地磁场三维曲面Spline模型

利用149个地面实测数据以及12个子午工程测点数据,50个CHAMP卫星高度实测数据,并结合高空180 km处的50个IGRF12数据点,基于这三个高度的数据首次建立了中国地区地磁场三维曲面Spline（3D Spline）模型.在境外添加了39个测点以控制边界效应.通过CM4模型将所有测点的场源进行分离,统一通过主磁场值建模分析.通过将模拟结果与实测值、曲面Spline（2D Spline）以及Taylor（2D Taylor）、三维Taylor（3D Taylor）模型及IGRF12模型相比较,结果显示3D Spline模型的空间分布与其他模型整体趋势一致,但更为曲折,随着高度上升,3D Spline模型的要素Y的强度逐渐减弱.通过比较3D Spline、2D和3D Taylor模型对于不同高度6个缺测点的模拟值,残差和均方根偏差（RMSE）,3D Spline模型的模拟效果最好,要素Y、Z和总强度F的RMSE值要比其他模型低50%以上.3D Spline模型在不同高度处的模拟效果主要取决于该高度附近的实测值数量和精度.     

基于三维Taylor多项式和曲面Spline模型的区域磁异常场研究（英文）

使用三维Taylor多项式模型,结合曲面Spline模型以及1960.0、1970.0、1980.0、1990.0和2000.0年的实测三要素数据以研究中国大陆地区的地磁异常场。为了获取较为真实可靠的磁异常场,从实测数据中移除了主磁场和电离层磁场和磁层磁场的感应场部分。将两种模型所得到的磁异常与基于实测点和Kriging插值法得到的磁异常相比较。通过将所有测点归算至2000.0年以研究磁异常的整体分布情况。结果显示无论分布还是强度,基于曲面Spline模型和基于Kriging插值法的总强度F的磁异常基本相似。对于整体分布而言,地磁要素X、Y、Z和F的磁异常分布都以负值为主。基于三维模型的磁异常显示随着经度的增加,要素X的强度由-100增加到0nT左右,要素Y的强度从400降低到20nT左右,大陆东部地区基本为负值。要素Z和F的强度变化非常相似,大部分地区都为-50nT左右,西藏西部有一更强的负异常区域。Spline模型可以更好地反映磁异常细节,而实测点的分布不均会产生一些较大的磁异常。考虑了高度因素的三维模型可进行更好的模拟,其与Kriging方法所建的磁异常分布较为一致。     

基于泰勒多项式模型的1960—2000年中国大陆各年代磁异常场差异

基于1960.0,1970.0,1980.0,1990.0和2000.0年的中国大陆地区实测地磁数据,采用泰勒多项式展开建立了一个中等尺度的低空间分辨率的地壳磁异常模型,结合第四代地磁场综合模型CM4绘制了各年代的磁异常场分布图,并将所有实测点归算至2000.0年以分析磁异常的整体分布,而后通过最新开发的综合地面磁测数据及航空磁测的三维曲面样条模型研究各年代磁异常的差异。结果显示：泰勒多项式模型的北向分量X的磁异常强度随时间逐渐降低,分布呈向西南收缩趋势;东向分量Y的磁异常呈正值区向西部移动、负值区逐步占据优势的趋势;垂直分量Z的磁异常以负值为主,形态较为稳定,说明该分量不易受到其它因素的干扰。对于归算后磁异常的整体分布,X向和Z向分量、总强度F、垂直分量H几乎均为负值,与CM4模型存在一定的差异。由于数据的相似性,总强度F的分布与3DSS模型有一些相似特征,但后者可反映更多的中小尺度磁异常信息。三种模型存在的差异主要来自数据数量、位置和建模方法的不同。     

用曲面Spline方法表示1900～1936年中国（部分地区）地磁场及其长期变化的分布

根据19360年426个地磁测点和28个IGRF计算的地磁数据，计算地磁场和地磁异常场各个分量的曲面Spline模型，并绘制相应的地磁图和地磁异常图.依据我国部分地区的1909～1915，1915～1920，1920～1930，1930～1936年间地磁偏角长期变化图，1908～1917，1917～1922，1922～1936年间水平强度长期变化图和1908～1922，1922～1936年间垂直强度长期变化图，使用曲面Spline方法，分别计算上述9个时间段的磁偏角（D）、水平强度（H）和垂直强度（Z）长期变化的曲面Spline模型，并绘制相应的长期变化图.根据这些长期变化模型，将19360年426个点的三分量绝对值数据归算至1940，1930，1920，1910年和1900年，从而为计算这5个年代的地磁场模型奠定了坚实的基础.     

