青岛地区气象灾害分析评估

青岛地区发生频率较高的气象灾害主要有暴雨、大风、大雾、台风、雷暴和冰雹等。利用1971—2008年的气象资料,分析了主要气象灾害的空间分布特征,对暴雨和大风的发生概率及重现期进行了计算。并通过1984—2007年气象灾情普查资料,对暴雨、台风所致的气象灾情进行了评估。据此对青岛气象灾害进行了区划和风险分析,得出青岛地区暴雨洪涝灾害主要集中在莱西、胶南沿海两个区域;胶州湾前部沿海及市区是大风和大雾多发区;环胶州湾地区处在台风的影响范围内,尤以市区、胶南沿海和黄岛区出现频率较大;胶州湾西岸的黄岛区雷暴影响较大。     

吉林省大风气象灾害风险区划评价研究

依据灾害风险理论,结合吉林省地貌特征,构建吉林省大风气象灾害风险评价的指标体系,揭示吉林省大风气象灾害风险空间分布规律。研究结果表明：吉林省大风灾害高风险地区分布在长春大部分地区、四平部分地区、延边州敦化市的北部和吉林省东南部海拔较高的山区;次高风险地区主要分布在白城西部、松原南部、四平西部、辽源地区、吉林北部;松原北部、吉林南部、通化大部、白山大部和延边州部分地区风险性最小。从风险区划各指标的分析来看,长春市辖区附近的高风险性是由致灾因子的高危险性及承灾体的高易损性共同引起的,而延边州敦化地区北部及东南部海拔较高山区的高风险性是由致灾因子的高危险性所引起的。根据大风灾害风险分布情况,提出了相应的措施,为相关部门科学决策提供智力支持。     

广西沿海超高层建筑进行气象灾害风险评估必要性

通过列举国内外超高层建筑遭受气象灾害的案例,结合广西气象灾害风险区划资料,分析大风、台风、龙卷风、暴雨、雷电（雷击）、强降温等灾害与沿海超高层建筑的关系,以及可能造成的影响和潜在的风险,论述了超高层建筑进行气象灾害风险评估可实现最大安全与最小投资的统一.以期为广西沿海开展“超高层建筑气象灾害风险评估”工作提供理由和依据.     

我国台风灾害特征及风险防范策略

对登陆我国台风气候特征及灾害发生特点进行了分析,表明台风登陆我国时间集中于每年的7—9月,年均登陆数量广东最多,而最强登陆台风出现在台湾。台风灾害导致的直接经济损失总量呈现缓慢增加趋势,人员死亡数明显下降。但死亡100人以上的特别重大台风灾害平均每年发生一次,且造成的灾情占比很大。台风灾害影响主要是其伴随的大风、暴雨及引起的滑坡、泥石流、风暴潮等次生灾害共同造成的,重大灾害往往由突发性、极端性风雨引起。为了最大限度地降低和减轻台风灾害损失和社会影响,可依靠基于风险区划的防灾能力建设降低风险,依据准确的风险预评估避让风险,依赖保险特别是政策性巨灾保险的开展转移风险。     

雷雨大风与河北电网灾害特征分析

利用1983—2008年26年河北省灾情直报数据资料,统计分析大风灾情记录及大风灾害对河北电网设施损坏的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）7～12级大风是造成电网安全事故的主要灾害性大风;（2）大风灾害致电网安全事故年变化存在显著差异,最多高达43起/年,最少年仅为2起/年;（3）月分布呈显著的单峰曲线变化,6 8月为大风灾害电网安全事故高峰期,占全年大风灾害总次数的83%;（4）空间分布极不均匀,燕山南麓、太行山东麓以及沿海地区是电网灾害事故相对多发区域;（5）通过典型个例分析、成因分析,提出灾害性天气服务对策,为加强河北省电力行业气象服务及防灾减灾提供参考。     

