水沙过程变异下洞庭湖系统功能的连锁响应

从作用于洞庭湖系统功能的水沙过程人手,探讨水沙过程变异下湖泊系统功能的连锁响应认为:①洞庭湖是一个由其形态系统功能、生态系统功能和服务系统功能共同维系的巨系统;②水沙条件变化导致湖盆结构变形、湖面湖容缩小、生物多样性不稳定、航运里程缩短、水环境净化能力减弱、东方田鼠与钉螺极度膨胀、鱼类捕捞产量和水资源量减少等响应现象;...     

典型年洞庭湖系统健康综合评价

以洞庭湖各典型年的遥感影像、相关图件、社会经济数据及水沙、水质监测等实测资料为依据,基于湖泊健康 “PSR”响应模型,构建了综合评价指标体系,确定了具体的评价指标、评价标准、指标权重和评价等级,采用主成分分析法评价洞庭湖系统健康状况的空间差异,以模糊综合评判法评价其典型年动态变化特征。结果表明：① 从各典型年来看,1986年和1998年洞庭湖处于不健康状态,1991年为临界健康;而三峡工程蓄水运行之后洞庭湖均处于临界健康状态。② 从空间分布上看,南洞庭湖系统健康状况相对较好,其次是东洞庭湖,最差的是西洞庭湖。③ 从压力-状态-响应健康指数来看,各典型年压力隶属度均为不健康,尤其是三峡工程蓄水运行后;其状态、响应隶属度一直保持在临界健康水平。这说明洞庭湖虽保持了较为完整的自然形态、结构基本合理、生态服务价值稳定,但已出现“病症”。作为国家级自然保护区,洞庭湖健康整体水平仍需进一步提升。     

洞庭湖年径流泥沙的演变特征及其动因

通过对洞庭湖1951~1998年径流泥沙演变过程及其驱动力的全面分析表明, 径流泥沙关系密切, 其相关系数r = 0.9013。年径流量、年输沙量总体均呈同步减少趋势, 在演变过程中表现出明显的阶段性。由于湘、资、沅、澧四水流域产水量大, 森林覆盖率达52%以上, 连年兴建的水利工程及工农业、生活用水量的增加, 未能对四水河流水文特征产生根本性的影响, 其入湖径流泥沙基本处于稳定状态, 故没有对湖泊径流泥沙的演变造成深刻影响。而由长江中游河段的调弦口堵口, 下荆江系统裁弯和葛洲坝截流所引起的3次江湖水沙关系调整, 即是导致洞庭湖径流泥沙缓减速减的主动因子。     

水沙过程变化下洞庭湖区的生态效应分析

依据1951-2009年实测水文数据及多年实地考察资料,对比分析水沙过程变化对洞庭湖区生物群落及其生存环境的影响.结果表明:(1)水沙过程对生物群落及其生存环境具有多方面的生态支撑作用,水沙动态是洞庭湖生态系统的控制性变量;(2)泥沙的不断淤积,使各类植被洲滩发育与扩展,导致湖面缩小及调蓄功能减弱和天然捕捞鱼场减少;(3)各类植被洲滩相继出露和湖水位涨落交替过程,不但维系着东方田鼠种群数量及迁移的延续,还支撑着钉螺(血吸虫的中间宿主)的孳生和繁衍;(4)入湖水沙量的逐期减少,削弱了水域环境的净化能力,“四     

洞庭湖调蓄作用分析

洞庭湖作为长江中游的一个吞吐式大型湖泊，调蓄荆江洪水并调节湖南省湘江、资水、沅江、澧水四水水沙泄入长江。洞庭湖的调蓄相当于大型水库调节，然而又与水库调蓄有所区别。该文从分流分沙比、调蓄量以及削峰系数等几个方面来分析洞庭湖调蓄作用。并提出了洞庭湖区以适度退田还湖，蓄洪区采用退人不退耕的单退还湖方式，增加其调蓄能力，缓解自身防洪压力的有效措施。     