基于CHAMP卫星的区域卫星磁异常球冠谐分析（英文）

基于CHAMP卫星的矢量磁测数据,结合最新的IGRF12模型,并假设所有CHAMP卫星的网格测点位于同一高度(307.69km),基于498个测点,建立了2010.0年中国地区要素X、Y、Z和总强度F的卫星磁异常球冠谐(SCH2010)模型,建模前利用CM4模型移除了外源场。模型极点位于36°N和104°E,球冠半角为30°。通过比较△X、△Y、△Z以及X、Y、Z的均方偏差(RMS)的数值变化,确定截断阶数Kmax=9为合适的截断阶数。结合IGRF12所建立的卫星高度的中国地磁参考场(CGRF2010)模型与CM4模型具有较好的一致性,分析比较了基于SCH2010模型与类似磁异常模型的地面磁异常分布,发现各要素磁异常的强度与分布高度一致。通过比较F在不同高度处的磁场分布,发现SCH2010模型在不同高度的估算都符合地磁场的变化规律。比较发现SCH2010与CM4模型的空间变化率一致性较好。所建模型相较于其它区域拟合模型而言,可反映地磁场的更多细节,但球冠谐模型本身及建模过程为两个误差源。     

基于CHAMP卫星与地面矢量数据联合建立中国地磁模型

首先对地面台站以及CHAMP卫星的矢量磁测数据进行预处理,结合12个子午工程台站最新的磁测数据,并利用第十二代国际地磁参考场模型(IGRF12)对不同数据归算至统一时间点,再结合第四代地磁场综合模型(CM4)计算并移除主磁场、磁层磁场、电离层磁场、感应磁场及较为微弱的环形场,最后通过球冠谐(SCH)模型联合建立了中国地区岩石圈磁场(地磁要素X、Y、Z和总强度F)的球冠谐模型(SCH2000),结合IGRF12得到了中国地磁模型(CGRF2000).建模同时考虑了测点数据海拔高度的影响,并讨论了截断阶数的选取以及边界效应的控制问题.通过比较均方偏差(RMS),认为8阶SCH2000模型可较好地反映中国地区岩石圈磁场,其分布与SCH1936、CM4以及Taylor多项式模型具有一定的相似性.从位置和强度来看,SCH2000模型所反映的岩石圈磁场更为准确,而与CM4存在一定差异,除了测点不同,截断阶数也是原因之一.通过验证,SCH2000模型各要素随高度的变化与CM4模型较为一致,所建立的CGRF2000与IGRF12模型的分布也较为相似.     

基于高精度地磁模型与功率谱技术的岩石圈磁场研究

利用最新的4种高精度全球模型——CM4、NGDC-720、EMM2010与MF7分别建立了中国大陆地区岩石圈磁场,并进行了对比分析,并通过Lowes-Mauersberger功率谱技术展示了常用的10种全球模型的岩石圈磁场功率谱.以EMM2010模型为例,分析表明其岩石圈磁场功率谱变化趋势可以分为5个主要阶段.16~65阶缓慢增加;66~120阶加速增加;121~220阶为平稳阶段,功率达到了最大值;221~670阶缓慢下降;671~719阶缓慢增加.对上述5个阶段的系数绘制并分析了其在中国大陆地区的岩石圈磁场分布,结果表明16~65阶与66~120阶系数构成了岩石圈磁场的主要部分.121~719阶系数对应的磁场非常凌乱,都随着纬度的上升而增强,121~220阶系数对应了岩石圈磁场的极值强度或分布.随着截断阶数的增加,岩石圈磁场的正负分布面积逐渐减小且凌乱.相比CM4模型,EMM2010能表达更多小尺度的磁异常信息.     

基于Taylor和Legendre多项式模型的截断阶数和边界效应研究（英文）

当利用Taylor多项式和Legender多项式建立区域地磁场模型时,会碰到两个问题:截断阶数的选取与边界效应的控制.现以常用的Taylor多项式模型和Legendre多项式模型为例,结合中国地区1970.0和2000.0年的地磁场实测数据,提出一种可解决以上两种问题的应用方案.为了进行综合比较和研究,还采用了最新的全球模型——IGRF11和CM4.结果显示通过计算两种模型的均方根偏差(RMSE)和AIC(AIC信息标准)值,并与IGRF11及CM4的均方偏差相比较,可以初步确定截断阶数的选取范围,比较各阶截断阶数的AIC值,可进一步获取合适的截断阶数.通过首次提出的"异常区域添加法"和"均匀添加法"逐步增加境外补充点,结果显示当不断增加补充点后,境外的磁异常的分布大为改善,并与IGRF11的分布高度一致.随着补充点的增加,极值点强度逐渐减弱并趋于稳定."均匀添加法"可更好地控制中国地区的地磁场边界效应.提出了一种可通过两个个步骤以确定最适截断阶数的方法,还提出了两个标准从而可初步确定补充点的数量,从而能够较好地控制边界效应.对于两种模型所反映的一些境外磁异常,可通过实地测量或是在磁异常周围增加测点而验证.     

