河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地地下水位动态分析

青多水源地岩溶地下水是济源市的主要供水水源,研究其地下水位动态变化特征及影响因素对地下水资源合理开发及生态环境保护意义重大,探明蟒河口水库是否补给水源地对城市安全供水具有重要意义。依托河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地多年逐月（1994年6月—2019年12月）地下水位动态监测资料,对不同阶段、不同时段的地下水位动态进行分析,采用逐步回归分析方法定量确定水源地地下水位动态的影响因素,建立水位动态预测的逐步回归方程。结果表明:①第一阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水前）,水源地地下水位主要受降水和开采影响。其中,第1时段（1994年6月—2005年12月）,水源地开采量约2×104 m3/d,地下水位主要受降水量影响,开采量影响较小;第2时段（2006年1月—2014年8月）,水源地开采量由2.2×104 m3/d逐渐增大到约6.5×104 m3/d,地下水位受开采和降水双重因素影响,总体呈现下降趋势。②第二阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水后）,水源地开采量由2014年8月的6.5×104 m3/d增大到2019年6月的8.8×104 m3/d,岩溶地下水位不降反升,其水位主要受蟒河口水库蓄水和降水影响,开采量影响甚微。在不考虑蟒河口水库蓄水影响的情况下,应用建立的逐步回归方程对水源地地下水位进行预测,蟒河口水库蓄水后实测的水源地地下水位高于预测水位,并从水源地水文地质条件、蟒河口水库蓄水水位、水质特征等方面论证了蟒河口水库的补给效果。本研究可为水源地地下水资源评价、水资源可持续利用和管理提供科学依据,也可为类似地区地下水动态研究提供参考。     

Convolution-based particle tracking method for transient flow

A convolution-based particle tracking (CBPT) method was recently developed for calculating solute concentrations (Robinson et al., Comput Geosci 14(4): 779–792, 2010). This method is highly efficient but limited to steady-state flow conditions. Here, we present an extension of this method to transient flow conditions. This extension requires a single-particle tracking process model run, with a pulse of particles introduced at a sequence of times for each source location. The number and interval of particle releases depends upon the transients in the flow. Numerical convolution of particle paths obtained at each release time and location with a time-varying source term is performed to yield the shape of the plume. Many factors controlling transport such as variation in source terms, radioactive decay, and in some cases linear processes such as sorption and diffusion into dead-end pores can be simulated in the convolution step for Monte Carlo-based analysis of transport uncertainty. We demonstrate the efficiency of the transient CBPT method, by showing that it requires fewer particles than traditional random walk particle tracking methods to achieve the same levels of accuracy, especially as the source term increases in duration or is uncertain. Since flow calculations under transient conditions are often very expensive, this is a computationally efficient yet accurate method.     

许昌麦岭水源地可开采量的水均衡法计算

根据许昌麦岭镇多年地下水动态观测资料,利用水均衡法原理,对水源地边界地质条件、补给与排泄的关系进行研究,对地下水允许开采量进行综合评价,提出水源地水量开采的建议。     

A particle tracking transport method for the simulation of resident and flux-averaged concentration of solute plumes in groundwater models

A new numerical technique called the convolution-based particle tracking (CBPT) method is developed to simulate resident or flux-averaged solute concentrations in groundwater models. The method is valid for steady-state flow and linear transport processes such as sorption with a linear sorption isotherm and first-order decay. The CBPT method uses particle tracking to take advantage of the ability of particle-based approaches to maintain sharp fronts for advection-dominated transport problems common in groundwater modeling and because of the flexibility of the random walk method to simulate a wide range of possible forms of the dispersion tensor. Furthermore, the algorithm for carrying out the convolution and superposition calculation from particle tracking results is very efficient. We show that from a single particle tracking run, source term variability, sorption, and decay can all be simulated rapidly without rerunning the underlying transport model unless the flow field or dispersion parameters are changed. A series of verification simulations are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the CBPT method compared to more conventional particle tracking approaches.     

