英国海道测量发展状况及对我们的启示

应英国海道测量局的邀请,交通部安全监督局林玉乃局长、海军司令部航海保证部孔令户部长率中国海道测量代表团,于1996年10月21～23日对英国海道测量局和英国海军测量部队进行了访问。访问期间,英国海道测量局局长克拉克少将向代表团介绍了英国海道测量管理体制和海图制图新技术应用情况。代表团详细参观、考察了海道测量局海图资料处理、海     

国外主要海道测量机构重组原因分析

为与不断出现的海道测量新形势、新变化相适应,国际海道测量组织及一些海道测量先进国家的海道测量机构相继对其组织机构进行了重组,并对工作内容进行了调整。从经济军事、科技进步、管理模式等几方面对具有代表性国家海道测量机构改革进行了分析。可在推动测绘体制机制优化,提升信息化条件下的测绘保障能力方面为相关人员提供理论参考。     

S-100的体系结构和若干重要概念

S-100海道测量数据空间标准是国际海道测量组织(IHO)为适应海道测量信息标准化新要求而开发的海道测量空间数据标准。着重介绍了S-100作为S-57替代标准的新特质,对其具体内容与ISO 19100系列标准做了对照,介绍了两者的关系。S-100通过采用崭新的标准化理念,实现完全与国际主流地理空间标准接轨。     

浅议未来海洋调查测量发展趋势

通过参加第18届国际海道测量大会的所见所闻,分析了以海洋调查船为测量平台的未来海洋调查的发展趋势,并对我国海洋调查测量的发展提出了思考和建议。未来我国的海洋调查应结合发展具有前瞻性的硬件平台和着眼大局的和谐软环境建设,提高海战场环境的建设能力。     

当前国际海道测量技术进展

通过参加第18届国际海道测量大会测绘仪器展和对所收集的资料翻译整理,对当前国际海道测量技术进展进行了分析总结。我国海道测量技术水平与国际先进水平还有较大差距;当前国际海道测量、测量装备及软件系统的不断更新、自主式无人机、水下机器人及智能浮标等新技术的广泛应用,极大丰富了海道测量信息,海道测量的服务范围不断扩大,随着海洋开发的加快,北极必将成为世界海道测量下一个热点。     

前言

海洋测绘主要包括海道测量、海洋大地测量、海底地形测量、海洋专题测量以及航海图、海底地形图、各种海洋专题图和海洋图集等的编制。我国以往开展的海洋测绘主要是海道测量,施测范围有限,所编制的航海图主要是为海上作战、训练及交通运输等活动提供安全航行保证。近年米,随着我国海岸带及浅海调查工作的深入进行,随着海     

国际海道测量标准比较研究

为适应海道测量数据应用领域不断扩大和用户要求不断提高的需求,国际海道测量组织和世界海道测量技术发达国家相继发布了各自的新版海道测量规范和标准.将我国海道测量规范与国际海道测量标准在测量的分类与质量基准、水深测量技术要求以及其他测量标准等方面进行比较详细的分析比较,指出了我国海道测量规范的不足和需要改进的问题,旨在推进我...     

海道测量业务支持系统设计与实现

介绍了海道测量资料在国防和国民经济建设中的重要应用价值,详细分析了海道测量资料的信息服务现状与迫切的保障需求之间的差距,设计了海道测量业务服务系统的总体结构框架,提出并解决了多维多源海道测量资料的分类分级管理、海量数据采集建库、入库数据质量控制、数据编目与元数据发布、地图服务等核心技术问题,在此基础上研制了新一代海道测量业务支持系统。     

海道测量规范与IHO标准的比较研究

为保障船舶航行安全,国际海道测量组织制定了国际海道测量标准并保持不断更新,我国也根据自身情况制定了海道测量的国家强制标准。从测深、定位、障碍物、潮位、潮流和底质等6个方面对国际海道测量标准和我国海道测量规范进行了分析比较,指出了它们在要求上的不同和差异,旨在供测量人员在实际工作中参考使用并推动国内测量规范与国际测量标准的衔接。     

海道测量数据库建设的关键技术研究

简要介绍了海道测量数据资源现状和应用服务需求及海道测量数据库建设的必要性和目标要求,总体说明了海道测量数据库的建设内容、技术架构和服务能力,深入探讨了海道测量数据库建设过程中涉及的数据库建模、数据分级存储、通用数据采集引擎、地形数据保真处理和海量离散数据网格化等多项关键技术及解决思路。最后提出了下一步工作思路和研究方向。     

关于海道测量与海洋测量的定义问题

针对目前国内在海道测量(学)和海洋测量(学)认识上存在的分歧,对我国海道测量发展的过程及其内涵的演变进行了分析,对国际上hydrographic survey、sea survey及marine survey的定义和演变进行了剖析,从概念上和应用上对海道测量(学)和海洋测量(学)的关系进行了研究,给出了两者的定义。     

测线布设方向的不同对海底显示的影响

通过对几种典型海底沿不同方向布设测线所得到的拟合海底与原海底进行比较,发现测线布设方向的不同对海底显示的影响可归结为两种效应：平滑效应与伸缩效应。同时指出：对非线性平坦海底,沿梯度总方向布设测线、对于海底闭包按极坐标法布设测线可以很好地消除这两种效应的影响,从而达到完善海底显示的目的。实例分析结果验证了结论的正确性,该法可用于实际作业提高测深线布设对海底显示的准确度,同时直接构成海道测量智能设计系统的测深线自动布设建模。     

The WOCE-era 3-D Pacific Ocean circulation and heat budget

To address questions concerning the intensity and spatial structure of the three-dimensional circulation within the Pacific Ocean and the associated advective and diffusive property flux divergences, data from approximately 3000 high-quality hydrographic stations collected on 40 zonal and meridional cruises have been merged into a physically consistent model. The majority of the stations were occupied as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), which took place in the 1990s. These data are supplemented by a few pre-WOCE surveys of similar quality, and time-averaged direct-velocity and historical hydrographic measurements about the equator.An inverse box model formalism is employed to estimate the absolute along-isopycnal velocity field, the magnitude and spatial distribution of the associated diapycnal flow and the corresponding diapycnal advective and diffusive property flux divergences. The resulting large-scale WOCE Pacific circulation can be described as two shallow overturning cells at mid- to low latitudes, one in each hemisphere, and a single deep cell which brings abyssal waters from the Southern Ocean into the Pacific where they upwell across isopycnals and are returned south as deep waters. Upwelling is seen to occur throughout most of the basin with generally larger dianeutral transport and greater mixing occurring at depth. The derived pattern of ocean heat transport divergence is compared to published results based on air–sea flux estimates. The synthesis suggests a strongly east/west oriented pattern of air–sea heat flux with heat loss to the atmosphere throughout most of the western basins, and a gain of heat throughout the tropics extending poleward through the eastern basins. The calculated meridional heat transport agrees well with previous hydrographic estimates. Consistent with many of the climatologies at a variety of latitudes as well, our meridional heat transport estimates tend toward lower values in both hemispheres.     

黄河口新口门海域流场分析

1996年9月在黄河口新口门附近海域设置3个断面9个站位,对海流、水温、盐度和含沙量进行了连续2个潮周期多层次同步观测。结果表明：新口门属不正规的半日潮型。流速口门前大于两侧,左侧最小,深水区大于浅水区,流速垂向分布呈不均匀现象,表层大于底层频率最高。含沙量垂向分布为上小下大,泥沙输移方向口门处与径流方向一致,其它部位与潮汐相对应。泥沙扩散范围达500km^2。     

Long-term hydrographic changes at 52 and 66°W in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre & Caribbean

In July–September 1997 two hydrographic lines were done in the western N. Atlantic along longitudes of 52 and 66°W as part of the WOCE one-time hydrographic survey of the oceans. Each of these two lines approximately repeated earlier ones done during the International Geophysical Year(s) (IGY) and the mid-1980s. Because of this repeated sampling, long-term hydrographic changes in the water masses can be examined. In this report, we focus on temperature and salinity changes within the subtropical gyre mainly between latitudes of 20 and 35°N and compare our results to those presented by Bryden et al. (1996), who examined changes along a zonal line at 24°N, most recently occupied in 1992. Since this most recent 24°N section in 1992, substantial changes have occurred in the western part of the subtropical gyre at the depths of the Labrador Sea Water (LSW). In particular, we see clear evidence for colder, fresher Labrador Sea Water throughout the gyre on our two recent sections that was not yet present in 1992 at similar longitudes along 24°N. At shallower depths inhabited by waters that are an admixture of Mediterranean (MW) and Antarctic Intermediate Waters (AAIW), our recent survey shows an increase in salinity, which can only be attributed to changes in water masses on potential temperature or neutral density surfaces. Furthermore, waters above the MW/AAIW layer and into the deeper part of the main pycnocline have continued to become saltier and warmer throughout the 40-year period spanned by our sections. These latter changes have been dominantly due to a vertical sinking of density surfaces as T/S changes in density surfaces are small, but depths of individual T/S horizons have increased with time. The net change since the IGY shows a mean temperature increase between 800 and 2500 m depth at a rate of 0.57°C/century with a corresponding steric sea level rise of 1 mm/yr, and a net downward heave with small values near the top and bottom, and a maximum rate of −2.7 m/yr at 1800 m depth. Changes in the deep Caribbean indicate a warming since the IGY due to temperature increases of the inflowing source waters in the subtropical gyre at 1800m depth, but no significant change in the deep salinity.     

秦山核电站邻近水域的基本水文特征

文章根据1989年4、7、10月和1990年1月在秦山核电站邻近水域获得的水文观测资料,对该区域中海水温度、盐度、浊度、水色和透明度以及潮汐、潮流等要素的分布和变化特征进行了较为详尽的分析,为进一步了解该水域的基本水文状况和海水运动的基本规律提供了重要依据。     

南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域的水文结构特征和底层水的来源

利用中国第九次南大洋考察中南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域的CTD资料,分析研究了调查海域的水文结构特征及其该区南极底层水(AABW)的来源.研究结果表明,在研究海域,深水洋区近表层流由西向东流,而在普里兹湾内存在一个气旋型涡.水文结构中最明显的海洋学特征是:(1)绕极深层水(CDW)的涌升现象明显,涌升最强的位置是麦克罗伯逊地以北海域,最明显的深度是50～200m层,暖水涌升将冬季冷水分隔成南北两部分,并在其中形成孤立的暖水块;(2)陆缘水边界明显,这是绕极深层水与南极冷水之间形成的锋面,一般处在次表层水中,大致位于64°～66°S之间;(3)存在着双跃层结构.观测期间,普里兹湾以北探水海域存在着南极底层水,其来源可能有二:一为当地形成,二为源于威德尔海和罗斯海.     

The marine chemistry of dimethylsulfide

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) was determined in surface seawater and vertical hydrographic profiles in the Atlantic Ocean during two cruises from Hamburg to Montevideo (Uruguay), and from Miami (Florida) into the Sargasso Sea. These data cover most of the ecological zones of the Atlantic. DMS concentrations are related to the levels of marine primary production, in agreement with its release by marine phytoplankton in laboratory cultures. The vertical distribution of DMS in the euphotic zone follows that of primary production, with a maximum at or near the ocean surface and a decrease with depth. Below the level of 1% light penetration, DMS levels decline gradually, but DMS remains detectable even in the bottom waters. The mean DMS concentration in surface water is 84.4, and in deep water 3.2 ng S (DMS) 1^?1. No steep gradients of DMS exist near the sea surface on scales of centimeters to tenths of millimeters. At a drift station, DMS was observed to be diurnally variable, with an increase in concentration in the euphotic zone throughout the day. DMS is actively turned over in the surface ocean with a residence time of a few days, but it is apparently very stable in the deep sea. DMS is the major volatile sulfur compound in the ocean, and its transfer across the air-sea interface contributes significantly to the atmospheric sulfur budget.     

关于平均海面精度指标的探讨

考证了"平均海面转测误差不得大于10cm"的由来,分析了提出该精度指标的历史背景及其合理性。在此基础上,建议在目前的客观条件下,应以10cm作为95%置信度的误差指标。针对现行海道测量规范中关于计算平均海面的条目,提出了两点修改意见:一是删除长期站时长要求的条目;二是对于短期站与临时站,强制实施传递技术与精度评估。     

大洋中脊地质研究的进展与趋势--2003北京“大洋中脊国际学术研讨会”述评

评述了2003年10月27-30日在北京召开的“大洋中脊国际学术研讨会”，简要介绍了国际大洋中脊协会(InterRidge)的机构组成、任务和工作进展．以及今后大洋中脊地质研究的发展趋势。这次会议后，中国已成为InterRidge计划的参与成员国(Associate Members)以此为契机，尽快启动中国InterRidge计划，结合中国综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)，以及大洋专项和其他深海调查研究工，有望实现我国在大洋中脊及相关研究领域的跨越式发展，提升我国深海研究领域的整体调查研究水平。