1998年长江流域洪水期大气季节内振荡特征及机理研究

1998年夏季长江流域洪涝灾害的发生与低纬和中高纬低频气旋在长江流域附近地区的汇合过程有关. 用包含18个动力热力因子及南北边界效应的局地经向环流线性诊断模式将各因子作用分解开来, 并根据1998年的NCEP再分析资料找到造成不同纬度低频气旋的产生、经向传播及相互作用的主要过程. 基于数值模式的定量分析结果, 表明低纬地区低频气旋的产生和传播主要与强积云对流有关的潜热加热、反映越赤道气流影响的边界效应及热量垂直输送作用有关; 而中高纬地区低频气旋的产生和传播则主要与反映西风带扰动的西风动量水平输送和温度平流作用有关, 西风带扰动主要体现为鄂霍次克海阻塞高压及东南侧的切断低压. 高低纬低频气旋在长江流域附近地区的合并, 不但为长江流域发生洪涝提供所需的抬升条件, 也为南海地区低层低频反气旋的形成创造了有利条件. 在来自南海低频反气旋西北侧的暖湿气流和位于长江流域的低频气旋上升运动的共同影响下, 长江流域发生了百年一遇的特大洪水.     

夏季欧亚中高纬大气低频振荡的纬向传播特征

基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用经验正交函数分解、线性回归和位相分析等方法,分析了夏季(5～8月)欧亚中高纬度地区主要低频周期的低频环流的纬向传播特征,并对其环流实体进行了探讨.分析结果表明,夏季欧亚中高纬度对流层中层(500hPa)的低频振荡周期主要集中在10～30d,该低频振荡同时存在明显的经向(向南)和纬向(向西)传播特征.着重分析其中的纬向传播特征后得出,其纬向平均传播速度约为9～10经度d-1.进一步分析表明,在东半球,北半球夏季极涡的最南端随10～30d的低频位相向西顺时针偏转.表征东半球大槽位置的5400,5500gpm等值线最南端,其随低频振荡位相亦有明显向西移动的特征.其中,5500gpm等值线最南端的移动速度也约为9～10经度d-1.此外,10～30d的低频冷空气也存在着随低频位相向西传播的特征.欧亚中高纬度低频振荡环流的向西传播是极涡向西顺时针旋转现象在低频尺度上的体现.与极涡或槽脊活动密切相连的冷空气即为夏季欧亚中高纬度10～30d低频振荡的环流实体.     

中国东部夏季降水准两年振荡空间分布及背景场特征

本文采用经验正交函数展开(EOF)及相关分析等方法,使用中国气象局整编的160站1951~2005年月平均降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了中国东部夏季降水准两年周期振荡的空间模态及其大气环流背景场.结果表明:(1)中国地区降水季节性差异明显,夏季是主要的降水期并具有明显的准两年周期振荡(TBO)特征,中国东部地区是降水TBO方差变化最大的区域.(2)中国东部夏季降水TBO存在两个主要的空间模态,第1模态以27°N为界南北成反位相的变化关系,降水振幅较大;第2模态降水振幅相对较小,大值中心位于河套-华北地区.(3)形成中国东部夏季降水TBO的两个主要空间模态环流背景场明显不同.第1模态与西太平洋海温成正相关,与东太平洋海温成负相关.第2模态则主要与日本海附近的海温成正相关.当夏季降水TBO以江淮偏多时(第1模态),西太平洋海温偏高,东太平洋海温偏低,中国东部及沿海上空850 hPa有异常反气旋,500 hPa高度相关场东亚上空呈"正负正"波列特征,200 hPa南亚高压加强,西风急流位置偏南.当夏季降水TBO降水位置偏北时(第2模态),中国东部及沿海上空有异常气旋,200 hPa南亚高压偏弱,西风急流位置偏北.     

夏季风期间长江流域的水汽输送状态及其年际变化

本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了长江流域夏季风期间的水汽收支和循环,着重研究了不同月份与水汽收支的年际变化显著相关的大尺度水汽输送和环流异常.流域范围的西南夏季风水汽输送以6、7月最为强烈,经向输送在5～8月造成流域水汽辐合,9月造成辐散;纬向输送在5～7月造成流域水汽辐散,8、9月造成辐合.研究表明,在不同月份,流域的南北边界处的水汽输送在流域水汽收支的年际变化中起着不同的作用.这种变化与大气环流的异常密切相关.在夏季风相对较弱月份（5、8、9月）,流域水汽收支的年际变化极大地受到流域南边界南风水汽输入通道的影响,对应于水汽收入偏丰年,该3个月500 hPa高空在青藏高原东部都存在显著异常低压区,而且,8、9月在中南半岛及其以东洋面存在显著异常反气旋环流,与8月西太副高的向西向南异常伸展,以及9月副高的西伸较弱和南北范围较宽有关,这些异常环流均造成南边界的大量异常水汽输入.而在夏季风十分强盛的6、7月,流域北边界南风水汽输出极大增加,成为流域水汽收入年际变化的关键敏感通道,对应于水汽收入偏丰年,6月500 hPa高空主要受中纬度以黄海和东海为中心的异常低压系统和气旋性异常环流影响,与该区域副高偏南、偏弱有关,而7月则主要受中高纬以外兴安岭为中心的异常高压和反气旋性异常环流影响,应该是由于该区域大陆高压的频繁生成造成的,它们均造成流域北边界水汽输出的异常减少.     

