动力延伸预报产品释用方法的改进试验

依据动力延伸预报产品释用方法中所建立的月降水距平百分率预报方程，将方程系数看成是动态系数，采用与预报月高度场相似月份的资料作为样本资料，通过改善方程系数的计算来提高月降水预报。1998～2004年的历史实况资料在安徽省的回报实验证明:在目前T63／NCC月动力延伸预报产品的准确率不能快速提高的情况下，该方法具有实际应用价值。利用T63／NCC月动力延伸产品进行安徽省月降水预报应用亦取得较好的效果。     

动力延伸预报产品释用方法的研究

目前以数值形势预报为基础的动力产品释用方法主要有模式输出统计法（ＭＯＳ）和完全预报方法（ＰＰＭ）。由这两种方法建立的预报方程缺乏明确的物理意义,所以文中提出了一种动力与统计相结合的方法。该方法从大尺度大气动力学方程组出发,推导出月降水距平百分率与月环流场的关系,从而建立了月降水距平百分率预报方程,随后利用月动力延伸预报的５００ｈＰａ高度场和实际降水场资料反演出月降水距平百分率预报方程的系数。该方程经过独立样本检验,表明这种方法对利用动力延伸集合预报的环流形势作月降水距平预报具有一定的能力。     

月动力延伸预报产品在三峡工程建设服务中的应用

用3种客观评分方法对国家气候中心为三峡库区提供的月动力延伸预报产品（500hPa位势高度场）进行了全面评估，结果表明，延伸预报月平均环流场预报准确率明显高于持续性预报和气候预报，有一定的预报技巧，对三峡工程气象服务有参考价值，从动力统计相结合的角度出发，利用推导的月降水距平与月环流场的关系，建立了三峡库区代表站点月降水距平预报议程，利用月动力延伸预报的500hPa高度场和实际降水场资料反演出月降水距平预报方程的系数，经过1999年降水预报试验，证明效果较好。     

集合动力因子暴雨预报方法研究

介绍了广义位温、湿热力平流参数、热力螺旋度、热力散度垂直通量、广义湿位涡、力管涡度、热力力管涡度、二级位涡、对流涡度矢量和波作用密度等宏观物理量的定义及其物理意义。个例分析表明,这些动力因子与降水系统发展演变密切相关,对地面观测降水有一定的指示作用。这主要是因为：（1）这些因子能够描述降水系统的动、热力垂直结构等共性特征;f2）这些因子大部分包含广义位温,而广义位温又与凝结潜热和相对湿度有关,因而这些因子也能描述降水系统的水汽场结构特点。以这些动力因子为基础建立了集合动力因子预报方法,该方法首先建立以GFS预报场资料为基础的单动力因子降水预报方程,然后根据其与观测降水的相关性,定义权重函数,对多个动力因子的降水预报进行权重平均,最后得到集合动力因子的降水预报。该预报方法可以充分发挥多个动力因子的优势,比较全面地反映暴雨过程的共性特征。长时间序列的统计检验表明,集合动力因子的降水预报评分略高于全球预报系统（GFS）模式自身的降水预报评分,表现在降水落区预报方面,集合动力因子的预报效果略优于GFS模式的自身预报,然而,在降水强度预报方面,集合动力因子和GFS模式都略有过度预报。集合动力因子预报方法计算量小,容易移植,可以提供降水预报产品,为预报员做暴雨预报提供支持。     

集合预报产品释用方法的研究

提出一种动力与统计相结合的集合预报产品的动力统计释用方法，该方法从大尺度大气动力学方程组出发，考虑中期旬尺度的大气环流特征，采用简单的斜压模式，推导出旬降水距平百分率与旬环流形势场的关系，从而建立了旬降水距平百分率预报方程，与相当正压的月降水距平百分率预报方程相比，更符合常规天气预报业务中对实际大气的动力学和天气学意义的考虑，试报结果表明，动力与统计相结合的方法对旬尺度动力延伸集合预报产品的释用具有明显的效果。     

基于集合预报产品的降尺度降水预报试验

利用降水距平百分率的降尺度预报方法和1951-2008 NCEP资料及我国降水资料,建立了降水距平百分率的预报模型,基于T106L19模式的月动力延伸集合预报结果,进行了2007-2009年3 a的预报试验和效果检验.结果表明,基于集合预报产品的统计降尺度方法对降水距平百分率的预报技巧高于模式降水的预报技巧;500 hPa月平均高度场的预报技巧直接影响到降水距平百分率的预报技巧,平均环流的预报技巧越高,降水距平百分率的预报技巧越高;无论集合成员数为多少,集合预报的结果都明显优于控制预报,随着集合成员数的增多,预报技巧呈增大的趋势;我国降水具有显著的季节性和区域性,以江淮地区的降水距平百分率预报技巧最高,华南地区的预报技巧其次.     