An analysis of the infer-aquifer recharge for a deep-seated aquifer system tapped by a wellfield

Operation of a wellfield tapping a deep-seated aquifer system depends upon the recharge from outside the aquifer system under the condition of exploitation. This kind of replenishment, however, is not learned until the wellfield is in operation and a quarry-pumping test is often needed in the investigation of the wellfield. A deep-seated confined aquifer consisting of Ordovician carbonates occurs in the Chezhoushan Syncline crossing the border of Tianjin and Hebei in northern China. The Ordovician aquifer is believed to receive recharge through leakage from the overlying Quaternary aquifer only in the northeastern part of the syncline. The Ninghebei wellfield is planned to produce 100,000 m³/day of groundwater from the Ordovician aquifer for water supply. A three-dimensional transient numerical model was established based on a hydrogeologic survey, especially a quarry-pumping test conducted in 2003. The model was calibrated with the water-level data of the quarry-pumping test and used to predict the future water-level changes that might result from the three proposed exploitation scenarios. A 20 year predictive simulation results indicate that hydraulic heads decline rapidly in the early months, decline slowly in the following years and reach a steady state in the late period with a maximum drawdown of 52.09 m under the maximum total withdrawal rate of 120,000 m³/day from the Ordovician aquifer, and that the infer-aquifer recharge through leakage from the Quaternary aquifer can balance the withdrawal rate.     

A hybrid approach to flow net generation

By following a simple set of rules, a flow net can be manually constructed to obtain a graphical solution to the Laplace equation for simple two‐dimensional (2‐D) flow problems. With the advent of numerical solutions such as the finite difference and finite element methods, it is more common to generate a flow net automatically using the nodal head and flow values output by the computer program. Two methods have been published for automatically generating flow nets from finite element solutions: the stream‐function method and the particle‐tracking method. The stream‐function method works well for many cases, but it does not work for problems with holes in the mesh or internal sources or sinks. The particle‐tracking method works for all cases, but previously published algorithms that utilize this method do not result in the properly sized flow channels. A new approach is presented in this paper that is a hybrid of the stream‐function and particle‐tracking approaches. This method works for all cases and generates the properly sized flow channels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大型水源地开采地下水导致的盐分迁移和污染

以河南省新乡市为例,通过分析地下水渗流、水化学和同位素的时空特征,对大型水源地长期开采地下水所导致的溶质迁移进行了研究。研究表明,大型水源地长期集中开采地下水,形成了较大面积和较深的地下水位降落漏斗,改变了地下水自北部山前冲洪积斜地向南部的冲积平原渗流的运动格局,地下水中盐分和污染物随着地下水渗流而迁移,北部污染严重的地下水和南部微咸水都向漏斗区运移。因此,双向迁移的结果,使得水源地附近水质变差,污染程度加重。     

大型抽水试验的水文地质意义

本文以山东省东阿县下马头水源地为实例,探讨了大型抽水试验的主要水文地质意义,包括:确定地下水的主要补给来源及方向,抽水影响范围及程度,水源地岩溶含水层的富水性及供水保证能力,水源地附近地下水与地表水之间的水力联系,水源地附近主要断裂构造的水力性质,水源地抽水对下游水源地的影响以及水文地质参数与水源地地下水允许开采量计算。     

Estimation of Strong Ground Motion Due to Hypothetical Fault Ruptures and Comparison with Recorded Values: The Zakynthos,Western Greece Earthquake of 18 November 1997

In the present study, distribution of the seismic acceleration at base rock level has been computed for the Zakynthos (Western Greece) M_s = 6.6 earthquake of 18 November 1997, using a semi-empirical approach, taking into consideration the shape and dimension of the fault as well as the direction of the rupture propagation. Considering the geological conditions of the region under investigation and a simplifiedamplification factor, the distribution of peak ground acceleration is obtained. The results derived in this study are based on the amplification factors and velocity response spectra observed in Japan. To get more realistic results we also incorporated in our model attenuation factors obtained by using data from earthquakes in Greece. Different sets of results are compared with peak ground acceleration values recorded by instruments installed in the investigated area and the validity of the applied method is discussed.     

PTV技术在河流流速测量中的实验研究

针对传统浮标法流速测验技术的不足,引入粒子跟踪测速技术,对河流流速测量进行研究,并对所涉及的空间分辨率,目标检测,目标跟踪,流速计算四个方面技术进行分析。最后就本文方法与传统浮标法在实验室山溪性河流模型上做比对性试验,结果表明两种方法所测量的流速具有较好的一致性,具有解决传统浮标法固有缺陷的能力。     

井群出水量减少原因分析及治理--以北京某应急备用地下水源地为例

近来,为缓解北京市日趋紧张的供水情况,需启用1995年建成的北京某应急备用地下水源地。该水源地建有30眼水井,属第四系河旁非承压含水层,当时静水位埋深为4m,单井平均出水量超过4000m3h。近年来由于各种原因,尤其是2003年该水源井出水量大幅减少的主要原因是含铁碳质化合物附着对井壁的堵塞。针对这一情况,通过试验确定了以强力正反冲洗活塞洗井工艺为核心的复合洗井方案,对17眼水井实施洗井处理,使井群出水量恢复到了建井初期的水平,取得了良好的效果。     

划分地下水源地保护区的数值模拟方法

本文提出了一种划分地下水水源地保护区的方法,首先用地下水模拟系统中的MODFLOW建立研究区的数值模拟模型,获得地下水流场;然后再将水源地划分为3级保护区,用MODPATH确定各保护区的范围;最后根据国家饮用水标准,采用MT3D确定主要污染质在保护区中的可释放阈值,并给出了应用实例。     

激光测速粒子对复杂流动的响应研究——Ⅰ颗粒非恒定运动数学模型及其数值方法

流体激光测速的精度与示踪粒子的跟随特性即流体中异质粒子的非恒定运动特性密切相关。首先对粒子非恒定运动方程进行了探讨,着重考虑了在高颗粒雷诺数时该方程的修正问题,简要分析了该方程的数学属性,并构造了这类方程的数值计算方法。分析表明,高颗粒雷诺数下的粒子非恒定运动方程为非线性奇异积分方程,而当颗粒雷诺数小于1时,则线性化为第二类渥尔特拉(Volterra)积分方程。以几种均匀流中球形小颗粒的非恒定运动为算例,计算结果与其解析解及有关实验数据的比较表明,数值方法具有良好的计算精度。     

Multiple-pumped-well aquifer test to determine the anisotropic properties of a karst limestone aquifer in Pasco County, Florida, USA

Groundwater-level data from an aquifer test utilizing four pumped wells conducted in the South Pasco wellfield in Pasco County, Florida, USA, were analyzed to determine the anisotropic transmissivity tensor, storativity, and leakance in the vicinity of the wellfield. A weighted least-squares procedure was used to analyze drawdowns measured at eight observation wells, and it was determined that the major axis of transmissivity extends approximately from north to south and the minor axis extends approximately from west to east with an angle of anisotropy equal to N4.54°W. The transmissivity along the major axis ${\left( {T_{{\xi \xi }} } \right)}$ is 14,019 m² day^–1, and the transmissivity along the minor axis ${\left( {T_{{\eta \eta }} } \right)}$ is 4,303 m² day^–1. The equivalent transmissivity $T_{e} = {\left( {T_{{\xi \xi }} T_{{\eta \eta }} } \right)}^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-0em} 2}} = 7,767{{\text{m}}^{2} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{m}}^{2} } {{\text{day}}^{{ - {\text{1}}}} }}} \right. \kern-0em} {{\text{day}}^{{ - {\text{1}}}} }$ , and the ratio of anisotropy is 3.26. The storativity of the aquifer is 7.52?×?10^?4, and the leakance of the overlying confining unit is 1.37?×?10^?4 day^?1. The anisotropic properties determined for the South Pasco wellfield in this investigation confirm the results of previous aquifer tests conducted in the wellfield and help to quantify the NW–SE to NE–SW trends for regional fracture patterns and inferred solution-enhanced flow zones in west-central Florida.     

基于模糊逻辑T算子和协T算子的地下水水质评价

本文运用地下水水质的模糊综合评判分析方法，选取地下水水质的主要影响因子，借助模糊逻辑T算子和协T算子，编制了有效的MATLAB计算机程序，绘制了隶属度函数的数学图形，对北方某水源地地下水水化学资料进行了模糊数学综合评价。评价结果表明，研究区采样点水质为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的占96．63％，大部分地下水水质较好，符合饮用水的要求。借助T和协T逻辑算子的模糊综合评判法评价地下水水质效果较好。     

鄂尔多斯浩勒报吉水源地开采地下水的环境影响分析

干旱半干旱区的地下水开发利用容易对原本脆弱的生态环境造成不利影响。内蒙古鄂尔多斯市浩勒报吉水源地属于半干旱区的地下水水源地。2009—2014年间,该水源地为满足工业供水需求开采地下水6.0×104~7.3×104 m3/d,产生了负面的生态环境后果。为核查环境变化与地下水开采的确切关系,调查分析了2004—2016年气象条件、地下水开采历程、地下水位、湖泊面积和植被指数的变化特征,建立定量指标进行了地下水开采的环境影响判别。结果表明,在2008—2014年期间,距开采区中心10 km范围的地下水位普遍下降1 m以上,奎生淖和敖各窖淖2个湖泊的面积萎缩约30%,水源地的植被指数对气候条件变化的敏感性增强。该水源地以往论证得到的可开采量偏大,应考虑生态环境约束将开采规模控制在3×104 m3/d以下。     

Uncertainty in simulated groundwater-quality trends in transient flow

In numerical modeling of groundwater flow, the result of a given solution method is affected by the way in which transient flow conditions and geologic heterogeneity are simulated. An algorithm is demonstrated that simulates breakthrough curves at a pumping well by convolution-based particle tracking in a transient flow field for several synthetic basin-scale aquifers. In comparison to grid-based (Eulerian) methods, the particle (Lagrangian) method is better able to capture multimodal breakthrough caused by changes in pumping at the well, although the particle method may be apparently nonlinear because of the discrete nature of particle arrival times. Trial-and-error choice of number of particles and release times can perhaps overcome the apparent nonlinearity. Heterogeneous aquifer properties tend to smooth the effects of transient pumping, making it difficult to separate their effects in parameter estimation. Porosity, a new parameter added for advective transport, can be accurately estimated using both grid-based and particle-based methods, but predictions can be highly uncertain, even in the simple, nonreactive case.     

Sequestration of CO2 in magnesium silicates, in Western Macedonia, Greece

Carbonation of magnesium seems to be an interesting option for long term storage of captured CO₂. This paper provides an approach to sequestration of carbon dioxide in magnesium silicates using ultramafic rocks from the mountain of Vourinos, in Western Macedonia, Greece. For the experimental procedure five samples were used, consisted of dunite, hartzburgite and pyroxenite. The carbonation method chosen is the aqueous scheme. The results showed low (only about 10% of the stoichiometrically possible amount) transformation into magnesium carbonates for the majority of the samples. Insufficient reaction time, the particle size, or improper choice of reaction conditions are may be some of the reasons for the small amounts of carbonation observed. Further studies are needed in order to identify the various issues that were responsible.     

基于微纳气泡示踪的拖曳法ADCP流速测试

声学多普勒剖面流速仪(ADCP)设备在水文领域保有量大、应用广,但如何对其进行量值溯源,确保现场测量数据准确可靠是用户非常关注的问题。分析ADCP的测试现状,阐述ADCP的6个测试参数,分析出流速测试是核心;利用微纳气泡作为示踪粒子,尝试解决静止水体无反射粒子的问题,为ADCP流速测试提供支撑;以TRDI的WHR600-1型ADCP为例,说明ADCP流速测试过程和试验数据处理方法。得出微纳米气泡是ADCP拖曳水槽水跟踪测试较好的示踪物质,进而实现ADCP水跟踪流速测试。为拖曳水槽ADCP测试改造建设提供技术思路,并给出实验室测试建议。     

Understanding the effect of single-fracture heterogeneity from single-well injection-withdrawal (SWIW) tests

The single-well injection-withdrawal (SWIW) tracer test is a method used to estimate the tracer retardation properties of a fracture or fracture zone. The effects of single-fracture aperture heterogeneity on SWIW-test tracer breakthrough curves are examined by numerical modelling. The effects of the matrix diffusion and sorption are accounted for by using a particle tracking method through the addition of a time delay added to the advective transport time. For a given diffusion and sorption property (P _m) value and for a heterogeneous fracture, the peak concentration is larger compared to a homogeneous fracture. The cumulative breakthrough curve for a heterogeneous fracture is similar to that for a homogeneous fracture and a less sorptive/diffusive tracer. It is demonstrated that the fracture area that meets the flowing water, the specific flow-wetted surface (sFWS) of the fracture, can be determined by matching the observed breakthrough curve for a heterogeneous fracture to that for a homogeneous fracture with an equivalent property parameter. SWIW tests are also simulated with a regional pressure gradient present. The results point to the possibility of distinguishing the effect of the regional pressure gradient from that of diffusion through the use of multiple tracers with different P _m values.