X波段双偏振雷达反射率的衰减订正

雷达在探测降雨时,回波都有衰减。波长较短的X波段雷达地衰减更严重,所以有必要对其回波进行衰减订正。X波段雷达回波差分传播相移(KDP)比C、S波段的要高1.5~3倍。因此可以合理地考虑利用KDP对X波段雷达回波信号反射率的衰减进行订正。又由于当KDP的值较小时,对回波反射率订正效果受到其他因素影响。所以当KDP值较小时,使用反射率(ZH)自身进行订正。利用成都信息工程学院X波段双偏振天气雷达的探测降雨过程的回波数据,在已经提出的算法的基础上,利用ZH-KDP综合算法进行软件设计,并分析回波反射率在算法处理前后的效果。通过订正处理前后的数据绘制曲线图,定量对比分析订正处理前后的反射率值,订正处理后的值比订正处理前的值有增强,又用相同时刻S波段的回波数据对X波段的订正效果进行验证,二者值的大小相差不多,说明ZH-KDP法对回波反射率的衰减有改善。     

双偏振雷达差分传播相移的五种滤波方法对比分析

为了对双线偏振雷达的差分传播相移ΦDP进行滤波降噪处理,提高双线偏振雷达识别粒子、估测降水的能力。通过对C波段双线偏振雷达差分传播相移分别采用滑动平均、中值滤波、FIR滤波、卡尔曼滤波和小波分析5种不同方法地介绍,利用中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室移动式C波段双线偏振雷达(POLC)2013年外场试验观测资料,对比分析了经5种方法处理后的差分传播相移ΦDP径向数据,及其分别在降水估测中应用的效果。结果表明:采用FIR滤波方法、卡尔曼滤波方法和小波分析方法对ΦDP径向数据进行处理的效果比传统的滑动平均和中值滤波方法好;其中小波分析处理的ΦDP径向数据波动最小,再经过变距离法拟合的KDP数据的负值能够得到最有效地抑制,最后应用到R(KDP)降水估测中的精度最高。     

基于双线偏振多普勒雷达识别地物回波

地物回波的存在严重影响雷达数据质量,从而影响定量降水估测精度。双线偏振多普勒天气雷达在识别地物回波方面具有明显优势。分析了北京市气象局C波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达探测到的降水回波和地物回波的特征,在刘黎平的模糊逻辑算法基础上选择容易区分降水回波和地物回波的特征量,加入偏振参数构成偏振模糊逻辑算法。利用2012年的"7.21特大暴雨"个例对识别效果进行分析,并与常规模糊逻辑算法识别效果对比。结果表明,加入偏振参数的模糊逻辑算法能有效识别地物回波,对地物回波识别效果有明显改善,并有效解决了过度识别零速度降水区的问题。     

使用模糊逻辑法区分层状云和对流云降水

多普勒天气雷达已广泛应用于定量降水的估测,为了提高雷达降水估计的精度,要求能够识别层状云和对流云降水.使用模糊逻辑法区分区域中的层状云和对流云降水.根据层状云和对流云降水的反射率分布特征,建立了最大反射率因子、回波顶高、垂直反射率梯度和水平反射率梯度4个识别参数,读取雷达资料并计算出这些识别参数,使用梯形隶属函数对识别参数进行模糊化,对得到的数据进行加权平均处理,选择一个合适的阈值区分层状云和对流云降水.结合实际的天气实例,对该方法的识别效果进行检验,结果表明：模糊逻辑法能够有效的区分降水区域中的层状云和对流云降水,为改善降水估测提供了方法和依据.     

基于小波变换改善天气回波信噪比的模拟分析

为了提升天气雷达对弱气象目标的发现能力,扩展系统观测的动态范围,可以从改善雷达回波的输出信噪比方面来考虑.从信号处理算法层面寻求改善天气雷达回波的输出信噪比的方法,提出运用小波变换的方法来达到这个目的.首先介绍了小波消噪的基本原理,再结合具体雷达系统参数,进行了相关的算法模拟,其结果表明,在符合高斯谱特征分布的模拟回波在不同信噪比（-20～10dB）设定条件下,运用小波变换的去噪方法可以使其信号的输出信噪比提高大约5～11dB,为天气雷达探测更多的弱气象目标提供了有利条件.     

多普勒雷达资料在飞机增雨作业中的应用研究

利用滨州714SDN雷达体积扫描资料、济南探空和机载PMS微物理探测资料,按降水冷云云层分布特点,选择不同Z-M关系计算降水条件下各特定层垂直积分含水量;结合天气资料及雷达速度场分布特征,分析降水云层演变特征及人工增雨播云条件,确定增雨作业时间和区域.     

X波段气象雷达回波强度的衰减订正

用KZS算法(地物回波)做标准来实现X波段气象雷达回波的微波衰减订正.首先对晴空地物回波进行多次采样,表明地物回波强度具有较好的稳定性.然后对业务性X波段气象雷达回波强度衰减订正进行观测,同时把订正后的回波与采用经验公式进行衰减订正的雷达回波强度进行比较,结果表明地物回波衰减订正法对X波段气象雷达衰减订正是可行的.     

成都地区双极化雷达的云雨观测

X波段双极化雷达的外场观测较少见 ,用成都市人工防雹降雨办公室 1999年 8、9两月双极化雷达的降水资料 ,对成都地区的对流云和层状云降水进行了水平剖面和垂直剖面的散射图分析 ,结果表明X波段Zh Zdr平面散射图与C波段和S波段的散射图类似 ;在 0度层上下的散射图变化清楚地反映了云中粒子的态相变化 ,这将为人工影响天气的科学作业和效果检验提供新的依据。     

雷达风矢产品性能对比分析

在对比风廓线雷达和多普勒雷达风廓线产品两种雷达风矢产品的探测原理和产品性能的基础上,对两种雷达风矢产品在不同天气状况下的探测资料进行了对比,并寻找两者在不同天气状况下的异同点。结果表明:两种雷达风矢产品都可以获得时间分辨率较高的风矢变化过程资料,并且两者对确定低空急流、垂直风切变、涡度、冷暖平流等都有重要帮助。晴天和大降水情况下,两者差别较小,可信度较高。在小降水和系统过境时,两者差别较大,需要验证以后才可使用其所得数据。     

成都地区4～6月低涡云系降水的雨滴谱分析

以１９９０年４～６月在成都采集的１１３份雨滴谱资料为基础，着重分析了低涡云系和槽后西北气流影响本地降水的雨滴谱浓度、雨水含水量、雷达反射率因子、雨滴谱型及其变化规律。分析发现，雨滴谱浓度大，含水量小，平均谱合乎Ｍ－Ｐ分布。还讨论了滴谱浓度、雨水含水量、雷达反射率因子与雨强的关系。     

基于Landsat TM和ENVISAT ASAR数据的鄱阳湖湿地植被生物量的反演

作为湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,湿地生物量是衡量生态系统健康状况的关键指标。由于光学遥感对植被垂直分布探测的局限,使得植被指数反映生物量变化的灵敏度下降。利用C波段SAR反演生物量时,对于低中等生物量,含水量高的湿地地表的后向散射对总雷达后向散射的影响会在雷达图像上出现类似光学遥感中"异物同谱"的现象。本文用光学遥感中NDVI、RVI和DVI三种植被指数对生物量变化的敏感性,利用改进的MIM-ICS模型,对湿地植被各散射分量进行模拟分析,建立符合湿地植被类型的各散射分量模拟数据库,以LandsatTM和Envisat ASAR交替极化数据为基础,选择植被指数DVI=0.45为阈值,将湿地植被分割为低叶片密度植被区和高叶片密度植被区,分别应用统计回归模型和半经验微波散射模型,对两个区域植被生物量进行反演。最后,得到整个鄱阳湖湿地生物量为2.1×10⁹kg。研究表明,对于生物量动态范围较大的地区,采用光学和雷达遥感相结合可以有效地提高湿地植被生物量反演的精度,克服光学遥感探测植被垂直分布能力有限和雷达遥感受背景影响大的不足。     

Wave steepness retrieved from scatterometer data in a genetic algorithm

Wave steepness is an important characteristic of a high sea state, and is widely applied on wave propagations at ports, ships, offshore platforms, and CO2 circulation in the ocean. Obtaining wave steepness is a difficult task that depends heavily on theoretical research on wavelength distribution and direct observations. Development of remote-sensing techniques provides new opportunities to study wave steepness. At present, two formulas are proposed to estimate wave steepness from QuikSCAT and ERS-1/2 scatterometer data. We found that wave steepness retrieving is not affected by radar band, and polarization method, and that relationship of wave steepness with radar backscattering cross section is similar to that with wind. Therefore, we adopted and modified a genetic algorithm for relating wave steepness with radar backscattering cross section. Results show that the root-mean-square error of the wave steepness retrieved is 0.005 in two cases from ERS-1/2 scatterometer data and from QuikSCAT scatterometer data.     

基于事件通知服务的雷达产品生成系统的数据分发改进

雷达观测数据有回波强度、径向速度、速度谱宽及偏振参量等多种基数据,不同气象算法任务模块需要输入的基数据不尽相同,需要对其进行按需发送。针对事件通道和任务模块间存在大量不必要的通信,根据分布式雷达产品生成系统实时数据传输和松散的数据驱动通信模型的需要,结合CORBA命名服务和通知服务的特性,提出一个基于通知服务的实时数据传输模式。分布式雷达产品生成系统的数据流的基础由标准CORBA通知服务的核心部件构成,通过命名服务绑定算法任务名和对象引用。该模式提供了过滤机制,这种机制通过在事件提供者和消费者任务子模块之间高效的路由事件来支持松散的数据驱动的通信。     

Measurements of ocean wave and current field using dual polarized X-band radar

A new ocean wave and sea surface current monitoring system with horizontally-(HH) and vertically-(VV) polarized X-band radar was developed. Two experiments into the use of the radar system were carried out at two sites, respectively, for calibration process in Zhangzi Island of the Yellow Sea, and for validation in the Yellow Sea and South China Sea. Ocean wave parameters and sea surface current velocities were retrieved from the dual polarized radar image sequences based on an inverse method. The results obtained from dual-polarized radar data sets acquired in Zhangzi Island are compared with those from an ocean directional buoy. The results show that ocean wave parameters and sea surface current velocities retrieved from radar image sets are in a good agreement with those observed by the buoy. In particular, it has been found that the vertically-polarized radar is better than the horizontally-polarized radar in retrieving ocean wave parameters, especially in detecting the significant wave height below 1.0 m.     

Retrieval of Significant Wave Height Under Typhoon Conditions from Gaofen-3 SAR Imagery

The objective of this paper is to propose an empirical method to inverse significant wave height(SWH)under typhoon conditions from collected dual-polarization Gaofen(GF)-3 synthetic aperture radar(SAR)imagery.The typhoon scenes were cap-tured from narrow scan(NSC)and wide scan(WSC)images,and collocated with European Center for Medium-Range Weather Fore-casts reanalysis data of(ECMWF).To improve the quality of GF-3 SAR images,the recalibration over rainforest and de-scalloping were carried out.To establish the empirical relationship between SAR-derived parameters and collocated SWH,the sensitivity analysis of typical parameters about the normalized radar cross section(Nrcs)and imagery variance(Cvar)were performed to both VV and VH polarized images.Four scenes from GF-3 SAR imagery under typhoon conditions were used for training the model by the multivari-ate least square regression,and one scene was used for preliminary validation.It was found that the joint retrieval model based on VV and VH polarized SAR imagery performed better than any single polarized model.These results,verified by using ECMWF data,revealed the soundness of this approach,with a correlation of 0.95,bias of 0 m,RMSE of 0.44 and SI of 0.01 when VV polarization and VH polarization data were both used.     

Subsurface target recognition in Utopia Planitia of Mars by Tianwen-1 FP-SPR simulation

As a cold and dry planet, Mars contains water resources in the form of water ice, so that the electromagnetic waves can be transmitted to the deep underground to get the information of the topography and subsurface geological structure. Subsurface penetrating radar(SPR) can be widely used in deep space exploration for a long time because of its non-destructive detection mode and its working characteristics not limited by visible light. It is an important type of equipment for detecting the subsurface structure of planets. Orbiter radar is mainly used in Mars exploration. However, because of its low resolution, it is difficult to describe the near surface structure, so there is a lack of radar data which can reflect the shallow information. In this paper, a three-dimensional near surface model of Utopia Planitia on Mars is established. In order to make the simulation results more reasonable, the key factors such as topographic relief, subsurface rocks and water ice, and the variation of dielectric constant in different layers are taken into account. Then the full polarization forward modeling is carried out by using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. The acquired full polarimetric subsurface penetrating radar(FP-SPR) data with noise is preprocessed and further processed by Pauli decomposition. The underground reflection can be picked up more clearly from the Pauli decomposition results. This work is helpful to identify more details of subsurface structures and provides a reference for the measured data in the future.     

Correlation analysis of X-band sea clutter in complex domain

The correlation analysis of sea clutter data in a complex domain is conducted in this study. Specific to X-band sea clutter, the statistical characteristics of the complex correlation, particularly the phase characteristics which are closely related to the phase difference of the sea clutter and the Doppler properties, are analyzed in detail based on the experimental data, recorded by the Mc Master University IPIX radar in 1993. That the phase term of the complex correlation presents linear change means that there exists the linearity of phase differences between different time intervals in the X-band sea clutter. This investigation explores the regularities about the effect of wind on the complex correlation with similar patterns for different polarization modes. The regularities indicate that the wind direction can be inferred from the distribution pattern of the complex correlation. Moreover, a model describing the relationships between the statistics of the complex correlation and wind parameters is proposed. The application for target detection based on the differences of characteristics of complex correlations between the sea clutter and the target are also investigated and the proposed features have been confirmed. The principle of the method is fundamental for broader future applications.     

CRInSAR与PSInSAR融合探测地表线性变形速率

提出利用CRInSAR与PSInSAR融合解算地表变形参数的算法。将CR点上获取的线性变形速率与高程改正结果作为PS基线网络的起算数据,依据最小二乘原理求解PS点上待求线性变形速率与高程改正值的最优解。这一算法可融合PSInSAR与CRInSAR两种算法的优势,起到很好的互补作用。实验显示,这一算法获取的线性变形速率精度可达±0.37 mm/a,高程改正值精度可达±0.5 m,证实该算法在实际地表变形监测中具备可行性。