Mutual effects between morphological characteristics and variations of flow-sediment process of Dongting Lake during 1951～2009

以历史文献、图件及1951～2009年长系水沙等资料为依据,对比分析洞庭湖形态与水沙过程的互动响应,结果表明：由于湖泊形态与水沙过程存在着相互作用的关系,近60年间,水沙过程以多种形式改变湖泊形态特征值,如湖盆结构破碎、解体,水深变浅以及湖面﹑湖容依次减少1840km2及130×108 m3;同时湖泊形态特征值改变也引起水沙特性变异,在1951～2002年间湖盆蓄水量呈明显的增减波动,但同流量下汛期水位普遍抬高1.2～1.90m,西﹑南﹑东洞庭湖水位变幅依次增大1.61m、1.39m和1.35m,各主要水文站前5位最高洪水位排序的年份均出现在湖面积（容积）历史最低值,泥沙淤积率为70%以上;2003年6月三峡水库蓄水及＂退田还湖＂后,高、中水位下湖盆调蓄量有所减少,城陵矶丰、枯水位分别降低1.12m及0.35m,西湖区与东南湖区的泥沙输出比均呈增大趋势,泥沙淤积率减至35.9%。其互动响应机制,可概化为泥沙淤积循环→湖盆结构破碎、解体,湖面湖容缩小→水沙特性异变→改变湖泊形态→水沙特性变异的互动响应动态演进模式。     

洞庭湖环境系统变化对水文情势的响应

为全面揭示洞庭湖近数十年的水情异常与成因,将湖区视作一个大系统来研究。经水位~流量关系等多种方法研究表明：(1)入湖四水尾闾同水位流量减少1 200~2 800 m³/s,同流量水位抬高0.49~1.28 m;(2) 荆江三口分水比减少19.2%,分沙比减少25.1%;(3) 澧水、松滋、南洞庭湖等主洪道的水位流量关系均发生了较大变化;(4) 天然调蓄能力下降40%,湖口同流量水位抬高1.80~2.50 m;(5) 7~8月湖垸关系常处于危急状态。其主要原因是泥沙淤积恶性循环,导致了湖泊环境系统功能的变化,而由下荆江3处裁弯所引起的江湖水沙调整则加速了其变化过程。这些变化过程对水情的复合响应是：入湖水沙呈逐渐减少趋势变化,洪水位普遍抬高1.50~1.80 m,湖口有时出现江水倒流,洪水涨率增大,高洪水位持续时间长等异常水文现象,且给湖区造成了巨大的洪水压力。     

近60年洞庭湖泊形态与水沙过程的互动响应

以历史文献、图件及1951～2009年长系水沙等资料为依据,对比分析洞庭湖形态与水沙过程的互动响应,结果表明:由于湖泊形态与水沙过程存在着相互作用的关系,近60年间,水沙过程以多种形式改变湖泊形态特征值,如湖盆结构破碎、解体,水深变浅以及湖面﹑湖容依次减少1840km²及130×10⁸m³;同时湖泊形态特征值改变也引起水沙特性变异,在1951～2002年间湖盆蓄水量呈明显的增减波动,但同流量下汛期水位普遍抬高1.2～1.90m,西﹑南﹑东洞庭湖水位变幅依次增大1.61m、1.39m和1.35m,各主要水文站前5位最高洪水位排序的年份均出现在湖面积(容积)历史最低值,泥沙淤积率为70%以上;2003年6月三峡水库蓄水及"退田还湖"后,高、中水位下湖盆调蓄量有所减少,城陵矶丰、枯水位分别降低1.12m及0.35m,西湖区与东南湖区的泥沙输出比均呈增大趋势,泥沙淤积率减至35.9%。其互动响应机制,可概化为泥沙淤积循环→湖盆结构破碎、解体,湖面湖容缩小→水沙特性异变→改变湖泊形态→水沙特性变异的互动响应动态演进模式。     