基于GIS的重庆市山洪灾害区划

通过对山洪灾害形成的动力条件、孕灾环境、降水背景的分析,确定临界雨量、地表起伏形态、坡度、年降水量、年大雨日数为影响山洪灾害形成的主要因子,用主成分分析方法建立重庆市山洪灾害区划模型。在ArcGis软件的支持下,采用反距离权重法对各影响因子进行空间插值,并进行栅格图层计算、分割等操作,用自然断点分级法分为高发区、易发区、一般区、低发区,完成重庆市山洪灾害区划。区划结果表明：重庆市多山洪灾害,东北部为高发区,年发生频次多在10次以上;中部东南部为易发区,年发生频次多在8次到10次;西部偏西地区为低发区,年发生频次多在6次以下。     

拉萨-林芝铁路沿线主要气象灾害风险研究

基于1980~2010年拉萨-林芝铁路沿线17个地面站的气象资料、2019年西藏统计年鉴和西藏自治区地理信息数据资料,运用自然灾害风险综合指数法、层次分析法以及GIS空间处理技术,分析了孕灾环境脆弱性、灾害因子危害性和承灾体脆弱性,建立了拉萨-林芝铁路沿线主要气象灾害的风险研究模型,完成了拉萨-林芝铁路沿线主要气象灾害风险等级区划。结果表明:拉萨-林芝铁路沿线闪电高发季节是夏季和早秋,占91.23%;暴雨高发季节是盛夏和秋季,占93.60%;暴雪主要发生在冬季,占87.06%;大风主要发生在春季,占74.59%。拉萨-林芝铁路沿线暴雪灾害高风险区主要分布在林芝东南部和米林以东,大风灾害高风险区主要分布在加查和朗县附近,闪电和暴雨灾害高风险区主要分布在林芝市和山南市附近。      

渭南市设施农业大风灾害风险区划研究

为了减少大风对设施农业的危害,采用渭南市11个气象站1961—2012年的大风资料,同期基础地理信息资料、社会经济数据、灾情资料,在GIS平台上,从孕灾环境敏感性、危险性、承载体易损性三个方面,针对影响设施农业生产的10m/s以上大风进行大风灾害的风险性区划,为设施农业大风灾害防御提供科学依据。结果表明:渭南市极大风速的风险分布自西向东减小,高风险区位于临渭、大荔、蒲城、富平和白水。最大风速日数高风险区在华阴和潼关,中等风险区在临渭区、蒲城、大荔。从大风灾害风险单一因子来看,渭南市华阴和潼关不宜大面积发展设施农业,特别是中小拱棚要限制发展。北部韩城、澄城、合阳大风灾害危险的风险相对较小,可适当扩大面积。     

拜泉县霜冻灾害的区划研究

<正>1引言1.1气象灾害区划及防御工作的研究意义气象灾害是指由于气象因素直接或间接的影响造成的灾害,常见的气象灾害主要有干旱、霜冻、洪涝、冰雹、大风等。拜泉县位于黑龙江省西北部,地处小兴安岭余脉与嫩江平原的过渡地带,属寒温带气候。主要气象灾害为水灾、旱灾、霜冻、冰雹、雷电等。给工农业生产造成不同程度的危害,对社会经济造成严重的影响。因此对影响拜泉县的气象灾害进行区划和防御管理对策研究,对提高全县防灾减灾能力具有重要     

绥化地区大风灾害天气分析

本文针对绥化市近年来的大风灾害天气个例,从气候学角度对大风灾害天气过程进行综合分析,得出绥化市近年大风灾害天气的时空分布特征及规律。为准确判断大风天气的发生、发展,提高预报的准确率。     

Rate constants for the reactions of the NO3 radical with HCOOH/HCOO− and CH3COOH/CH3COO− in aqueous solution between 278 and 328 K

