长时间变化及其异常分布;并在此基础上利用GIM数据对比分析了全球TEC变化特征。鉴于电离层主要受到太阳和地磁等空间天气的影响,将TEC变化与太阳EUV辐射、行星际磁场南向分量IMF Bz以及地磁活动指数Dst和Kp进行了比较。结果发现,该时段内电离层TEC异常扰动与太阳和地磁活动有很好的相关性;除汶川地震外,其他地震前没有发现明显的跟地震相关的TEC异常扰动现象。同时,对比分析了与上述研究区位于同一地磁纬度的"检验区"(30°~50°E,15°~35°N)的GPS TEC随时间变化和异常分布情况,结果显示TEC异常分布的时空特征与研究区域较为一致。由于电离层是一个复杂的系统,其扰动具有多源性,而且地震电离层扰动现象是复杂多变的,因此需要联合地基和天基手段共同观测,并加强其机理研究。     

海洋磁测日变校正的纬度改正方法研究

目前,在远海开阔性海域磁测中,尚难以有效设立日变站,致使日变改正仍存在着困难.本文利用地磁台站实测资料对地磁日变的纬度分布特征进行研究,发现日变值随纬度变化具有由Sq电流中心向南北两侧递增的规律,且二者之间的关系可用二次函数近似描述。以此规律为基础我们建立了纬度改正方法,该方法以经度链为基站,利用基站数据得到日变值与磁纬度的拟合函数以进行纬度改正,再调整时差作为经度校正即得到计算站的日变值.实测数据计算结果表明,相较于加权平均法,此方法在远距离(经度差达40°)仍能保持较高的校正精度(4 nT),因而能更好地适用于远海磁测.     

墨西哥及邻近地区地壳磁异常场研究

基于墨西哥国内49个地磁测点的3分量数据,利用全球模型CM4,区域模型Taylor多项式及曲面Spline 模型计算并分析了地壳磁异常场,并在境外均匀选取了16个CM4模型的地壳场值作为补充点以控制边界效应.为了进一步比较验证,还选用了最新的EMM2010模型.结果显示将实测值减去CM4地核场的差值所得到的磁异常分布与直接基于测点的CM4磁异常分布在分布形态和强度都有较大的差别,而与基于实测值的Spline网格值减去CM4地核场网格值后非常类似.总强度F在境内以负值居多,强度随纬度的升高其强度由大变小再变大;水平分量H在境内以正值居多,强度随纬度的升高而强度变大;磁偏角D分量除了西北部分区域外,其它区域都为正值,强度随经度的升高而变大.基于现代高精度的CM4及EMM2010模型绘制了墨西哥地区的磁异常网格值进行比较,两者间存在的差异主要由截断阶数与所使用卫星数据的不同所致.通过实测值结合Taylor多项式和曲面Spline两种区域模型研究磁异常,认为若进行地磁场异常的理论研究,可采用现有的高精度全球模型绘制的磁异常图,若进行实际的工程应用,可从实际的测点出发,结合常用的区域模型进行应用,曲面Spline模型较适于模拟区域地区的地壳磁异常.     

DEMETER卫星观测的超低频电场扰动 预处理方法及震例应用分析

基于法国DEMETER卫星观测的超低频(ULF)电场波形, 本文提出了更简单易实施的ULF电场扰动预处理方法. 利用该方法, 对文献中已报道的2010年2月27日智利M_S8.8地震前的ULF电场扰动进行了更全面的分析. 结果表明: 已报道的20°S—40°S地磁纬度带内的ULF电场扰动并非仅出现在最靠近震中的半轨道, 而是出现在较大的经度范围内. 大范围ULF电场扰动的区域正好位于南大西洋异常区, 很可能受到该区域异常磁场的影响. 南大西洋异常中心区域的ULF电场扰动表现出共轭特征, 即在南北地磁纬度20°—40°范围内ULF电场均出现约5 mV/m的扰动, 北纬地区的ULF电场扰动幅度相比南纬地区更小. 而在南大西洋异常中心区域外的ULF电场扰动则仅在20°S—40°S地磁纬度带内出现, 在其共轭区并未观测到ULF电场扰动. 这可能是由于南大西洋异常中心区域外的ULF电场扰动幅度比中心区域更小所致, 在电离层中由于碰撞效应更易被衰减, 因此ULF电场扰动无法传播至其共轭区. 本文的方法和结果可为后续更全面地分析卫星在电离层高度记录的ULF电场扰动提供参考.      