基于Copula函数的洞庭湖流域水沙丰枯遭遇频率分析

受人类活动的影响,水沙灾害事件相继发生,对人们的生产、生活造成了威胁。以洞庭湖流域代表性水文站的年径流量和年输沙量系列数据为基础,应用P-III型曲线分别拟合并求得“松滋口、太平口、藕池口”三口入湖、“湘江、资江、沅水、澧水”四水入湖和城陵矶站出湖年径流量、年输沙量的边缘分布函数,再采用水文事件遭遇分析中广泛应用的Copula函数,建立洞庭湖流域水沙联合分布模型,分析洞庭湖流域水沙丰枯遭遇频率。研究结果表明洞庭湖三口、四水和城陵矶站的水沙丰枯遭遇频率关系与洞庭湖流域的水沙运动有密切联系,运用该水沙耦合模型可以为洞庭湖流域防洪减灾提供重要的理论依据。     

洞庭湖的演变与治理(上)——Ⅰ洞庭湖的沉积

1、湖泊与入湖河流概况 洞庭湖是长江流域三大淡水湖之一,据1977年量测,湖泊水域面积2740平方公里,容积178亿立米,在我国淡水湖中居第二位。今日洞庭湖及其入湖河流情况由图1所示。赤山以西称西洞庭湖,因受泥沙淤积,目前已分裂成许多小湖,有目草湖、大连湖与七里湖等。水面积共345平方公里,占洞庭湖面积的12.6％。赤山以东至湘江口称南洞庭湖,水面积917平方公里,占全湖面积33.5％。湘江口至城陵矶七里山称东洞庭湖,水面积为1476.9平方公里,占全湖面积的53.9％。     

洞庭湖湿地生态系统服务价值评估与生态恢复对策

为了评估洞庭湖湿地生态服务价值,提出生态恢复对策,运用市场价值法、影子工程法、碳税法、替代费用法等方法评估其生态服务价值,基于评估结果和恢复生态学原理,提出其生态恢复对策系统。研究结果表明,洞庭湖湿地生态服务价值多样且巨大,尤以生产性价值、调蓄洪水的价值、净化水质和维持生物多样性的价值最为显著。因此洞庭湖湿地管理策略,应以洞庭湖湿地生态恢复为首要任务,以发展适应湿地生态环境的产业群和促进经济与生态良性循环为目标,外生态恢复和内生态恢复有机统一,以保障洞庭湖湿地的生态服务功能。     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The Dongting Lake is located in the south beach of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Its catchment, with an area of 262,823 km2 or about 12% of the total Yangtze River catchment, is situated between 28o43?29o32扤 and 112o54?113o8扙, and crosses Hubei and Hunan provinces in administrative division. The main tributaries include Xiangjiang, Zishui, Yuanjiang, Lishui rivers (4 Tributaries) and some local rivers, such as Miluo River, Xinqiang River and other little streams. In the nor…     