边界点选取对蒙古地磁场球冠 谐和模型精度的影响

中国地震局地球物理研究所与蒙古科学院天文与地球物理研究中心于2011—2012年合作开展了蒙古119个野外地磁测点的测量工作. 本文利用蒙古119个测点准确可靠的地磁数据, 分别加上9组边界点EMM2010模型计算值, 得到了蒙古2010.0年代地磁异常场的9个球冠谐和模型; 给出了地磁异常场北向分量ΔX、 东向分量ΔY和垂向分量ΔZ的等值线分布图, 并比较分析了这9个模型的异同; 同时计算了119个测点的地磁测量值与模型计算值之差的均方根误差σ, 以σ为指标来表征这9个模型的精度, 由此定量评价了边界点选取对模型精度的影响. 结果表明, 适当引入边界点能够提高模型精度, 而远离测区3°—5°的均匀边界点也能起到改善模型精度的作用. 因此在实际建模时, 应当在计算区域边界引入适当的边界点, 以改善地磁模型的精度.      

陕西地壳磁异常特征研究

利用NGDC-720-V3模型,计算了陕西地区地壳磁异常不同分量网点值,通过计算数据分析了该地区地壳磁异常基本形态及分区特征,结果表明:(1)陕西地壳磁异常各分量强度较弱,分布形态以宽缓的条带为主。(2)陕西北部三条正负相间的磁异常条带可能与基底大断裂有关,反映了块体内部早期不同基底的拼合。(3)陕西南部地壳磁异常总体表现为近东西向大面积的负异常,东部和西部负异常强度有所不同,可能与地壳内物性差异有关。     

Information for authors

正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in     

Information for authors

正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.     

Arsenic — a Review. Part I: Occurrence,Toxicity, Speciation,Mobility

In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals.     

A survey of antifoulants in sediments from Ports and Marinas along the French Mediterranean coast

Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211^TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g⁻¹dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g⁻¹dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g⁻¹dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g⁻¹dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler).     

Is there a Human Health Hazard from Microcystins in the Drinking Water Supply?

Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water.     

Detecting thermal boundary control in surface flows from numerical dynamos

The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data.     

Results from microseismic monitoring,conventional instrumentation,and tomography surveys in the creation and thinning of a burst-prone sill pillar

Located in northern Québec, the Lac Shortt Mine was a small gold mine consisting of a thin subvertical orebody which was mined in three main phases. High stress and rockbursting conditions were experienced when ore was extracted in the upper zone between the surface and a depth of 500 metres during the first two phases of mining. Severe rockbursts were experienced in late 1989 near the shaft and in the footwall development following a deepening of the mine shaft to a depth of 830 m and partial development of footwall drift access for the third phase of mining (the mining of the lower zone starting at a depth of 830 m moving upward toward a depth of 500 m). A 16-channel Electrolab MP250 microseismic system, with a Queen's University Full-Waveform piggy-back system, was installed underground at the site due to these problems.It was expected that the thinning sill would be subjected to an ever-increasing load as the thickness of the 500 m sill pillar decreased in the face of the mining excavation from below. A monitoring program consisting of the microseismic monitoring system, a range of conventional geomechanics monitoring tools as well as the undertaking of periodic seismic tomography surveys to assess the ongoing state of stress and rock mass condition within the sill was therefore warranted.The anomalously high-magnitude stress field and the brittle rockmass created a situation in which rockmass failure was common and violent. In the creation and thinning of the sill pillar, the location of banded microseismic activity was crucial in tracing rockmass failure and the associated ground control problems. Reliable source-location determination enabled the identification of areas of stress increase. The movement of the rockmass failure front could be followed, and was responsible for stope dilution, footwall and orebody development deterioration, and caving.Source-mechanism analyses gave accurate double-couple solutions for approximately forty percent of these events having at least ten recognizable polarities. Results suggested movement along vertical north-south striking or vertical east-west striking features. Underground observation of damaged access points showed that vertical north-south striking joints were experiencing failure.The microseismic activity, which was consistently concentrated close to the southwest and northeast corners of current production stopes, could be explained by a stress field oriented obliquely to the strike of the orebody, as measured prior to shrinkage of the sill pillar byin situ stress measurements and observed borehole overbreaks. The orientations of theP andT axes for the microseismic activity further confirmed that the stress field oriented obliquely to strike.While an increase in compressional-wave velocity of 2.3 percent, corresponding to a measured stress increase of approximately 10 MPa could be measured by repeated tomographic surveys, it was relatively small and only a factor of two or so above the velocity measured uncertainty. The relative insensitivity of thein situ rock mass modulus to the applied stress is believed to be largely due to the rockmass discontinuities being relatively closed prior to stress increase, as substantiated by the small deformations seen by the extensometer and borehole camera. This situation existed because of the very high pre-mining stress level.The experimental demonstration that the rock could not absorb substantially increased load through the mechanism of discontinuity closure or tightening (which would be reflected in the modulus) may be evidence in itself of potentially burst-prone ground, such as encountered at Lac Shortt.     

