宜昌一次致灾极端短时强降水成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、地面加密自动站资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星及风廓线雷达和多普勒雷达资料,对2016年7月7日夜间湖北宜昌地区一次致灾极端短时强降水过程,从大尺度环流背景、中尺度特征以及地形等方面进行分析。结果表明:这次局地强降水产生于副热带高压边缘的西南暖湿气流中,表现出中低层中尺度动力抬升强、降水效率高、地形作用明显等特点。峡谷入口处地面中尺度涡旋与强垂直风切变相互作用造成强上升运动为强降水提供了充足的动力条件,较弱的引导气流和山体阻挡作用使得局地降水维持时间长,共同造成了此次极端短时强降水的发生。回波的低质心结构提高了降水效率,降水过程中单体的后向传播也使局地累计雨量增大。     

沈阳一次局地大暴雨过程中逆风区的回波演变

利用沈阳CINRAD/SA多普勒天气雷达观测资料及加密自动站资料等,对2009年7月11日发生在沈阳西部的中尺度大暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明：雷达1.5°仰角PPI图上有逆风区存在,逆风区出现的时间要比强降水出现的时间早10 min以上,强降水区与逆风区、强回波区、VIL值的大值区有较好的对应关系,逆风区的出现对强对流天气的预报预警有指示作用。     

一次副热带高压边缘上大暴雨的中尺度特征分析

文章利用常规和自动气象站观测资料、卫星、闪电定位、雷达资料及NCEP分析资料,对2014年5月24—25日赣西地区致灾大暴雨的中尺度对流条件和对流系统的演变特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1）高空槽东移、副热带高压边缘暖湿气流加强,以及冷空气影响,构成了此次大暴雨的天气背景条件。（2）地面中尺度辐合线是导致MβCS发展及加强的重要因子;多个结构密实、边界光滑的MβCS在赣西地区长时间维持,导致相应地区出现持续强降水天气;此次大暴雨过程中TBB≤-62℃的冷云云团位置和强度对地面降水有很好的指示作用,尤以TBB≤-72℃的中心区与强降水中心区吻合最好。（3）此次暴雨过程5 min雨量分布与地闪数的分布较重合,地闪跃增时刻在地面降水增大前出现,提前时间约10 min左右。（4）雷达径向速度图上的中尺度涡旋是导致此次暴雨发生的重要因素之一;在赣西地区存在显著的径向风辐合特征,且低空强西南风急流上叠加深厚径向风辐合区,有利于降水的加强和维持;另外在动力辐合和山地地形共同作用下,强劲的偏南风急流携带充沛水汽在赣西地区汇合,导致该地区出现连续性强降水。（5）最大雷达回波强度的变化对地面5 min雨强的变化有辅助参考,但预示性不明显;雷达风廓线产品对地面强降水的发生有较好的预报辅助作用,在此次大暴雨过程中该产品对赣西地区强降水预报辅助作用的“提前量”达2 h。     

地闪过程与降水量及雷达回波相关性特征分析

针对2006年7月31日发生于陕西省的强雷暴灾害性天气过程,对闪电定位监测资料、多普勒雷达资料以及自动站降水资料之间的相关特征进行了分析。研究表明：局地性短时暴雨天气发生前,地闪频数有一个“跃增”;短时暴雨发生时,地闪频数较高,正闪与负闪的比例较低,各区最大正负闪比例仅6．7％,强度较大的地闪多分布于地闪密集区。空间上,地闪密度大值区与短时暴雨中心落区基本一致;时间上,地闪最大频率出现比短时强降水的发生提前30min以上,说明地闪最大频率的出现对强降水发生有指示意义。通过地闪与不同仰角多普勒雷达基本反射率回波的叠加分析,发现1．5°仰角上二者具有很好的对应关系,地闪演变对30dBz以上雷达回波的强度和移动演变有引导作用。     