P一σ全球模式的月尺度动力延伸预报试验

用P-σ混合坐标系原始方程模式(Nju-PσM),以观测的瞬时气象要素场作为模式初始场,作了24个月动力延伸预报试验.利用距平符号一致率(P)、距平相关系数(AC)和均方根误差(RMS)对预报结果进行了评估和分析.试验表明Nju-PσM对月平均环流有一定的预报能力,气候漂移订正和预报结果的线性、抛物线型两种合成方法都对预报效果有明显的改进.把动力延伸预报与年际和月际持续性预报进行对比后,表明动力预报结果的各项评估分均为最高.预报场和实况场的空间滤波和经验正交函数(EOF)分析表明,模式对大尺度天气系统的预报能力较强,而对较小尺度天气系统的预报能力则差一些.     

基于路径相似的登陆热带气旋降水之动力-统计集合预报模型

数值天气预报(NWP)过去几十年在热带气旋(TC)预报方面的最大进步是越来越准确的路径预报。对于登陆TC降水的预报,目前以数值模式为代表的技术手段预报能力还十分有限。围绕动力-统计结合之方法研究,初步发展了登陆热带气旋降水(LTP)预报的一种新方法:基于路径相似的登陆热带气旋降水之动力统计集合预报(LTP_DSEF)模型。该方法主要分为五步:TC路径预报、相似路径TC识别、其他特征相似性的判别、TC降水集合预报和最佳预报方案选择;涉及两个关键技术:TC降水分离的客观天气图分析法(OSAT)和TC路径相似面积指数(TSAI)。LTP DSEF模型对2012-2016年影响华南地区出现最大日降水量≥100 mm的21个TC的定量降水预报(QPF)试验结果显示,该模型对登陆TC过程降水的预报结果优于动力模式。登陆TC过程降水≥50 mm情况下,建模样本和独立样本平均TS评分均高于动力模式(EC、GFS、T639)相应的最好表现。对LTP_DSEF模型三个最佳方案的参数取值分析显示,起报时刻参数设定为最临近影响时刻即TC对陆地产生降水的前一天12:00 UTC、集合参数取最大值时预报效果稳定趋好。     

动力延伸预报产品在广西月尺度降水滚动预测中的释用

对广西88个站全年各旬月尺度降水距平百分率作自然正交展开(EOF分解),选取累积方差贡献接近75%的前几个主成分为预报量.利用1982年至今的国家气候中心月动力延伸集合预报资料或回算实验资料,从月尺度平均500hPa位势高度、700hPaU、V向水平风速延伸预报场中选取初选预报因子,并运用EOF分解构建成综合预报因子,分别选取其中与各个预报分量相关程度高的主成分建立预报方程,滚动制作广西月尺度降水量预报.91个独立样本试验和实际应用证明,预报效果较好.     

基于月动力延伸预报最优信息的中国降水降尺度预测模型

利用国家气候中心月动力延伸预报结果、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个站观测资料,通过计算两次相关的方法,获取最优预报信息作为建立降尺度预测模型的预测因子,提取的最优预测因子同时满足既是观测环流要素场影响降水的关键区域,又是模式要素场预报的高技巧区域两个条件.结合挑选出的最优预测因子,利用最优子集回归建立月平均降水的降尺度预测模型.文中设计了消除预测因子和预测量的线性趋势值后建立预测模型(方案1)和直接利用原始资料建立预测模型(方案2)两种方案.经过独立样本检验,发现这两种方案建立的预测模型都能够提高月尺度降水预测,方案1对月尺度降水预测的距平相关系数平均可达0.35.利用该方案对超前时间分别为0、5、10 d的月动力延伸预报产品进行月降水的降尺度预测表明,模式初值信息不仅影响月动力延伸预报结果,也影响降尺度应用效果,利用超前时间为0和5 d的月动力延伸预报结果进行降水降尺度预测可在业务中参考.此外,降尺度预测模型中选取的预测因子不仪在统计上是显著的,同时也具有清楚的物理意义.     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...