洞庭湖演变趋势探讨

洞庭湖的演变主要受构造沉降、泥沙淤积和人类活动影响三大因素的控制。目前 ,洞庭湖盆的构造沉降速率虽然较低 (3～ 10mm/a) ,但构造沉降量仍抵消了部分泥沙淤积量 ,在一定程度上抑制了洞庭湖日益萎缩的趋势。由于湖盆中泥沙淤积速率大于构造沉降速率 ,洲滩会继续发育和扩展 ,洞庭湖仍保持淤高的趋势。在“4 35 0工程”完成和三峡建坝后 80年内 ,湖盆泥沙淤积速率将降低到 1 79mm/a ,洞庭湖不断淤高的趋势将得到减缓。     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The sediments of the Dongting Lake come from four channels (one of them was closed in 1959), connected with the Yangtze River, four tributaries (Lishui, Yuanjiang, Zishui and Xiangjiang) and local area, and some of them are transported into the Yangtze River in Chenglingji, which is located at the exit of the Dongting Lake, some of them deposit into drainage system in the lake region and the rest deposit into the lake. The annual mean sediment is 166,555x104 t, of which 80% come from the four channels, 18% from the four tributaries and 2% from local area, whereas 26% of the total sediments are transported into the Yangtze River and 74% deposited into the lake and the lake drainage system. Based on topographic maps of 1974, 1988 and 1998, and the spatial analysis method with geographic information system (GIS), changes in sediment deposition and erosion are studied in this paper. By overlay analysis of 1974 and 1988, 1988 and 1998, erosion and sediments deposition areas are defined. The main conclusions are: (1) sediment rate in the lake is larger than erosion rate from 1974 to 1998. The mean deposition in the lake is 0.43 m; (2) annual sediment deposition is the same between 1974-1988 and 1988-1998, but the annual volume of deposition and erosion of 1988-1998 is bigger than that in 1974-1988; (3) before the completion of the Three Gorges Reservoir, there will be 7.82x108 m3 of sediments deposited in the lake, which would make the lake silted up by 0.33 m; (4) in the lake, the deposition area is found in the north of the east Dongting Lake, the south-west of the south Dongting Lake, and the east of the west Dongting Lake; while the eroded area is in the south of the east Dongting Lake, the middle of the south Dongting Lake, the west of the west Dongting Lake, as well as Xiangjiang and Lishui river flood channels.     

洞庭湖区钉螺及疫情的空间分布与水环境质量关系

在地理信息系统空间分析模块的支持下,对洞庭湖区钉螺及疫情的空间分布特征及其原因进行了深入探讨,并对两者之间的关系进行了研究;同时,通过对洞庭湖营养状态的评价,对钉螺及疫情分布与水环境质量的关系进行了研究。结果表明:洞庭湖区螺情及疫情呈现出比较复杂的空间分布特征,表现为益阳市南县及其周围地区以及长沙市望城区居民感染率和钉螺感染率均偏低;岳阳市临湘市的居民感染率与钉螺感染率之间、岳阳市湘阴县的居民感染率、耕牛感染率与钉螺感染率之间呈负相关关系;各监测点钉螺分布与疫情分布之间没有显著的相关性;洞庭湖水体的富营养化现象有利于钉螺的生存,一定程度上将加剧疫情的控制难度。     

Potential Impacts of Proposed Chenglingji Hydraulic Project on Wetlands in Dongting Lake

Water level fluctuation of is an important ecological character of lakes in monsoon climate zone.It is the key driver to seasonal change of the wetlands and associated habitats,which provide vital inhabiting conditions for different species in summer and winter,or,wet season and dry season.Due the hydrologic regime changes in the recent years after the operation of Three Gorges Dam,in 2012,the government of Hunan province proposed Chenglingji Hydraulic Project,aiming at water level control in dry season at Chenglingji,where the outlet of Dongting Lake located.Through different operations on water retreat process,five scenarios on the water level control from 21 m to 24 m were set in the plan.The potential ecological impacts of the project are under enormous public concern.To analyze potential impacts from different scenarios of water level control on the wetlands,this paper studied the topography of Dongting Lake bed and wetlands in dry season,by using Digital Elevation Model(DEM)and 15 images from HJ satellite and 1 image from Landsat TM.The wetlands at water levels of 19 m to 27 m were analyzed.The study revealed that there were 4 terrain steps on Dongting Lake bed from the West Dongting Lake to East Dongting Lake.Water level control at Chenglingji would increase area of open water in East Dongting Lake and Hengling Lake areas,while its effect on South Dongting Lake and West Dongting Lake areas due to higher terrain was weaker.Particularly,the area percentages of South Dongting Lake area did not change with water level fluctuation,due to its 2 elevation steps.The area percentages of various types of the wetlands in Dongting Lake area during the processes of water level rising and retreating were quite different,even in the relatively close water level interval.The retreating area of open water in autumn was larger than that during the spring flooding.The 23 m was the key water level,a turning point of the area change of the wetlands in Dongting Lake area.Areas of open water,mudflat,meadows and their percentages changed significantly at water levels above 23 meters,with increasing of open water area and shrinking of meadow area,their areas would decrease 30 000 ha.As the key habitats for wintering geese,the area of meadows was from near 70 000 ha to 10 000 ha.Among 5 scenarios,the impact of the scenario at 21 m elevation on wetlands was the weakest.However,water level dropping was still postponed than that of natural hydrological process in the scenarios.It resulted in longer inundation of large area of lakebed at elevation of 22-23 m,increasing habitats for aquatic biodiversity but reducing area of the meadows,where is the key habitat for wintering geese.All the other water level control scenarios would cause large area of inundation of lakebed in dry season and dramatic change of wetlands.To maintain the natural wetlands in Dongting Lake area,the Chenglingji Hydraulic Project should be considered in a more cautious way and further researches were needed on the response of aquatic biodiversity and wintering water birds.     