The kinetics of the aqueous phase reactions of NO₃ radicals with HCOOH/HCOO^– and CH₃COOH/CH₃COO^– have been investigated using a laser photolysis/long-path laser absorption technique. NO₃ was produced via excimer laser photolysis of peroxodisulfate anions (S₂O ₈ ^2– ) at 351 nm followed by the reactions of sulfate radicals (SO ₄ ^– ) with excess nitrate. The time-resolved detection of NO₃ was achieved by long-path laser absorption at 632.8 nm. For the reactions of NO₃ with formic acid (1) and formate (2) rate coefficients ofk ₁=(3.3±1.0)×10⁵ l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₂=(5.0±0.4)×10⁷ l mol^–1 s^–1 were found atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l. The following Arrhenius expressions were derived:k ₁(T)=(3.4±0.3)×10¹⁰ exp[–(3400±600)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₂(T)=(8.2±0.8)×10¹⁰ exp[–(2200±700)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1. The rate coefficients for the reactions of NO₃ with acetic acid (3) and acetate (4) atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l were determined as:k ₃=(1.3±0.3)×10⁴ l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₄=(2.3±0.4)×10⁶ l mol^–1 s^–1. The temperature dependences for these reactions are described by:k ₃(T)=(4.9±0.5)×10⁹ exp[–(3800±700)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₄(T)=(1.0±0.2)×10¹² exp[–(3800±1200)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1. The differences in reactivity of the anions HCOO^– and CH₃COO^– compared to their corresponding acids HCOOH and CH₃COOH are explained by the higher reactivity of NO₃ in charge transfer processes compared to H atom abstraction. From a comparison of NO₃ reactions with various droplets constituents it is concluded that the reaction of NO₃ with HCOO^– may present a dominant loss reaction of NO₃ in atmospheric droplets.     

Kritische Bemerkung zur Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit der Ozonverteilung

Zusammenfassung A. undE. Vassy haben in der Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit des Ozongehalts der Atmosphäre aus der Gleichung loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) geschlossen, daß auch die Gleichung loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ) gültig sei. Es wird hier nun gezeigt, daß die bei der ersten Gleichung erlaubten Vernachlässigungen bei der zweiten zu großen Fehlern führen können und daß daher von A. undE. Vassy kein Beweis für die Richtigkeit der Beziehunge=J.K(T) erbracht ist.

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Summary In the question of temperature dependence of ozone content of the atmosphere A. andE. Vassy have concluded from the equation loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) that also the formula loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ) must be valid. In this paper it is proved that the neglections which may be admitted for the first equation, can conduct to great errors. Therefore A. andE. Vassy have not produced a proof for the correctness of the equatione=J.K(T).

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Résumé A. etE. Vassy en étuidant le problème de la teneur de l'ozone atmosphérique en relation avec la température ont admis que l'équation loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) entraînait aussi la relation loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ). On montre ici que les simplifications admises pour la première équation conduisent pour l'application de la seconde à de fortes erreurs, et que par conséquent ces auteurs n'ont pas fourni de preuve de la justesse de la relatione=J.K(T).

     

Characteristics of ionic components in precipitation in Kitakyushu City,Japan

Precipitation samples were collected by filtrating bulk sampler in Kitakyushu City, Japan, from January 1988 to December 1990. Volume weighted annual mean of pH was 4.93, but the pH distribution indicated that most probable value lay in the range pH 6.0–6.4. Volume weighted annual mean concentrations of major ionic components were as follows; SO ₄ ^2– : 84.2, NO ₃ ^– : 28.1, Cl^–: 86.3, NH ₄ ⁺ : 45.5, Ca²⁺: 63.3, Mg²⁺: 27.0, K⁺: 3.4, Na⁺: 69.0 µ eq l^–1. The highest concentrations of these ionic components were observed in winter and the lowest occurred in the rainy season. The ratio of ex-SO ₄ ^2– /NO ₃ ^– exhibited the lowest ratio in summer, and the highest ratio in winter. Good correlations were obtained between Cl^– and Na⁺, ex-SO ₄ ²⁺ and ex-Ca²⁺, NO ₃ ^– and ex-Ca²⁺, and NH ₄ ⁺ and ex-SO ₄ ^2– , respectively. However, no correlation between Cl^– and Na⁺ with Ca²⁺ was observed. The relationship of H⁺ with (ex-SO ₄ ^2– + NO ₃ ^– ) - (ex-Ca²⁺ + NH ₄ ⁺ ) indicated positive correlation.     

Regional effects of large-scale extreme wind events over orographically structured terrain

Summary ?Above orographically structured terrain considerable differences of the regional wind field may be identified during large-scale extreme wind events. So far, these regional differences could not be resolved by climate models. To determine the relationships between large-scale atmospheric conditions, the influence of orography, and the regional wind field, data measured in the upper Rhine valley within the framework of the REKLIP Regional Climate Project were analyzed and calculations were made using the KAMM mesoscale model. In the area of the upper Rhine valley, ratios of the wind velocity in the Rhine valley at 10 m above ground level, ν_val, and the large-scale flow velocity, ν_lar, are between ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.1 and ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 1. The ν_val/ν_lar ratio exhibits a strong dependence on thermal stratification, δ, and decreases from ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 1 at δ = 0 K m⁻¹ to ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.2 at δ = 0.0075 K m⁻¹. In areas, where the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley is interrupted, the ν_val/ν_lar ratio increases again with increasing stability or decreasing Froude number. This is obviously due to flow around the Black Forest under stable stratification. It is demonstrated by model calculations that a complex wind field develops in the Rhine valley at small Froude numbers (Fr < 1) irrespective of the direction of large-scale flow. The ν_val/ν_lar ratio is characterized by small values in the direct lee side (ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.2) and high values on the windward side of the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley (ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.8). Received October 22, 2001; revised June 18, 2002; accepted June 23, 2002     

Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals, NO3 Radicals and O3 with Three C7-Carbonyls Formed From The Atmospheric Reactions of Myrcene, Ocimene and Terpinolene

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO₃ radicals and O₃ with the C₇-carbonyl compounds 4-methylenehex-5-enal [CH₂=CHC(=CH₂)CH₂CH₂CHO], (3Z)- and (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal [CH₂=CHC(CH₃)=CHCH₂CHO] and 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, which are products of the atmospheric degradations of myrcene, Z- and E-ocimene and terpinolene, respectively, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained (in cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 units) were: for 4-methylenehex-5-enal, (1.55 ± 0.15) × 10^–10, (4.75 ± 0.35) × 10^–13 and (1.46 ± 0.12) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3Z)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (1.61 ± 0.35) × 10^–10, (2.17 ± 0.30) × 10^–12, and (4.13 ± 0.81) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (2.52 ± 0.65) × 10^–10, (1.75 ± 0.27) × 10^–12, and (5.36 ± 0.28) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; and for 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one: (1.10 ± 0.19) × 10^–10, (1.81 ± 0.35) × 10^–12, and (6.98 ± 0.40) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively. These carbonyl compounds are all reactive in the troposphere, with daytime reaction with the OH radical and nighttime reaction with the NO₃ radical being predicted to dominate as loss processes and with estimated lifetimes of about an hour or less.     

Über die Voraussage zeitlich gemittelter Höhenkarten für Zwecke mittelfristiger Wetterprognosen

Zusammenfassung Eine Überprüfung der vonNamias abgeleiteten Formel zur Konstruktion sogenannter Trendkarten an Hand 20 ausgewählter Höhenkarten in der Zeit vom November 1955 bis Mai 1956 ergab eine vollkommene Bestätigung der vonNamias für Amerika angegebenen Korrelationskoeffizienten und des Faktors der entsprechenden Regressionsgleichung für den mitteleuropäischen Raum, obwohl die Untersuchungen sich auf die 850 mb-Topographie bezogen zum Unterschied vonNamias, der die 700 mb-Fläche zugrunde legte. Durch eine sinngemäße Kombination der in der synoptischen Praxis üblichen Konstruktionsmethode für 24 stündige Vorhersagekarten mit statistischen Überlegungen über die Abweichungen vom Normalwert gelingt die Ableitung einer Prognosenformel für eine dreitägige Mittelkarte, die als Grundlage für mittelfristige Wetterprognosen (Halbwochenprognosen) Verwendung findet. Die Formel weist gegenüber der Trendformel vonNamias den Vorteil auf, daß sie mit praktisch derselben Treffergenauigkeit einen wesentlich größeren Vorhersagezeitraum erfaßt.

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Summary Using 20 different contour charts during the period from November 1955 to May 1956 the formula for the construction of socalled trendcharts, primarily derived byNamias, has been verified for Central Europe though the investigations were based upon data from the 850 mb-level instead of the 700 mb-level used byNamias. Through a combination of the synoptic method for construction of forecast maps 24 hours in advance with statistic considerations about the departure from normals a formula is finally derived for a forecast of a three day mean chart. This formula has been successfully used for an extended forecast half week in advance. The described method shows an essential improvement upon theNamias procedure since a much greater forecast period can be obtained with almost the same accuracy.

