Microstructure and hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lime-treated soil

Under a given compaction energy and procedure, it is known that maximum dry density of a soil is lowered due to lime addition. This modification of maximum dry density could alter the hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The main object of this study was to assess the impact of lime-stabilization on a silt soil microstructure and then on saturated hydraulic conductivity. An investigation at the microscopic level with mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that lime treatment induced the formation of a new small class, with a diameter lower than 3 × 10³ Å in the compacted soil. This class is responsible for the difference in dry density between the treated and the untreated sample after compaction. It is shown that this small pores class was not altered by the compaction water content, the compaction procedure or the dry density. As in untreated soils, only the larger pores were modified by the compaction water content and the compaction procedure in the lime treated samples. The hydraulic conductivity appeared to be only related to the largest pores volume of the tested silt, regardless of lime treatment. Therefore, this study demonstrated that even if addition of lime resulted in a dramatic change of the maximum dry density of the tested silty soil, its effect on hydraulic conductivity is limited.     

干密度及冻融循环对黄土渗透性的各向异性影响

黄土作为特殊土之一广泛分布于我国中西部季节性冻土地区,以具有明显各向异性的西安Q3原状黄土为研究对象,采用GDS三轴渗透仪测量不同干密度原状黄土竖直向及水平向渗透系数。结果表明,原状黄土水平向渗透系数大于竖直向渗透系数,水平向渗透系数和竖直向渗透系数均随干密度增大而减小;原状黄土渗透各向异性随干密度增大而增强。在封闭系统下用冻融循环箱对干密度相同而初始含水率不同的原状黄土进行冻融试验,结果表明冻融后试样水平向及竖直向渗透系数均随冻融时试样初始含水率的增大而增大;冻融后黄土渗透各向异性随冻融时试样初始含水率的增大而减弱。随着冻融次数增加,黄土水平向及竖直向渗透系数先增大然后趋于稳定;黄土渗透各向异性随冻融次数增加而显著改变,表现在黄土的水平向渗透系数与竖直向渗透系数比值随着冻融循环次数的增加而减小。最后通过观测黄土的微观结构分析了其对黄土渗透性的重要影响。     

石灰改良弱膨胀土击实特性试验研究

本文以拟建安康机场弱膨胀土为例,用石灰作为改良剂,对这种石灰改良膨胀土开展了一系列击实试验研究。试验样品来自于安康拟建机场跑道区和挖方区的膨胀土,采用CSK-V1型多功能电动击实仪进行重型击实试验。试验结果表明,石灰掺量、含水量、余土高度、焖料时间对干密度有一定的影响,其规律为:石灰掺量越高,最优含水量越大,最大干密度越小;在最优含水量附近,随着石灰掺量的增加,含水量对干密度的影响减小;在击实功、掺灰量、含水量一定时,余土高度越大,干密度越小;最大干密度随着焖料时间以一定的趋势减小,焖料时间48h以后变化不大;同一种石灰掺量时干密度的主要影响因素顺序是:含水量、焖料时间、余土高度。最后,还通过扫描电镜试验,从微观角度对石灰改良土和击实试验结果进行了描述与分析。     

石灰改良高液限土强度特性的函数模型研究

针对广西荔玉高速路基沿线产生的大量高液限土弃方问题,采用生石灰对高液限土进行改良处理。选取弃土场的高液限土,分别配制不同初始含水率、不同石灰掺量的试样进行侧限压缩试验和快剪试验,采用基本初等数学函数模型拟合不同饱和状态、不同初始含水率下石灰掺量对试件压缩特性和抗剪强度影响。结果表明:(1)高液限土的压缩系数随石灰掺量增加呈指数形式减小;(2)不同饱和状态试件的黏聚力和内摩擦角随石灰掺量增加呈二次函数形式变化;(3)高液限土具有水敏性,饱和素土试件最大抗剪强度对应的含水率较击实试验最大干密度对应的含水率高3%～6%;(4)当初始含水率不高于26.73%时,建议石灰掺量不低于6%,否则改良高液限土的石灰掺量不低于8%,可在满足经济性的前提下达到较好的改良效果。     