Comparison of 24 h and Long-term pHstat Leaching Tests for Heavy Metal Mobilization from Solid Matrices

The dynamic leaching behaviour of environmentally relevant heavy metals makes it difficult to fix a suitable elution time of leaching tests. With ten different solid materials which were characterized by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis and by the determination of aqua regia soluble amounts of heavy metals we performed 24 h and long-term leaching tests using the pH_stat procedure at pH 4 to be able to compare the resulting acid neutralization capacities (ANC) and heavy metal mobilization. This comparison demonstrates firstly the limitations in predicting the extent of heavy metal release after a longer (geological) time period only from the leached amounts after 24 hours and the ratio of the ANC values measured in the 24 h test and in a long-term experiment, respectively. Secondly, the effect of elution time on the leachability is not uniform but element specific and matrix dependent. Hence, the pH_stat leaching test performed in the usual manner does not seem to be suitable particularly for assessing long-term mobilization of heavy metals under acidic conditions. Additional experiments under variation of shaking frequency and time clearly demonstrate the dominant influence of the first parameter on the resulting ANC and support the necessity of further studies to optimize the pH_stat leaching procedure before the test can be recommended in regulations for environmental protection.     

DHCP、DNS及Samba技术在新疆地震行业网中的实现

介绍了DHCP、DNS、Samba技术在新疆地震行业网中的实现及应用,并通过建立DHCP、DNS、Samba服务器,实现了网络基本功能,有效地管理了网络.     

Response spectrum predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong: rock sites

To realistically assess the seismic risk relating to built infrastructures in Hong Kong and in the neighbouring coastal cities of southern Guangdong province, it is necessary to predict ground shaking induced by different earthquake scenarios with good accuracy. A companion paper has described the modelling of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diffused seismic activities in the region, based on the newly-developed ‘Expanding Circular Disc’ (ECD) method. Representative Magnitude–Distance (M–R) combinations for both near-field and far-field earthquakes (in relation to Hong Kong) have been derived using the ECD method. The present paper describes the modelling of the response spectrum on rock sites associated with the predicted M–R combinations, using the Component Attenuation Model (CAM) that was also developed recently by the authors, based on stochastic simulations of the seismological model. The significant effects of soil resonance on the response spectrum are described in a separate publication.The accuracy of CAM in modelling ground motion properties on rock sites has been tested here by comparisons with (i) strong motions recorded in Taiwan and South China from the 1999 ‘Chi-Chi’ earthquake in Taiwan (M=7.6), (ii) motions recorded in South China from another earthquake occurring in the southern Taiwan Strait in the same year (M=5.1), and (iii) historical seismic intensity data obtained within South China. The overall capability of CAM in modelling both near-field and far-field attenuation has been shown to be unmatched by existing empirical models. Results of the comparison studies confirm the accuracy of CAM, particularly within an epicentral distance of 300–400 km.This study shows that the developed serviceability response spectra (i.e. at short return periods) are controlled mainly by the earthquake recurrence behaviour of major distant seismic sources. In contrast, the ultimate response spectra (i.e. at long return periods) relate to events with magnitudes close to the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) limit, the effect of which may also be represented by the Characteristic Response Spectrum (CRS). Both types of earthquake scenario can be significantly affected by the regional crustal properties. The proposed response spectrum envelopes have been compared with previously developed recommendations, and a critical review has been conducted. The intrinsic advantages of the ECD–CAM modelling approach have been highlighted, emphasising its directness and transparency when compared with the more complex process required to implement traditional Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA).