氯化物和硫酸盐含钾建造的构造、成分及成因的基本特点

<正> 早已查明含钾盐类建造有钾盐和钾镁盐成分完全不同的两种类型:第一类为氧化物型。盐类矿物只有钾石盐和光卤石:第二类为硫酸盐型。在该种类型中,除了钾石盐和光卤石以外尚有硫镁矾、杂卤石、钾盐镁矾,无水钾镁矾等硫酸盐。据推测(1962;等,1978),这些建造形成于主要是海水补给的含盐海盆,同时,海水的成分是不变化的(至少在前寒武纪以后),其聚盐的古地理环境及大洋与陆地(由表生带)补给之间的相互关系,是在这类盆地中产生含钾盐类建造成矿特殊性的主要原因。但是其他因素在这种     

柴达木盆地察尔汗干盐湖钾镁盐的沉积

察尔汗钾镁盐沉积矿床自下而上分为S_1、S_2、S_3盐层。在上部盐层(S_3)形成过程中出现了四次咸化和三次淡化。咸化过程中以蒸发析盐作用为主,淡化过程中以掺杂、机械碎屑沉积及溶解作用为主。钾盐主要有三种形成方式:(1)与1盐滩共存的湖泊湖滨地带析出层状钾镁盐,湖水周期性地升降和风力作用促进了这一过程;(2)晶间卤水的进一步浓缩析出浸染状钾镁盐;(3)干盐滩的溶解改造形成一个新生湖,在其干化的最后阶段,析出似层状钾镁盐。     

柴达木盆地白钠镁矾的矿物学和稳定同位素特征

白钠镁矾是卤水演化过程中的次生硫酸盐矿物,含水蒸发盐矿物的镁等稳定同位素特征少有报道。实验选择柴达木盆地西部干盐湖钻孔SG-1中的白钠镁矾,对其进行了矿物学、结晶水氢氧同位素、镁同位素等的研究。柴达木盆地白钠镁矾的晶胞参数为a(nm)=0.553 76,b(nm)=0.824 7,c(nm)=1.111 7,β=100°45′。结晶水失水温度为135℃～180℃和200℃～298℃,Mg~(2+),Na~+和SO_4~(2-)含量分别为63.99×10~(-3)～82.8×10~(-3),134.33×10~(-3)～162.21×10~(-3),567×10~(-3)～641.62×10~(-3)。δ~(26)Mg为-1.163‰～-0.072‰,结晶水的δD为-12.10‰～3.72‰,δ~(18)O为13.07‰～15.34‰,浅部白钠镁矾的镁同位素及结晶水氢氧同位素值均比深部的值偏正,与研究区气候干旱化趋势一致,古湖水受到强烈的蒸发作用,Mg同位素的变化也具有环境指示意义。结晶水氢氧同位素线明显不同于大气降水线,也说明盐类矿物中氧同位素比该钻孔中石膏结晶水氧同位素明显偏正,说明白钠镁矾结晶水来源于大气降水,但受到强烈的蒸发作用影响。     

潜江凹陷下第三系盐层钾钠镁硫酸盐矿物的形成机理

<正> 潜江凹陷是白垩—第三纪的江汉盆地中的次一级继承性凹陷。凹陷内的潜江组(渐新统)盐系地层是一套内陆盐湖相巨厚沉积。盐系地层厚达3500米以上,其中盐类岩石累积厚度达1800米,并广泛分布有钾钠镁的硫酸盐复盐矿物,如无水钠镁矾、钠镁矾、盐镁芒硝、钾芒硝、无水钾镁矾等(图1)。由钾芒硝和无水钾镁矾组成的钾盐矿床,属于一种新的矿床类型。研究该矿床矿物的形成条件,共生组合及其在剖面上的变化规律,对于查明这类矿物的沉积条件和形成过程,具有一定的理论意义和现实意义。     

潜江凹陷下第三系盐层钾钠镁硫酸盐矿物的形成机理

潜江凹陷是自垩—第三纪的江汉盆地中次一级的继承性凹陷.凹陷内潜江组(渐新统)盐系地层是一套巨厚的内陆盐湖沉积.盐系地层厚达3500米以上,其中盐类岩石累计厚度达1800米,并广泛分布有钾钠镁的硫酸盐复盐矿物,如无水钠镁矾、钠镁矾、盐镁芒硝、钾芒硝、无水钾镁矾等(图1).由钾芒硝和无水钾镁矾组成的钾矿层,在钾盐矿床中属于一种新的矿床类型.研究这些矿物的形成条件,共生组合及其在剖面上的变化规律,对于查明该盐矿床的沉积条件和形成过程,具有一定的理论和现实意义.     