台风远海北上背景下江苏一次大暴雨过程的中尺度分析

利用常规观测资料以及江苏省区域自动站资料、多普勒天气雷达和风廓线雷达资料、FY-2F卫星云图与NECP1°×1°再分析资料,对2014年8月7—8日发生在江苏的一次大暴雨天气过程进行了中尺度分析。结果表明:(1)该过程是在1411号台风"夏浪"北上、贝加尔湖高压脊建立、东北低槽东移南压的天气背景下发生的,其中两个强降水中心分别位于大丰市大桥镇和南通市幸福镇,最大雨强均为109.2 mm·h~(-1);(2)地面冷锋和辐合线触发对流风暴,对流风暴受低空风作用移动缓慢,造成大丰市大桥镇短时强降水;(3)地面中尺度涡旋东移到南通沿江地区,受地形作用而稳定少动,在有利的环境垂直风切变条件下,其右侧触发多个对流风暴单体,造成南通市幸福镇短时强降水;(4)初始对流云团的生成信息,对强降水临近预报有一定的指示意义。     

遵义市一次局地大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料及多普勒雷达产品等资料,从影响系统、锋面特征、层结条件、水汽分布、地形等方面对2015年8月11日至8月12日遵义东部局地大暴雨过程的成因进行诊断分析。结果表明:遵义市上空高空槽移动比低层切变线快,有利于对流性天气的发生,且锋生作用也增强了高空槽的动力抬升能力;"口袋式"的地形、辐合线的生成并增强对降水效率的提高有正贡献;不稳定的大气层结、足够的水汽供应和恰当的水汽汇聚均表明遵义市东部有产生强降水的物理机制;并且通过分析雷达资料,预报员能够较好地辨别出辐合线的位置和强度,有利于开展气象服务。     

沈阳一次局地大暴雨过程中逆风区的回波演变

利用沈阳CINRAD/SA多普勒天气雷达观测资料及加密自动站资料等,对2009年7月11日发生在沈阳西部的中尺度大暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明： 雷达1.5°仰角PPI图上有逆风区存在,逆风区出现的时间要比强降水出现的时间早10 min以上,强降水区与逆风区、强回波区、VIL值的大值区有很好的对应关系,逆风区的出现对强对流天气的预报预警有指示作用。     

"狮子山"持续性强降水特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析格点资料以及多普勒雷达资料,对"狮子山"持续性强降水进行分析,找出了其相应的天气环流特征.     

2018-7-5梵净山东侧局地大暴雨的雷达回波特征及地形作用分析

该文利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站加密观测资料、NCEP逐6h的1°×1°再分析格点资料和铜仁市多普勒雷达探测资料,对2018年7月5日铜仁梵净山区域的大暴雨天气过程中尺度系统活动特征进行分析,结果表明：高空槽、低层切变线,叠加高低空不稳定的高湿区是此次大暴雨形成的大尺度环境背景。且强降水对流回波沿着地面辐合线形成发展,地面辐合线为强降水对流系统的重要触发机制。梵净山地形的抬升作用,对江口北部及松桃北部地区雨强有增强作用,从而导致大暴雨的发生。当梵净山东侧为东南风时,地形辐合抬升作用,利于江口北部降雨增强;当梵净山东北侧为东北偏北风时,利于松桃境内降雨增大。     

一次局地短时强降水的成因和预报误差分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2016年8月6—8日潍坊一次强对流天气的成因和预报误差进行了分析,结果表明：1）500 hPa冷涡底部低槽、850 hPa低涡切变线和地面倒槽是主要影响天气系统, 数值预报对此次天气过程的影响系统预报偏差大,而预报员对数值预报依赖程度高是此次预报失误的主要原因;2）850 hPa以下强的水汽辐合是强降水发生的重要条件,低层辐合和高层辐散配置导致的强垂直上升运动是暴雨产生的动力机制,位势不稳定因中高层的冷空气入侵下沉得以加强;3）列车效应和强回波维持少动是造成短时强降水的重要回波特征,逆风区的发展和移动对于判断强降水的落区有指示作用,多普勒雷达反演风场中的中尺度辐合线是导致局地强降水发生的直接原因;4）风廓线雷达水平风场可以连续地反映降水过程中风场垂直结构及其变化,降水发生前探测高度明显升高,中高层冷空气侵入时间与强降水的时段相对应。     

Climate policy strength compared: China,the US,the EU,India, Russia,and Japan

The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.

Policy relevance

This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO₂ emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action.     

Assessing the Stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation of the Past, Present, and Future

This paper is a review of the recent development of researches on the stability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation （AMOC）. In particular, we will review recent studies that attempt to best assess the stability of the AMOC in the past, present, and future by using a stability indicator related to the freshwater transport by the AMOC. These studies further illustrate a potentially systematic bias in the state-of-the-art atmosphere-ocean generM circulation models （AOCCMs）, in which the AMOCs seem to be over-stabilized relative to that in the real world. This common model bias in the AMOC stability is contributed, partly, to a common tropical bias associated with the double intertropical convergence zone （ITCZ） in most state-of-the- art AOGCMs, casting doubts on future projection of abrupt climate changes in these climate models.     

Climate-governance entrepreneurship,higher-order learning,and sustainable consumption: the case of the state of Oregon,United States

The ongoing devolution of climate policy-making to sub-national levels has prompted growing interest in policy entrepreneurship by individuals who are politically and technically creative and institutionally resourceful. This paper investigates the case of the materials-management programme in the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality which has emerged as a national and international leader by focusing on the role of household consumption in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Two noteworthy innovations involve the development of a consumption-based GHG emissions inventory and introduction of policies aimed at facilitating construction of small homes (so-called Accessory Dwelling Units, ADU). The case traces over several decades the higher order learning processes within the group and their entrepreneurship toward affecting broader changes in emission accounting and climate policies in Oregon. The paper identifies the enabling factors for these innovations, and considers: how to create the conditions for learning, experimentation, and policy entrepreneurship; how to reproduce these conditions in different locales; and how to recognize and foster innovations that arise outside the established mainstream ‘climate community’. It also stresses the benefits of breaking down the barriers between science-based analysis and policy. The two questions frequently raised in the climate policy debate – how to bring researchers and practitioners together to develop efficacious policies; and how to replicate successful programmes and policies across different communities, jurisdictions, and locations – should be re-examined. It may be more appropriate to ask instead: How to create conditions for learning, experimentation, and policy entrepreneurship; and how to reproduce these conditions in different locales.

Key policy insights

• Using a consumption-based greenhouse gas emission inventory instead of a sector-based inventory radically changes climate policy priorities, shifting the emphasis from technological fixes to curbing household consumption.

• Policy innovations thrive in teams that combine technical and scientific competencies with: a commitment to addressing societal problems; interest in inquiry, experimentation, and learning; entrepreneurship; and strategic and political savvy.

• These qualities require breaking down artificial barriers between science and policy.

• Transformative policy ideas can originate within institutional nodes that operate outside of an established community of expertise and authority; and these should be identified and fostered.

     

Preface to the Special Issue on Causes,Impacts, and Predictability of Droughts for the Past,Present, and Future

<正>Drought is a recurring dry condition with below-normal precipitation and is often associated with warm temperatures or heatwaves. A drought event can develop slowly over several weeks or suddenly within days, commonly under abnormal atmospheric conditions(e.g., quasi-stationary high-pressure systems), and can persist for weeks, months, or even years,     

Climatology of Ozone, PAN, CO, and NMHC in the Free Troposphere Over the Southern North Atlantic

