经略大西洋:从区域化到全球化海洋战略

经略大西洋是着眼未来、建设海洋强国的战略抉择,更是我国海洋战略从区域化走向全球化的未来趋势。文章阐述全球化时代国际海洋秩序的变革以及各国相应的海洋战略调整,分析大西洋的重要历史地位与现实战略意义,并从地理位置、海上贸易、航运安全和海洋资源开发等角度探讨大西洋对我国的战略价值;基于北极航道的逐步开通,进一步分析未来经略大西洋的契机;在此基础上开展我国对大西洋的战略考量,提出现阶段可以把经济与贸易合作、海洋秩序维护以及科考与资源开发保护作为我国战略的优先选项。     

日本海洋战略的发展及对我国的借鉴

文章总结日本海洋战略的制定与调整过程,分析其战略调整的背景,以及调整后的海洋战略在海洋经济、海洋环境和海洋权益等领域的主要表现,并重点从战略、法律法规、海上力量建设以及宣传教育等方面研究提出我国海洋战略发展的对策和建议,即:加快制定实施我国的海洋战略;健全和完善我国的海洋法律法规体系与相关制度;推进我国海上力量建设;提高公民海洋意识,以期为决策层提供参考依据。     

北极航线战略对中国海洋强国建设的催化作用研究

文章以北极航线战略作为中国海洋强国建设的切入点,在分析主要海权国家海运航线战略以及北极航线战略在政治、经济、军事、文化对海洋强国建设的影响的基础上,着重从5个方面探讨了北极航线战略对我国海洋强国建设的催化作用实质:一是中国对北极地区的科学考察,有助于深入海洋认知和强化海洋生态保护;二是中国商船在北极航线的安全通行,有助于提高海洋利用水平;三是中国对外贸易潜力的增长,有助于推动海洋经济发展;四是中国对外关系的发展,有助于进一步营造和谐海洋局面;五是中国对北极航线战略通道的利用,有助于加快建设海洋强国的步伐。     

海权战略的深层困惑

伴随《联合国海洋法公约》生效以后,国际海洋秩序及其斗争方式和手段的深刻变革,过去相对沉寂的中国海权问题研究成为近年来中国国际战略研究领域内的一个重要课题,并出现了可喜的学术争鸣。有的学者从中国要适应经济全球化背景下国家利益和安全战略的需要出发,疾呼中国需要发展海权,并建立一支强大的海军;有的学者则从地缘政治制约性、综合国力的支撑能力与霸权国冲突的风险等角度,主张要避免进入“海权的误区”。这种思想分歧集中反映了关于中国海权战略所面临的深层次的思想困惑。     

试论海洋与中国的“和平崛起”

面对西方反华势力对“中国威胁论”的大肆渲染,中国政府提出了“和平崛起”的发展战略。在21世纪这个海洋世纪里,开发海洋的战略决策早已在中国政治经济及社会各界产生影响并得到初步实施。中国的“和平崛起”与海洋之间存在必然联系。文章从历史、地缘政治、经济等角度尝试分析海洋与中国“和平崛起”的关系。认为“和平崛起”的发展战略有着深厚的海洋文明的积淀;未来可能愈加尖锐的海洋权益之争是对中国“和平崛起”的挑战,也是中国表现其作为正义和平力量,热爱和平、要和平崛起的决心的机会;海洋经济对经济外交这一实现“和平崛起”的重要途径将会发挥重要作用。     

关于我国实施海洋强国战略的思考

现代世界强国都从战略全局上高度重视海洋,海洋在政治、经济、军事和全球环境方面都具有重要的战略意义.文章从近代中国几代领导人对海洋的基本认识入手,针对性地提出制定海洋战略,建设海洋强国的若干对策及措施,阐述了我国实施海洋强国战略的意义.     

海洋经济集成创新初探

随着经济全球化、信息化的发展和国际市场竞争环境的巨变,经济发展外部环境变革对海洋经济发展提出了挑战。越来越多的战略家和理论家开始关注巨变环境下中国海洋经济发展环境与创新之路的战略策略选择。本文从中国海洋经济发展的轨迹和现实出发,通过对基本环境的分析和对海洋经济发展趋势做出的预测判断,提出集成创新求发展的新思路。     

中国海洋战略构想总论（3）

二、中国21世纪海洋战略构想 海洋战略是国家总体发展战略的重要组成部分,制定和实施我国21世纪海洋战略,既是顺应全球开发海洋大潮、建设海洋强国、加速我国现代化进程的必由之路,也是维护海洋权益、保卫国家政治和经济利益的重要战略举措。     

关于中国海洋战略问题的若干思考

从理论依据、历史依据和现实依据3个方面探讨了构建中国海洋战略的依据;从有依据、有条件、有精力和有能力分析了构建中国海洋战略的可能性;从实现主权需求、发展需求和责任需求浅析了构建中国海洋战略的目标任务;提出了构建中国海洋战略应遵循的发展原则、和平原则、法制原则、国家利益原则以及实力与机制并重等五大原则。     

上海市发展海洋经济的战略思考

21世纪是海洋的世纪,发展海洋战略是我国突破资源环境瓶颈,实现可持续发展的重要保障。文章从新世纪国家海洋战略的大背景出发,分析了上海市发展海洋经济所面临的机遇和挑战,提出了上海市海洋经济发展的战略主体和发展重点,并就如何推动上海海洋经济发展提出了几点建议。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.