Hydraulic and compaction characteristics of leachate-contaminated lateritic soil

Large quantities of leachate-contaminated lateritic soil results from dump yards in the southwest coast of India. These dump yards receive large quantities of municipal solid waste which includes chemical, industrial and biomedical wastes. Large areas of land are currently being used for this purpose. An extensive laboratory testing program was carried out to determine the compaction characteristics and hydraulic conductivity of clean and contaminated lateritic soil. Batch tests were used to study the immediate effect of leachate contamination on the properties of lateritic soil. Contaminated specimens were prepared by mixing the lateritic soil with leachate in the amount of 5%, 10% and 20% by weight to vary the degree of contamination. The results indicated a small reduction in maximum dry density and an increase in hydraulic conductivity due to leachate-contamination. The change induced by chemical reaction in the microstructure of the soil was studied by scanning electron microscope before and after contamination of soil with leachate. The structure of the leachate contaminated soil sample appeared to be aggregated in scanning electron microscope analysis. The aggregated structure increases the effective pore space and thus increases the hydraulic conductivity. Fifty percent increase in hydraulic conductivity was observed for specimens prepared at standard Proctor density and mixed with 20% leachate. Compaction characteristics did not change much with the presence of leachate up to 10%. With 20% leachate the maximum dry density decreased slightly indicating excess leachate in the soil. However the changes are not significant.     

Determination of hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures for engineering purposes

Pollution of the environment due to leakage from waste repositories is a well-known and wide spread problem. Emphasis has therefore been put on design of liners for such repositories, focusing on hydraulic conductivity and its variation with time, liner composition, water content, compaction etc. The paper addresses the hydraulic conductivity of sand/bentonite mixtures, especially the variation of the hydraulic conductivity as a function of bentonite content, compaction and degree of saturation. In order to better understand the variation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sand–bentonite mixture a new parameter k ₁ has been proposed. The parameter reflects the amount of bentonite per pore volume and can easily be calculated based on the amount of bentonite and the dry density of the soil mixture. Thereby, the hydraulic conductivity can be predicted as a function of different degres of compaction. This method can be used for engineering purposes to predict the hydraulic conductivity at an early stage of a design to get an idea of the required design and hence, cost.     

Geo-engineering properties of expansive soil treated with xanthan gum biopolymer

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the effectiveness of xanthan gum (XG) biopolymer in stabilising the expansive soil. The XG biopolymer is mixed with expansive soil in different proportions such as 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8% and 1.0% by weight of the dry soil mass. The plasticity, compaction, swelling, compressibility, hydraulic conductivity, strength and durability characteristics of the treated and un-treated expansive soil are examined. Results show that the plasticity index of the treated soil mass initially increases but beyond 0.5% biopolymer addition it decreases sharply. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of treated soil, found out from light and heavy compaction tests, do not follow any definite trend. It is also found that increasing XG content increases compressibility slightly but, it reduces swelling pressure, differential free swelling value and hydraulic conductivity remarkably. On the other hand, time-dependent compressive strength and resistance to mass loss increases with increasing XG content. Microscopic examination confirms the formation of gel-like linkage, which brings about the modifications in the treated expansive soil.     

Feasibility of using fly ash,lime, and bentonite to neutralize acidity of pore fluids

Acidic groundwater resulting from the poorly planned use of acid sulfate soils has become a major environmental issue in coastal Australia over the last several years. Use of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) designed to generate alkalinity by promoting sulfate reduction has recently become popular as an alternative solution to this problem. However, recent studies have also revealed that the long-term performance of such PRBs can be significantly undermined by chemical precipitation and clogging of pore space, which would decrease the buffer capacity and hydraulic conductivity of the reactive material. This study seeks to explore the feasibility of using bentonite in addition to lime and fly ash to form mixtures with a high buffer capacity and permeability that would enable groundwater flow through PRBs over a substantial period of time. A series of laboratory experiments, including buffer capacity and leaching tests, were performed on different mixtures of fly ash with lime and bentonite using acidic fluids of low pH. It was found that the ability of such mixtures to neutralize acidic fluids was mostly controlled by the content of lime. Laboratory data also showed that an addition of bentonite to lime—fly ash mixtures could decrease the buffer capacity of soil. Compaction tests indicated that the presence of bentonite would increase the dry density of mixtures at the optimum moisture content. A series of hydraulic conductivity tests were carried out to study changes in the coefficient of permeability of lime—fly ash mixtures with different contents of bentonite permeated with acidic liquids. The obtained results revealed that the coefficient of permeability of the specimens tended to increase over a period of time, likely due to the changes in the diffuse double layer of bentonite particles.     