Free tropospheric measurements of ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate andprecursors (CO, NMHC) that were made within the framework of the EUROTRACsub-project TOR (Tropospheric Ozone Research) between 1990 and 1995 at theGAW station Izana, Tenerife (28°18N, 16°30W) arediscussed. The average annual cycles reveal the importance of transport fromnorthern mid-latitudes and the role of photo-chemistry. According toair-mass trajectories, which were supplied to us from AEROCE(Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment), transport from northernmid-latitudes is associated with high precursor concentrations in winter,whereas ozone concentrations in winter are not much influenced by transportpatterns, suggesting a rather uniform distribution over the northern part ofthe Northern Hemisphere around mean value of 43 ± 5 ppb. In summer,high ozone concentrations of up to 90 ppb are often encountered duringtransport from north, while the levels of precursors are much lower than inwinter, because of photochemical destruction. Trajectories from southerlylatitudes and the Sahara usually have the lowest ozone concentrationsassociated with them.     

Globalization,Pacific Islands,and the paradox of resilience

On April 2nd, 2007 a 12 m tsunami struck Simbo, a relatively remote island in Western Province, Solomon Islands. Although Simbo's population continues to depend on their own food production and small-scale governance regimes regulate access to resources, the island's way of life over the last century has increasingly been affected by processes associated with globalization. In this context of a rapidly globalizing world, this article examines the island's resilience and vulnerability to the tsunami and the adaptive capacities that enabled the response and recovery. The tsunami completely destroyed two villages and damaged fringing coral reefs, but casualties were low and social–ecological rebound relatively brisk. By combining social science methods (household surveys, focus group and ethnographic interviews) and underwater reef surveys we identify a number of countervailing challenges and opportunities presented by globalization that both nurture and suppress the island's resilience to high amplitude, low-frequency disturbances like tsunamis. Analysis suggests that certain adaptive capacities that sustain general system resilience come at the cost of more vulnerability to low-probability hazards. We discuss how communities undergoing increasingly complex processes of change must negotiate these kinds of trade-offs as they manage resilience at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Understanding the shifting dynamics of resilience may be critical for Pacific Island communities who seek to leverage globalization in their favor as they adapt to current social–ecological change and prepare for future large-scale ecological disturbances.     

Characteristics, Processes, and Causes of the Spatio-temporal Variabilities of the East Asian Monsoon System

Recent advances in the study of the characteristics, processes, and causes of spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon (EAM) system are reviewed in this paper. The understanding of the EAM system has improved in many aspects:the basic characteristics of horizontal and vertical structures, the annual cycle of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system and the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) system, the characteristics of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the EASM system and the EAWM system, and especially the multiple modes of the EAM system and their spatio-temporal variabilities. Some new results have also been achieved in understanding the atmosphere-ocean interaction and atmosphere-land interaction processes that affect the variability of the EAM system. Based on recent studies, the EAM system can be seen as more than a circulation system, it can be viewed as an atmosphere-ocean-land coupled system, namely, the EAM climate system. In addition, further progress has been made in diagnosing the internal physical mechanisms of EAM climate system variability, especially regarding the characteristics and properties of the East Asia-Pacific (EAP) teleconnection over East Asia and the North Pacific, the "Silk Road" teleconnection along the westerly jet stream in the upper troposphere over the Asian continent, and the dynamical effects of quasi-stationary planetary wave activity on EAM system variability. At the end of the paper, some scientific problems regarding understanding the EAM system variability are proposed for further study.     

中国古诗词中的云雾雨雪

从云雾降水物理学的角度学习和分析了一些中国古诗词。内容有:1）分析和统计了唐诗300首和毛泽东诗词中用到云雾雨雪等字的百分比,其分别占总首数的45%和66%;2）列举和分析了描述自然过程、大气过程有云雨雪等字的诗(词)句;3）从现代科学观出发,分析了在一些古诗词中有关云、雨、霜、露等的理解,并作了一些评述;4）对古诗词中直接描述云、雾、雨、雪的内容进行了评论。       

Preliminary Comparison of the CMA, ECMWF, NCEP, and JMA Ensemble Prediction Systems

Based on The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) dataset,using various verification methods,the performances of four typical ense...