厄尔尼诺持续时间与大气环流异常形势

针对不同持续时间的El Nio事件,进行了大尺度大气环流及其演变的合成分析研究.其结果清楚地表明,不同持续时间的El Nio事件的发生、发展和消亡过程,对流层低层风场和对流层高层速度势场的距平都有极为显著差异.分析得到了对El Nio事件的发生和消亡起着重要作用的大气环流异常形势.还发现对于持续时间较长的El Nio事件,东北太平洋上850hPa异常气旋性环流减弱和西北太平洋上异常反气旋性环流增强较慢,因此赤道太平洋异常西风维持的时间也较长,而与澳大利亚冬季风加强相关联的南半球西太平洋的速度势正距平的维持,对El Nio的持续也起一定作用;对应持续时间较短的El Nio事件,西太平洋上200hPa速度势正距平的迅速东移,对El Nio的迅速消亡起重要作用.     

赤道气压振荡与登陆中国热带气旋的关系

利用1949~2005年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料及登陆中国的热带气旋资料, 采用功率谱分析、相关分析研究了近57 a夏半年(6~10月)赤道气压低频振荡的变化特征及其与登陆中国热带气旋的关系. 结果表明, 夏半年赤道气压主要表现为5~7, 10~30 d的周期振荡, 赤道气压准双周振荡强度的年际变化与登陆中国热带气旋个数有明显的正相关. 用小波逆变换对近57 a逐年5~11月逐日赤道气压进行准双周振荡滤波, 统计得到近57 a 6~10月与7~9月赤道气压准双周振荡波谷前后4 d内有热带气旋登陆中国沿海地区的几率分别为59.7%, 73.0%. 用合成分析方法建立了7~9月赤道气压准双周振荡波谷附近有、无热带气旋登陆中国的大气环流模型. 当赤道气压准双周振荡波谷附近有(无)热带气旋登陆中国时, 东半球中高纬度盛行纬向(经向)环流, 卾霍次克海附近的高压脊偏弱(偏强),西风带偏北(偏南), 副高偏西(偏东)偏强(偏弱), 东南亚越赤道气流偏强(弱), 西南季风偏强(弱)且在波谷时更强(弱), 有(不)利于热带气旋登陆中国. 所建赤道气压准双周振荡波谷附近有、无热带气旋登陆中国的大气环流模型可以较好地反映两者大气环流场的差异, 有利于做好登陆中国热带气旋的中期预报.     

中国东部土壤湿度异常和厄尔尼诺对中国东部夏季降水的作用比较

利用中国气象科学研究院气候系统模式CAMS-CSM中大气和陆面的耦合版本进行了土壤湿度和热带太平洋海温异常影响东亚夏季风的数值模拟,探讨了中国东部从长江中下游到华北(YRNC)春季土壤湿度和厄尔尼诺(El Ni?o)在影响夏季东亚环流和中国东部降水中的作用及其机理.结果表明,中国东部春季土壤湿度和El Ni?o海温异常均对东亚夏季风有显著的影响,其中土壤湿度对中国东部夏季降水的影响略大于海温的作用,然而两者对东亚夏季风环流和中国夏季降水的作用显著不同. YRNC土壤偏湿(干)引起的降水异常模态为中国北部和东南降水偏少(多),而长江流域和东北降水偏多(少),环流上YRNC土壤偏湿(干)能引起西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强(弱)偏西(东)和东亚大槽偏深(浅),表现为弱(强)夏季风形态. El Ni?o对降水的影响显著不同于土壤湿度的作用,在El Ni?o发展期的夏季,中国东北和华北地区为异常反气旋,长江中下游和华南地区为异常气旋,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱,引起长江下游、华南降水偏多,华北降水偏少.在El Ni?o衰减期的夏季,中国东北地区存在一个异常气旋,华南有一个异常反气旋,异常反气旋西部的偏南气流和异常气旋西部的偏北气流在中国中部和北部地区汇合,使得夏季华北和长江中游地区降水增多,其余地区降水偏少.     