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Résumé La formule établie parNamias en vue de construire les cartes d'évolution a fait l'objet d'un examen critique fondé sur la discussion de vingt cartes d'altitude de la période de novembre 1955 à mai 1956. Les valeurs des coefficients de corrélation données par cet auteur pour l'Amérique du Nord ainsi que le coefficient de l'équation de régression correspondante ont été confirmés pour l'espace européen, bien que les topographies étudieés n'aient pas été les mêmes (850 mb au lieu de 700 mb). Combinant les méthodes usuelles de construction des cartes de prévision de vingt-quatre heures à des critères statistiques d'écart à la normale, l'auteur établit une formule de prévision destinée à calculer une carte moyenne de trois jours servant de base à la prévision à moyenne échéance. Cette formule présente sur celle deNamias l'avantage d'atteindre une plus longue période de prévision avec une égale exactitude.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.H. Ficker zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Ein Kurzverfahren zur Bestimmung der langwelligen Ausstrahlung dicker Atmosphärenschichten

Zusammenfassung Für eine Reihe von Atmosphärenmodellen, die untereinander gleiche Temperaturschichtung und konstante relative Feuchtigkeit, aber verschieden hohe Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit im festen Niveau haben, wird der NettostrahlungsstromE in 400 mb und am Boden durch Berechnungen in den bekannten Strahlungsdiagrammen bestimmt. Es läßt sich zeigen, daßE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) als Funktion der Temperaturt ₄₀₀ (t _B ) und der Feuchtigkeit bzw. des Taupunktes ₄₀₀ ( _B ) dargestellt werden kann [Abb. 1 und 3, Gl. (1) und (3)], ählich, wie das für die effektive Strahlung des BodensE _B bereits früher durch die Formeln vonÅngström, Brunt u. a. geschehen ist. Wolkenschichten können durch Korrektionsfaktoren berücksichtigt werden. Die Abweichungen zwischen den so gewonnenen Strahlungssummen und den durch Planimetrieren im Strahlungsdiagramm berechneten sind im Durchschnitt kleiner als 3,5% (11%), für die Differenz E=E ₄₀₀–E _B sind sie kleiner als 6%.

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Summary For a series of model atmospheres which have the same stratification of temperature and constant relative humidity but different temperatures and humidities at a fixed level, the net radiation fluxE at 400 mb and at the surface are determined by computations in the well known radiation charts. It is shown thatE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) can be represented as a function of the temperaturet ₄₀₀ (t _B ) and humidity resp. dew point ₄₀₀ ( _B ) [Fig. 1 and 3, formula (1) and (3)], in a similar manner as the outgoing radiationE _B is already approximated by the formulae ofÅngström, Brunt, a. o. Cloud layers may be accounted for by correction factors. The differences between the radiation fluxes found in this way and those computed by integration in a radiation chart are in the average smaller than 3.5% (11%); with E=E ₄₀₀–E _B , the differences are smaller than 6%.

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Résumé Pour plusieurs modèles de l'atmosphère qui ont la même structure par rapport à la température et une humidité relative constante, mais à un niveau fixe des températures et humidités différentes, on calcule à l'aide de diagrammes de radiation connus le flux net de radiationE pour 400 mb et au sol. On peut montrer queE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) peut être représenté comme fonction de la températuret ₄₀₀ (t _B ) et de l'humidité, resp. du point de rosée ₄₀₀ ( _B ) [Fig. 1 et 3, formules (1) et (3)], tout comme cela a déjà été fait pour la radiation effective au solE _B grâce aux formules d'Ångström, deBrunt et d'autres. Par un facteur de correction on tient compte des couches de nuages. Les écarts entre les sommes de radiation ainsi obtenues et celles calculées à l'aide des diagrammes de radiation sont en moyenne plus petits que 3,5% (11%), la différence E=E ₄₀₀–E _B ne dépasse pas 6%.

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