老挝甘蒙钾盐矿床钾镁盐矿层中裂隙水的地球化学特征及其成因探讨

老挝钾盐矿所属的呵叻盆地是世界上最大的钾盐矿集区之一,矿物组合主要为石盐、光卤石和次生钾石盐等,裂隙水分布于钾镁盐矿层中(深度150m左右)。裂隙水渗漏已严重影响了矿区生产安全,但关于该水体的来源及演化过程仍不明确。本文系统采集矿层中裂隙水及周围各种水体样品12件,并测试其水化学及氢氧(2 H、18 O)同位素组成。结果表明裂隙水矿化度较高(368.1g/L~430.7g/L),裂隙水与盐泉水水化学类型同为氯化物型,分析常微量离子含量特征及水化学特征系数,显示裂隙水受到钾镁盐溶滤掺杂的影响。裂隙水δD=-64.2‰~-55.2‰,δ~(18) O=-7.75‰~-7.1‰,其比值范围显著区别于石盐(δD=-144‰~-78‰,δ~(18) O=-1.1‰~4.2‰)和钾镁盐(δD=-54.75‰~-1.42‰,δ~(18) O=-7.09‰~0.95‰)沉积阶段原始卤水氢氧同位素组成,而位于全球大气降水线附近,表明裂隙水不具有原始残留卤水特征,而主要由大气降水溶滤蒸发岩矿物所形成。裂隙水成因的查明为该区地下水循环和钾盐矿床开发过程中地下水渗漏治理提供了一定依据。     

青藏高原盐湖水化学及其矿物组合特征

青藏高原湖泊的矿化度与其湖泊演化所处的自然环境,特别是与气候条件关系密切,根据取得盐湖数量和卫片解译,本区湖泊矿化度在空间上变化的总趋势是由北、西北向南、东南趋向下降,大体上与现代高原年干燥度(年蒸发量/年降水量)呈同步变化。高原盐湖的pH值既与水化学类型有关,又与湖水矿化度有关,即由碳酸盐型→硫酸钠亚型→硫酸镁亚型→氧化物型,其pH值趋于下降,而湖泊的pH值与矿化度大体呈反相关。根据库尔纳可夫—瓦良什科分类法及作者对碳酸盐型的细分,对青藏高原盐湖水化学进行了全面细致划分,从而取得了清晰的规律性认识:本区盐湖水化学具有南北分带,东西分区的特点。不同的盐湖水化学类型,具有不同的专属性,碳酸盐型代表性成矿组合为硼砂(三方硼砂)或硼砂—扎布耶石,以及碱—芒硝组合;硫酸钠亚型代表性成矿组合为芒硝(无水芒硝)—石盐以及镁硼酸盐(库水硼镁石、柱硼镁石等)—钠硼解石—芒硝;硫酸镁亚型代表性成矿组合为硫酸镁盐(泻利盐、白钠镁矾)—石盐、镁硼酸盐—芒硝、芒硝—软钾镁矾—石盐以及大量石膏;氯化物型代表性成矿组合则为光卤石—水氯镁石—石盐、光卤石—石盐,个别盐湖共生南极石。由此可见,青藏高原各类型盐湖矿物组合基本上具有冷相组合特征,芒硝及与其共生的冷相盐类矿物,可成为研究古气候变化的重要标志物。目前已检出青藏高原盐湖水含有59种元素,其中B与Li、Cs、K、Rb有密切共生关系,其含量随湖水矿化度增长大致呈正相关;B、Li、Cs、K、Rb最高正异常落在羌南碳酸盐型带(Ⅰ2)西段—昂拉陵湖区为中心地区;并与本区中新世火山沉积岩系和地热水B、Li、Cs、Rb等高值区并行不悖。以上有力证明B、Li、Cs等特殊元素物质与深部来源有关。据近期大量地球物理和火山岩岩石地球化学研究,其成因与印度—欧亚陆陆碰撞引起的重熔岩浆作用有密切成因联系。南美科迪勒拉高原硼锂(铯)盐湖即生成于活动大陆边缘,两者均说明全球特定的活动构造带是造成天然水B、Li、Cs(K、Rb)高丰度及其成矿作用的主因。     

塔里木盆地西南部和北部盐泉水化学特征及找钾指标探讨

对塔里木盆地西南部及北部盐泉水化学特征、成因进行了研究, 同时对研究区水化学离子比值作了探讨并提出相应的找钾指标体系。野外采样分析和收集文献资料共获得192件盐泉水样数据。塔里木盆地西南部(莎车盆地)水化学类型主要为硫酸盐型(硫酸镁亚型和硫酸钠亚型), 少数为氯化物型, 而北部(库车盆地)氯化物型占主导, 其次是硫酸盐型。盐泉水演化过程较复杂, 包含了深部物源补给、盐岩溶滤、地表水的混合以及强烈蒸发作用的影响。从水化学特征系数(离子比值)看, 研究区钾氯系数、镁氯系数、钠氯系数, 结合硼氯系数, 较适合作为找钾指标; 盐泉水贫溴的特点导致大部分数据点溴氯系数极低、钾溴系数又极高, 建议不作为最主要的水化学找钾指标。利用SPSS软件对盐泉水各化学组分、矿化度和离子比值的环境背景值作了统计计算。水化学特征系数背景值和异常值指标体系的确定为今后在开展水化学方法找钾和预测成钾靶区提供了有利的数据支持和依据。     

基于海相石盐流体包裹体的古海水演化热力学模拟

传统观点认为地质时期海水成分一成不变,然而包裹体测试技术的迅速发展,揭示出显生宙以来海水成分至少发生过两次大的旋回变化。本文基于世界多个海相沉积盆地的原生石盐包裹体实测数据,探讨了显生宙以来古海水地球化学、水化学类型、蒸发岩矿物组合特征的显著变化,并结合EQL/EVP卤水蒸发平衡模型,定量模拟了两种典型海水的蒸发演化过程、析盐规律和矿物组合特征,分析和探讨了中国海相沉积盆地的成钾前景。应用Spencer相图,揭示出在过去的600 Ma期间,古海水成分点在Cl-SO4和Ca-Cl两个相区内随时间发生周期性的震荡变化,志留纪、泥盆纪、侏罗纪和白垩纪的海水类型与现代海水迥然不同,为典型的Ca-Cl型水。Mg-2KSO4/Mg-Ca-2KJnecke相图分析结果显示,这些时期的石盐包裹体成分,位于富CaCl2、贫MgSO4的Mg-Ca-2K相图中光卤石、钾石盐稳定相区,指示原始海水相对于现代海水具有富Ca、贫Mg的特征,其析出的典型矿物组合主要有石盐、钾石盐、光卤石和溢晶石等。而新元古代、二叠纪和第三纪大部分石盐包裹体成分,都落到了Mg-2KSO4相图上的钾盐镁矾和钾石盐相区,和现代海水成分较为类似,具有富Mg2+、SO2-4的特征,其析出的典型矿物组合包括石盐、钾盐镁矾、硫镁矾、钾石盐和光卤石等。EQL/EVP定量模拟结果显示,富SO4-Mg型的海水和富CaCl型的古海水,蒸发演化路径和矿物析出序列截然不同,Ca-Cl型的海水更易形成优质钾盐矿床,有利的成钾时段为寒武纪-早石炭世、侏罗世-新生代早中期。     

从四川盆地盐类变质资料看找钾方向

四川盆地三叠系盐类在地史经历中，经受强烈的热融和水溶变质作用，使盐类沉积原始面貌发生深刻变化。（钾组分转入液相，形成液态钾盐—富钾卤水）现剖面所见硬石膏、杂卤石、硫镁矾、无水钾镁矾等多系热融和水溶变质产物。面对这一现实，理顺和拓宽四川找钾思路，勘查开发液态钾盐，是四川找钾的新方向。     

Shallow lake problems — the Chudsko-Pskovskoje lake a case study

A case study of the Chudsko-Pskovskoje Lake (located some 200 km SW of Leningrad), the largest shallow-water lake in Europe, describes individual links in the trophic chain and their dependence on hydrological factors which control the eutrophication process. Current systems within the lake are modelled numerically, using a three-dimensional model of non-stratified currents. Results of modelling are confirmed by generalized field measurements. Nutrient and biotic conditions in the lake are described and ways of preventing eutrophication are discussed.     

Evaluating the influence of lake morphology,trophic status and diagenesis on geochemical profiles in lake sediments

Recent geochemical studies provide evidence that changes in vertical distributions of nutrients in lake sediments are driven by anthropogenic activities, based primarily on trends of increasing concentrations in upper sediment layers. However, the present study shows that vertical concentration profiles of C, N and P in lake sediments can be higher in the upper, most recently deposited sediment strata, driven largely by natural diagenetic processes and not eutrophication alone. Sediment cores from 14 different lakes in New Zealand and China were examined ranging from oligotrophic to highly eutrophic and shallow to deep, and it was found that the shape of vertical profiles of total P, a key nutrient for lake productivity, can be similar in sediments across gradients of widely differing trophic status. Empirical and mechanistic diagenesis steady state profile models were derived and applied to describe the vertical distribution of C, N and P in the sediments. These models, which focus on large scale temporal (decades) and spatial (up to 35 cm in the vertical) processes, revealed that density-differentiated burial and biodiffusive mixing, were strongly correlated with vertical concentration gradients of sediment C, N and P content, whereas lake trophic status was not. A sensitivity analysis of parameters included in the diagenetic model further showed that the processes including flux of organic matter to the sediment–water interface, burial (net sedimentation), breakdown of organic matter and biodiffusion all can significantly influence the vertical distribution of sediment P content. It was concluded that geochemical studies attempting to evaluate drivers of the vertical distribution of sediment C, N and P content in lake sediments should also account for the natural diagenetic drivers of vertical concentration gradients, assisted with application of similar models to those presented in this study. This would include quantification of key sediment diagenesis model parameters to separate out the influence of anthropogenic activities.     

Multiple drivers of Holocene lake level changes at a lowland lake in northeastern Germany

Many German lakes experienced significant water level declines in recent decades that are not fully understood due to the short observation period. At a typical northeastern German groundwater‐fed lake with a complex basin morphology, an acoustic sub‐bottom profile was analysed together with a transect of five sediment cores, which were correlated using multiple proxies (sediment facies, μ‐XRF, macrofossils, subfossil Cladocera). Shifts in the boundary between sand and mud deposition were controlled by lake level changes, and hence, allowed the quantification of an absolute lake level amplitude of ~8 m for the Holocene. This clearly exceeded observed modern fluctuations of 1.3 m (AD 1973–2010). Past lake level changes were traced continuously using the calcium‐record. During high lake levels, massive organic muds were deposited in the deepest lake basin, whereas lower lake levels isolated the sub‐basins and allowed carbonate deposition. During the beginning of the Holocene (>9700 cal. a BP), lake levels were high, probably due to final melting of permafrost and dead‐ice remains. The establishment of water‐use intensive Pinus forests caused generally low (3–4 m below modern) but fluctuating lake levels (9700–6400 cal. a BP). Afterwards, the lake showed an increasing trend and reached a short‐term highstand at c. 5000 cal. a BP (4 m above modern). At the transition towards a cooler and wetter late Holocene, forests dominated by Quercus and Fagus and initial human impact probably contributed more positively to groundwater recharge. Lake levels remained high between 3800 and 800 cal. a BP, but the lake system was not sensitive enough to record short‐term fluctuations during this period. Lake level changes were recorded again when humans profoundly affected the drainage system, land cover and lake trophy. Hence, local Holocene water level changes reflect feedbacks between catchment and vegetation characteristics and human impact superimposed by climate change at multiple temporal scales.     