生石灰改良黄土的微观机制试验研究

为探究石灰掺量对黄土强度的影响规律及其微观机制,采用不同比例的生石灰对黄土进行改良。开展了直剪试验、压汞试验及扫描电镜测试,定性和定量分析素黄土及不同石灰掺量改良黄土的强度特性和微观结构变化规律,并对石灰改良黄土的微观机理进行较为深入的分析。结果表明:石灰改良黄土的抗剪强度参数随着石灰掺量的增大出现先增大再减小的变化规律,在石灰掺量约为8%时,其黏聚力和内摩擦角达到最大值;石灰的掺入使黄土骨架颗粒之间及其表面附着的胶结物逐渐增多,孔隙被胶结物质填充,土体中的不稳定孔隙逐渐减少,整体性增强;但当石灰掺量过大时,多余的石灰会堆积于团粒之间,影响团粒之间的胶结。石灰改良黄土强度提高的原因是石灰水化反应生成的胶结物质增强了土颗粒之间的胶结程度,增大颗粒间的相互摩擦,使土体结构更加稳定,提高土体强度;石灰掺量过高时,改良黄土抗剪强度降低是因为过量的石灰影响了土颗粒之间的胶结作用。研究成果既是对黄土强度特性及微观结构理论研究的丰富与充实,又可以为改良黄土工程设计的相关参数选取提供参考依据。      

石灰改性红砂岩残积土工程性质试验研究

为研究石灰改性红砂岩残积土的工程性质并确定最佳掺量,以恩施地区红砂岩残积土为研究对象,制备不同石灰掺量的改良土试样,并进行击实、压缩、无侧限抗压试验。结果表明,随着石灰掺量的增大:改良土最优含水量逐渐增大,最大干密度逐渐减小;改良土压缩系数先减小后增大,压缩模量先增大后减小,对应的最优石灰掺量为7%;改良土无侧限抗压强度先提高后降低,对应的最优石灰掺量为9%。出现上述规律的主要原因是:石灰发生的水化、离子交换、碳酸化、结晶等作用,增强了砂土颗粒之间的黏结,提高了土的整体性,使石灰土压缩、强度特性得到改良。然而,过多的石灰会以自由灰的形式存在于土颗粒空隙之间,导致土体的压缩变形量增大,无侧限抗压强度降低。     

石灰改性膨胀土击实曲线的双峰特性研究

膨胀土掺石灰改性之后,其粉粒组的含量显著增加。当采用湿法击实时,由于土体保持了原有的结构性并表现出粉土的特性,在某个较低含水率时,击实功没有超过破坏其结构性的程度,出现一个干密度峰值。随着含水率的增加,击实功破坏了土的结构性,土体重新压实,曲线出现了另一个大干密度的峰值。因此,击实曲线表现出不稳定的双峰现象,从而降低了击实曲线的实用性及可靠性。然而采用修正湿法得到的击实标准,相对于湿法更加合理,相对于干法更加实用可靠,为工程施工质量控制与路基工后质量评价提供了更加有效的方法     

An experimental study of the water transfer through confined compacted GMZ bentonite