洞庭湖地区农业功能时空演变的影响机制研究

农业功能的时空演变规律和影响因素研究是引导地区分工、凸显地域价值、促进区域协调发展的科学依据。以洞庭湖地区24个县市区为研究区域，分别从粮食生产功能、就业与社会保障功能、生态保育功能和旅游休闲功能构建评价指标体系，运用熵值法、农业功能变化时空差异诊断模型、地理探测器等方法模型对洞庭湖地区1997—2017年农业功能的动态变化过程、影响因素与作用机制进行研究。结果表明：① 1997—2017年洞庭湖地区农业功能时空变化特征显著：洞庭湖地区粮食生产功能整体呈增强趋势，且中部地区增强明显；就业与社会保障功能整体呈减弱变化趋势，市辖区尤为明显；生态保育功能整体呈减弱趋势且变化幅度大，石门县、安化县等丘陵地区减弱明显，而洞庭湖中部平原区域增强；旅游休闲功能整体呈增强变化态势，石门县、桃江县等地区以及各市辖区旅游休闲功能大幅度提升。② 农业发展基础是农业功能演变的决定性因素，地区发展水平是农业功能演变的重要因素，生产环境质量是洞庭湖地区农业功能演变的基础因素；地区发展水平对农业功能演变的影响程度逐渐上升，生产环境质量因素的影响程度逐渐下降；各影响因子之间存在交互作用，农业功能时空的演变过程及结构受到多个因子共同影响，说明洞庭湖地区农业功能演变的影响因素存在显著的复杂性特征。     

洞庭湖与长江水体交换能力演变及对三峡水库运行的响应

运用洞庭湖区与长江干流相关控制站1951-2010 年实测水文数据, 在分析江湖水力关系的基础上, 从不同时间尺度分析江湖水体交换能力的演变特征及其对三峡水库运行的响应。结果表明:① 7-9 月长江荆南三口对洞庭湖的补给能力较强, 1-3 月洞庭湖对长江的补给能力较强;② 江湖水体交换系数具有明显的年代际波动, 其中1951-1958 年、1959-1968 年荆南三口对湖泊的补给能力较强, 而2003-2010 年湖泊对长江的补给能力增强;③ 三峡水库运行后无论是典型年还是在水库不同调度方式运行期, 三口分泄能力减弱, 入湖水量减少, 而因四水入湖水量占绝对优势, 湖泊对长江的补给能力明显增强;④ 尽管影响江湖水体交换能力的因素极为复杂, 但从总体上讲, 除受流域降水波动影响外, 江湖水体交换能力在不同时间尺度上的演变特征及其过程均随着江湖水体交换量的变化而变化, 说明江湖水体交换能力强度与江湖水体交换量之间存在着彼此消长的关系。