Monitoring playa lake inundation in the western United States: Modern analogues to late-Holocene lake level change

Closed basin playas are among the most sensitive hydrologic systems globally and are excellent indicators of current and past climatic variability. This variability can significantly impact hydrologic regimes and biotic communities, and is often expressed in lake-bed deposits and shoreline features. We analyzed two playa basins in western North America that lie to either side of the current divide between monsoon and westerly precipitation regimes. Using a 23-year sequence of Landsat images at a 16-day time step, we determined the playa inundation response to varying precipitation inputs. Our results show that a strongly contrasting lake-inundation response occurs in lake basins separated by only 200 km. The Animas/Lordsburg Basin shows a marked lake-area increase in response to winter precipitation events, while the more southerly Palomas Basin shows a stronger response to monsoonal and El Niño-type events. This sensitivity to different input sources over short distances may explain some of the apparent asynchronous behavior of playa response found in lake records. Comprehensive regional-scale inundation records could be used to understand the dynamics of playa inundation events and how these events are linked to atmospheric circulation, and possibly to understand the observed asynchronous behavior of lake basins during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.     

Variations in the isotopic composition of molybdenum in freshwater lake systems

Variations in molybdenum isotopic composition, spanning the range of ∼ 2.3‰ in the terms of ⁹⁷Mo/⁹⁵Mo ratio, have been measured in sediment cores from three lakes in northern Sweden and north-western Russia. These variations have been produced by both isotopically variable input of Mo into the lakes due to Mo isotopic heterogeneity of bedrock in the drainage basins and fractionation in the lake systems due to temporal variations in limnological conditions. Mo isotope abundances of bedrock in the lake drainage basins have been documented by analysis of Mo isotope ratios of a suite of molybdenite occurrences collected in the studied area and of detrital fractions of the lake sediment cores. The median δ⁹⁷Mo value of the investigated molybdenites is 0.26‰ with standard deviation of 0.43‰ (n = 19), whereas the median δ⁹⁷Mo value of detrital sediment fractions from two lakes is − 0.40‰ with standard deviation of 0.36‰ (n = 15).The isotopic composition of Mo in the sediment cores has been found to be dependent on redox conditions of the water columns and the dominant type of scavenging phases. Hydrous Fe oxides have been shown to be an efficient scavenger of Mo from porewater under oxic conditions. Oxidative precipitation of Fe(II) in the sediments resulted in co-precipitation of Mo and significant authigenic enrichment at the redox boundary. In spite of a pronounced increase in Mo concentration associated with Fe oxides at the redox boundary the isotopic composition of Mo in this zone varies insignificantly, suggesting little or no isotope fractionation during scavenging of Mo by hydrous Fe oxides. In a lake with anoxic bottom water a chironomid-inferred reconstruction of O₂ conditions in the bottom water through the Holocene indicates that increased O₂ concentrations are generally associated with low δ⁹⁷Mo/⁹⁵Mo values of the sediments, whereas lowered O₂ contents of the bottom water are accompanied by relatively high δ⁹⁷Mo/⁹⁵Mo values, thus confirming the potential of Mo isotope data to be a proxy for redox conditions of overlying waters. However, it is pointed out that other processes including input of isotopically heterogeneous Mo and Mn cycling in the redox-stratified water column can be a primary cause of variations in Mo isotopic compositions of lake sediments.     

Late-glacial-Holocene climate of the lake district of Chile

Pollen evidence from a 350-cm section of a fen in a moraine belt at Rucañancu (39°33′S, 72°18′W) bears on the controversy regarding interpretation of late-glacial and Holocene climate in midlatitude Chile. Earlier pollen studies, indicating a cooling trend between approximately 11,000 and 10,000 yr B.P., disagreed with observations of glacier fluctuations which show continuous glacier wastage and, by inference, warming after 12,500 yr B.P. and possibly earlier, up until Neoglaciation, beginning after 6850 yr B.P. Fossil beetle assemblage data in this time range support the interpretation of climate made from the observed glacier behavior. At Rucañancu, a pollen assemblage containing upper montane podocarp (Podocarpus andinus) in quantities reaching 34% and dating between 10,440 and 10,000 yr B.P. implies a cold climate with summer temperatures possibly 5–8°C lower than today's. Holocene warming began afterward, later than the glacier and beetle records indicate, and continued until at least 8350 yr B.P., as suggested by the sequence of assemblages dominated by Myrtaceae, by Aextoxicon punctatum, and by Gramineae. A subsequent assemblage of Nothofagus obliqua type implies an increase of moisture until 6960 yr B.P., following which N. dombeyi type, under a cool and humid Neoglacial climate, became dominant.