GMZ bentonite has been considered as a possible material for engineered barrier in the Chinese program of nuclear waste disposal at great depth. In the present work, the hydraulic conductivity of this bentonite was determined by simultaneous profile method. A specific infiltration cell equipped with five resistive relative humidity probes was designed for this purpose. The water retention properties were studied under both confined and unconfined conditions; the results show that at high suctions (> 4 MPa) the water retention capacity is independent of the confining condition, and by contrast, at low suctions (< 4 MPa) the confined condition resulted in significant low water retention. Furthermore, the microstructure was investigated at mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) in different states: on oven-dried powder, bentonite slurry, as-compacted and wetted samples. It has been observed that the soil powder is constituted of aggregates of various sizes; these aggregates are destroyed by full saturation at a water content equal to the liquid limit; compaction at the initial water content of 11–12% and a dry density of 1.7–1.75 Mg/m³ led to a microstructure characterized by a dense assembly of relatively well preserved aggregates; saturation of the compacted sample under constant volume condition defined a non-homogeneous microstructure with the presence of well preserved aggregates. This non-homogeneous microstructure would be due to the non uniform distribution of the generated swelling pressure within the soil sample upon wetting. The hydraulic conductivity determined has been found decreasing first and then increasing with suction decrease from the initial value of about 80 MPa to zero; the decrease can be attributed to the large pore clogging due to soft gel creation by exfoliation process, as observed at ESEM.     

纳米SiO2和石灰改良黄泛区粉土的力学特性研究

为探究纳米SiO₂和石灰对黄泛区粉土的改良效果,通过击实试验、无侧限抗压强度试验、扫描电镜试验和XRF试验等系列试验,研究纳米SiO₂和石灰掺量对黄泛区粉土压实性、抗压强度、水稳性等力学特性的影响,分析改良粉土的微观结构及固化机理。结果表明:纳米SiO₂改良土的最大干密度和最优含水率随纳米SiO₂掺量的增加而提高,纳米SiO₂改良土中掺加石灰会降低最大干密度,但会提高最优含水率;纳米SiO₂与石灰联合使用改良效果优于单独掺入纳米SiO₂,1.5%纳米SiO₂-2%石灰改良土的无侧限抗压强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角提升最为显著;与素土和纳米SiO₂改良土相比,纳米SiO₂-石灰改良土的水稳性得到显著改善;在纳米SiO₂改良土中,纳米SiO₂主要起到填充土颗粒之间孔隙的作用,纳米SiO₂与石灰联合使用可在土中形成胶结物质、发挥黏结与填充作用、大幅提高土的强度。     

饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度影响因素的试验研究

强降雨和灌溉导致黄土强度劣化并发生饱和破坏现象,进而诱发黄土滑坡,给当地带来严重的灾难。饱和黄土抗剪强度的影响因素较多,本文根据水头饱和与反压饱和相结合的原理,利用改装后的TFB-1型非饱和土应力-应变控制式三轴仪对党川地区马兰黄土重塑土样进行饱和试验和CU试验。分别采用50 kPa、100 kPa、200 kPa、400 kPa围压对饱和重塑黄土进行剪切速率分别为0.02 mm·min-1、0.06 mm·min-1、0.2 mm·min-1、0.4 mm·min-1的CU试验,探讨了围压和剪切速率对饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度的影响。研究发现:同一围压下,饱和重塑黄土的抗剪强度随着剪切速率的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;同一剪切速率下,饱和重塑黄土的抗剪强度随着围压的增大逐渐增大;在干密度相同的条件下,饱和重塑黄土的总黏聚力及有效黏聚力随着剪切速率的增大先减小后增大,总内摩擦角及有效内摩擦角随着剪切速率的增大先增大后减小。该研究可为黄土滑坡预报和范围预测提供一定依据。     

纤维对石灰改良膨胀土性质的影响分析

首先对膨胀土基本性质做了试验分析,通过天然膨胀土和掺人纤维前后的石灰土的击实试验,得出了掺人少量纤维对石灰土的最优含水率和最大干密度影响很小.通过有荷膨胀率试验,得出了纤维能够抑制石灰土的膨胀性,纤维掺人量在0.05%～0.1%之间时,线膨胀率随纤维掺人量的增多而降低显著,在0.1%～0.2%之间时降低幅度减小.由无侧...     