欧洲地区电离层峰值电子密度逐日变化的相关距离研究

本文采用欧洲22个台站的电离层F^₂层峰值电子密度N_mF^₂,分析了其逐日变化分量的相关距离S,着重研究了S的周日变化、季节变化及其随太阳活动和地磁活动的变化.首先用指数型函数模式来拟合任意两站间电离层逐日变化的相关系数R随间距d的变化,由此估算出逐日变化的相关距离S.详细研究了S在不同的季节（春季、夏季、秋季和冬季）,不同的地磁活动（平静和扰动）及不同的太阳活动（低、中和高）随世界时的变化（周日变化）.结果表明：（１）S的范围一般为400～1600 km;（２）S值在白天比夜间大;（３）S值具有季节变化,夏季最大,冬季最小,春秋季差异不大;（４）S值在地磁扰动时比平静时大;（５）当太阳活动低时,S值在日落到正午间要比太阳活动中或高时明显偏小,而在正午到日落间则与太阳活动中或高时差异不大.根据以上结果,我们认为：（１） 太阳辐射对电离层逐日变化的影响是大尺度的,并在白天和太阳活动高时大于晚上和太阳活动低时;（２） 地磁活动的影响也是大尺度的;（３）气象活动的影响是相对小尺度的,且逐日变化具有季节性.本文从相关尺度分析的角度,证实了电离层逐日变化来源于太阳辐射、地磁活动和气象活动因素的论断.     

Equatorial and low latitude ionosphere during intense geomagnetic storms

An investigation is made in order to analyse the role of neutral gas composition in the equatorial and low latitude ionosphere during intense geomagnetic storms. To this end data taken by the Dynamic Explorer 2 satellite at 280–300 km (molecular nitrogen N₂ and atomic oxygen O concentrations, electron density and vertical plasma drifts) are used. The sudden commencements of the events considered occurred at 11:38 UT on March 1, 1982, 18:41 UT on November 20, 1982 and 16:14 UT on February 4, 1983. Vertical plasma drifts are the most important contributor to the initial storm time response of the equatorial F region. Neutral composition changes (expressed as an increase in the molecular species, mainly N₂) possibly play a predominant role in the equatorial and low latitude (10–20°) decreases of electron density at heights near F2-region maximum during the main and recovery phases of intense geomagnetic storms. Delayed increases of electron density observed at daytime during the recovery phase may be also attributed to increases in atomic oxygen. At low latitudes possibly a combined effect of O increase and upward plasma drift due to enhanced equatorward winds is the responsible mechanism for the maintenance of enhanced electron density values.     

High altitude observations of electron temperature and a possible north–south asymmetry

Measurements of electron temperature made by the thermal electron energy distribution (TED) instrument on board the EXOS-D (Akebono) satellite have been analysed. From the data taken between 1989 and 1995, averaged daytime and nighttime temperature profiles for different geophysical conditions have been produced. These profiles represent the averaged thermal electron temperature between 1000 and 8000 km altitude for conditions of high (F10.7>150) and low (F10.7<120) solar activity. Results indicate that increased solar activity has a marked effect on the electron temperature. At 8000 km altitude, the typical low-latitude daytime electron temperature is around 8000 K. The nighttime electron temperature at 8000 km is around 4000 K. The averaged daytime difference between high and low solar activity conditions is around 1000 K at altitudes above 2500 km. Between 1000 and 2000 km altitude this situation is reversed, and the electron temperature is comparatively higher during periods of low solar activity during both day and night. Composition changes in the region are proposed as a mechanism for this reversal. In addition, there is evidence of an asymmetry in thermal electron temperature between the northern and southern hemispheres. The averaged electron temperature is found to be comparatively higher in the northern hemisphere during the daytime and comparatively higher in the southern hemisphere during the nighttime. This difference between hemispheres is particularly evident during the nighttime, and during the rapid heating and cooling periods around sunrise and sunset. Possible reasons for the asymmetry are discussed. Profiles are also presented for conditions of high (Ap>30) and low (Ap<20) magnetic activity. Analysis has confirmed that geomagnetic activity has little effect on electron temperature below L=2.2.     

Seasonal and UT variations of the position of the auroral precipitation and polar cap boundaries

The data of the DMSP F7 spacecraft are used for studying the influence of the geomagnetic dipole tilt angle on the latitudinal position of auroral precipitation boundaries in the nighttime (2100–2400 MLT) and daytime (0900–1200 MLT) sectors. It is shown that, in the nighttime sector, the high-latitude zone of soft diffuse precipitation (SDP) and the boundary of the polar cap (PC) at all levels of geomagnetic activity are located at higher and lower latitudes relative to the equinox period in winter and summer, respectively. The position of boundaries of the diffuse auroral precipitation zone (DAZ) located equatorward from the auroral oval does not depend on the season. In the daytime sector, the inverse picture is observed: the SDP precipitation zone takes the most low-latitude and high-latitude positions in the winter and summer periods, respectively. The total value of the displacements from winter to summer of both the nighttime and daytime boundaries of the PC is ∼2.5°. A diurnal wave in the latitudinal position of the nighttime precipitation boundaries is detected. The wave is most pronounced in the periods of the winter and fall seasons, is much weaker in the spring period, and is almost absent in summer. The diurnal variations of the position of the boundaries are quasi-sinusoidal oscillations with the latitude maximum and minimum at 0300–0500 and 1700–2100 UT, respectively. The total value of the diurnal displacement of the boundaries is ∼2.5° of latitude. The results obtained show that, undergoing seasonal and diurnal variations, the polar cap is shifted as a whole in the direction opposite to the changes in the tilt angle of the geomagnetic dipole. The seasonal displacements of the polar cap and its diurnal variations in the winter period occur without any substantial changes in its area.     

东亚扇区中低纬地区电离层暴的统计分析

用1957~2006年间515个主相单步发展的磁暴事件,分析东亚扇区4个中低纬台站的电离层扰动类型及电离层暴开始时间,得到该地区电离层暴随纬度、季节和地方时的分布规律.研究表明,中纬区负暴明显,低纬区正暴明显;夏季负暴比正暴多,冬季正暴比负暴多,春秋季正负暴分布表现出明显的纬度差异.在东亚扇区,中纬区负暴开始时间主要分布在夜间及清晨时段,且在正午至午后时段极少发生.低纬区正暴开始时间主要发生在白天时段,且在夜间18~21 LT时段也易发生正暴.中低纬电离层正相暴平均延迟时间在10 h以内,负相暴平均延迟时间在10 h以上,且中纬区延迟时间明显比低纬区短.电离层暴延迟时间与磁暴主相开始时间对应的地方时很相关,正相暴对白天发生的磁暴比对晚上发生的磁暴响应快些,而负相暴正好相反.但电离层暴延迟时间与磁暴强度之间并没有十分明显的依赖关系.     

Variations of daytime and nighttime electron temperature and heat flux in the upper ionosphere,topside ionosphere and lower plasmasphere for low and high solar activity

A database of the electron temperature (T_e) comprising of most of the available LEO satellite measurements is used for studying the solar activity variations of T_e. The T_e data are grouped for two levels of solar activity (low LSA and high HSA), five altitude ranges between 350 and 2000 km, and day and night. By fitting a theoretical expression to the T_e values we obtain variation of T_e along magnetic field lines and heat flux for LSA and HSA. We have found that T_e increases with increase in solar activity at low and mid-latitudes during nighttime at all altitudes studied. During daytime the T_e response to solar activity depends on latitude, altitude, and season. This analysis shows existence of anti-correlation between T_e and solar activity at mid-latitudes below 700 km during the equinox and winter day hours. Heat fluxes show small latitudinal dependence for daytime but substantial for nighttime.     

Comparison of satellite measurements of the low-latitude nighttime upper ionosphere with IRI

In this paper, we report the results of our comparison study between satellite measurements and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model on the seasonal and longitudinal changes of the low-latitude nighttime topside ionosphere during the period of solar maximum from June 2000 to July 2001. Satellite measurements were made by KOMPSAT-1 and DMSP F15 at 685 km altitude and 840 km altitude, respectively. The results show that the IRI2001 model gives reasonable density estimations for the summer hemisphere and the March equinox at both altitudes. However, the observed wintertime densities are smaller than the predictions of the IRI2001 model, especially at a higher (840 km) altitude, manifesting strong hemispheric asymmetries. The observed electron temperatures generally reside between the two estimations of IRI2001, one based on the Aeros–ISIS data and the other based on Intercosmos, and the latter estimation better represents the observations. With more or less monotonic increase with latitude, the temperature profiles of the IRI2001 model do not predict the enhancement seen around 15° magnetic latitude of the winter hemisphere. Longitudinal variation, probably caused by the zonal winds, is seen in all seasons at both altitudes, while the IRI2001 model does not show a large variation. The observed density and temperature show significant changes according to the F10.7 values in the whole low-latitude region from 40°S to 40°N geomagnetic latitude. The effect is manifested as increases in the density and temperature, but not in the hemispheric asymmetry or in the longitudinal variation.     

Yearly variations in the low-latitude topside ionosphere

Observations made by the Hinotori satellite have been analysed to determine the yearly variations of the electron density and electron temperature in the low-latitude topside ionosphere. The observations reveal the existence of an equinoctial asymmetry in the topside electron density at low latitudes, i.e. the density is higher at one equinox than at the other. The asymmetry is hemisphere-dependent with the higher electron density occurring at the March equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and at the September equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The asymmetry becomes stronger with increasing latitude in both hemispheres. The behaviour of the asymmetry has no significant longitudinal and magnetic activity variations. A mechanism for the equinoctial asymmetry has been investigated using CTIP (coupled thermosphere ionosphere plasmasphere model). The model results reproduce the observed equinoctial asymmetry and suggest that the asymmetry is caused by the north-south imbalance of the thermosphere and ionosphere at the equinoxes due to the slow response of the thermosphere arising from the effects of the global thermospheric circulation. The observations also show that the relationship between the electron density and electron temperature is different for daytime and nighttime. During daytime the yearly variation of the electron temperature has negative correlation with the electron density, except at magnetic latitudes lower than 10°. At night, the correlation is positive.