废旧轮胎胶粉-黏土混合土的击实性能

废旧轮胎橡胶颗粒用于填埋场衬垫材料改性,有望提高衬垫系统的有效性。击实性能是衬垫设计和施工的基础,但目前缺乏针对性研究,击实机理不够明确。开展废旧轮胎胶粉-黏土混合土的击实试验研究,探讨橡胶颗粒粒径、掺入比等因素对混合土击实性能的影响规律和压实机制。研究表明,当橡胶掺入比从0增大到25%时,胶粉-高岭土的最优含水率增大,胶粉-红黏土的最优含水率减小,变化在2.4%范围内; 混合土的最大干密度从1.65gcm-3减小至约1.40gcm-3; 试验选用的橡胶颗粒粒径对最优含水率和最大干密度差异不显著。在击实过程中橡胶颗粒回弹和橡胶颗粒比表面积变化两种效应下,最优含水率随橡胶掺入比的增加表现出减小(大颗粒时)、不变和增加(小颗粒时)的变化规律,并与基质土的性质密切相关。给出了初步设计时改性黏土含水率和干密度的控制方法,能够基本满足规范中对压实黏土的含水率和压实度的要求,且其渗透系数小于1.010-7cms-1。     

晚更新世黄土渗透性的各向异性及其机制研究

非饱和黄土的渗透性是非饱和黄土性质的重要组成部分。研究黄土不同方向的渗透性对确定其湿陷范围和由于水的渗透引起的黄土滑坡具有很重要的理论意义。研究了黄土渗透性的各向异性特征及其机制。以具有明显各向异性的西安Q3原状黄土为研究对象,用TEN型张力计测量了黄土试样不同方向的、不同含水率下的吸力;用变水头渗透试验测量了黄土竖直和水平方向的饱和渗透系数。结果表明,当体积含水率在23%～41%时,张力计沿不同方向插入土样所测吸力相差不大;竖直方向的饱和渗透系数是水平方向的4.02倍。在吸力测量的基础上,根据土-水特征曲线,确定了竖直和水平方向的非饱和黄土的渗透系数。得出在黄土不同方向,随着吸力的增大或减小,渗透系数减小或增大;竖直方向的渗透系数普遍地大于水平方向的渗透系数;当吸力小于57 kPa时,随着吸力的增大,竖向渗透系数与水平向渗透系数的差值减小。通过观测黄土的结构,得出黄土结构对其渗透性有重要影响。     

废轮胎颗粒与黄土混合物压实性能研究

选择废轮胎颗粒以0～50%的掺量与黄土混合,研究了混合土的压实特性,并采用专门设计的环刀击实设备,对环刀击实和标准击实进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,掺量小于20%时混合土的压实特性类似黄土,掺量大于40%时的压实特性类似无黏性土;不同掺量的混合土最大干密度与最优含水率存在幂函数关系,击实能对10%～30%掺量的混合物有效最大干密度影响较小;不同击实能下掺量与最优含水率存在函数关系;混合土存在最佳压实掺量,轻、重型击实能下分别为30%和40%左右。根据室内试验结果,给出了不同掺量混合土击实指标建议值供设计参考。     

Experimental study of the mechanical and thermal properties of lignin fiber-stabilized loess under freeze-thaw cycles北大核心CSCD

冻融循环作用是造成寒区工程病害的主要因素之一。为探究冻融循环对木质素纤维改良黄土力学和热学的影响,通过轻型击实试验、冻融循环试验、不固结不排水三轴剪切试验、热常数分析试验和X射线衍射试验,以木质素纤维掺量、冻融循环次数和围压为变量展开研究。结果表明：随着掺量的增加,改良黄土的最大干密度降低,最优含水率升高;随着冻融循环次数的增加,试样的应力-应变曲线由应变硬化型向应变弱软化型转变;试样的质量损失率、破坏强度、弹性模量、黏聚力、内摩擦角和导热系数均随着冻融循环次数的增加呈下降趋势,在经历第1次冻融循环后衰减率最高,并且总是在掺量为5%时达到最大值;试样的破坏强度和黏聚力在经历6~9次冻融循环后趋于稳定;黄土及掺量为5%的改良黄土在X射线衍射分析中成分相似,未发现新的物质生成,因此,木质素纤维是一种绿色的物理固化材料。该研究成果可为寒区土体加固提供新思路。