全球环流20～30d振荡与长江下游强降水

利用1979～2005年NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料及长江下游地区降水资料,采用非整数波功率谱分析、相关分析和主振荡型分析（POP）研究了近27年5-8月长江下游降水季节内振荡（ISO）、强降水过程的变化特征及其-9全球环流主要ISO模态的关系．结果表明,5-8月长江下游逐日降水主要有10～20,20-30和60～70d的周期振荡,长江下游降水的20～30d振荡强度年际变化和强降水频数之间有极显著的正相关．5-8月全球850hPa高度场存在两个20～30d主振荡型（POP1,POP2）：一个是南半球中纬度地区东移的绕球遥相关型（SCGT）,另一个是西太平洋热带地区南移的季节内振荡型（TWP）,它们的解释方差分别为7．72％和7．66％．这两个POP型与长江下游20～30d低频降水和强降水过程密切相关,其中POP1虚部正位相和POP2实部正位相中长江下游有强降水过程的概率分别为54．9％和60．4％．用合成方法建立了北半球夏季全球环流主要ISO型的20～30d振荡过程中长江下游地区有（无）强降水过程的全球大气环流模型．长江下游地区强降水过程大部分发生在SCGT的位相4或TWP的位相6中．当长江下游降水20～30d振荡正位相中有（无）强降水过程时,与SCGT的位相4对应的850hPa低频风场中从阿拉伯海经印度、孟加拉湾到中国南部和长江下游地区存在（不存在）强西风气流,或与TWP的位相6对应的低频风场中从印度经孟加拉湾到中国南部和长江下游地区以及副热带西太平洋地区到赤道中东太平洋地区呈现强（弱）西风带,有（不）利于长江下游地区强降水过程的形成．它们分别与南北半球热带内外地区大气环流之间的相互作用和亚洲季风区热源强迫异常与东亚大气内部相互作用激发的20～30d低频振荡有关．这两个20—30d振荡的全球大气环流模型对于提高夏季长江下游地区强降水过程10～30d延?     

亚洲-太平洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数的关系

通过对观测资料的分析, 初步探讨了夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacific Oscillation, APO)和西北太平洋热带气旋频数的关系, 发现APO强弱的年际变化与西北太平洋热带气旋频数多寡之间具有显著的正相关关系, 夏季APO偏强(弱)时, 西北太平洋热带气旋偏多(少). 研究进一步揭示, APO变化可导致西北太平洋区域主要大气环流系统出现异常, 而大气环流的这种异常变化正是APO与西北太平洋热带气旋频数相联系的原因. 当APO处于正位相时, 西太平洋副热带高压减弱, 位置偏东偏北; 西北太平洋地区高层大气异常辐散, 低层大气异常辐合; 纬向风垂直切变减弱. 这些变化均为西北太平洋热带气旋的形成提供了有利的大气环流条件, 因此, 西北太平洋热带气旋频数偏多. 反之亦然.     

青藏高原春季土壤湿度与我国长江流域夏季降水的联系及其可能机理

土壤湿度作为陆面过程的重要因子,对局地及邻近地区的大气环流和天气气候有重要影响.青藏高原的土壤湿度观测站点稀少,时间较短,鉴于此,本文使用经过部分观测站点检验的卫星反演数据,研究了春季高原土壤湿度的年际变化与后期夏季我国东部降水的联系和可能机理.结果表明:在全球变暖的背景下,高原土壤湿度总体呈现出显著增加的趋势,去除该线性趋势后,我们定义了一个高原土壤湿度指数TPSMI来定量表征高原土壤湿度的年际变化特征,发现表层、中层、深层的土壤湿度年际变率趋于一致,且春季土壤湿度与夏季土壤湿度显著相关(相关系数可达0.56).当TPSMI偏大时,即高原东部土壤湿度偏大,而西部偏小时,夏季在高原东部(西部)存在一个潜热(感热)热源,二者共同作用下,在对流层中高层从高原西部经我国大陆直至东北地区激发出一个气旋—反气旋—气旋波列,该波列呈相当正压结构,有利于东北冷涡的加强及冷空气向南爆发;与此同时,南亚高压加强东伸,西太副高西伸加强,低空南方暖湿气流与北方干冷气流在长江流域汇合,伴随着上升运动加强,从而有利于夏季长江流域降水增多;反之,当TPSMI偏小时,夏季长江流域降水减少.     

21世纪初青藏高原感热年代际增强对中国东部季风雨带关键区夏季降水年代际转折的影响

基于中国气象局提供的气象站点月值资料,NOAA、CMAP降水格点月值资料,NDVI卫星资料及再分析资料,利用统计方法分析了1961-2014年青藏高原感热与中国东部季风雨带关键区夏季降水的年代际变化,并根据热动力平衡方程结合CESM模式试验解释了21世纪初高原感热异常对关键区夏季降水的影响机理.结果表明:21世纪初,黄淮、江淮地区降水增加,而长江以南地区降水减少.同时,高原感热也发生年代际增强,当春季感热增强后,大气热能上传导致夏季高原近地面产生气旋性环流异常,大气辐合;高层产生反气旋性环流异常,大气辐散.黄淮、江淮地区在对流层中低层受异常偏南风控制,高层受高原上空的大尺度反气旋环流影响产生异常偏北风.此外,高原感热增强通过影响黄淮、江淮地区产生暖平流输送和非绝热加热正异常,该区域产生异常的上升运动,降水量增加.长江以南地区在对流层中低层存在一个异常的反气性环流,有来自海洋的冷平流输送,同时大气非绝热加热在该地区为负异常,产生异常的下沉运动,降水量减少.模式敏感性试验的结果证实了当高原感热发生年代际增强,黄淮、江淮地区水平温度平流及非绝热加热为正异常,而在华南地区为负异常,从而导致黄淮、江淮地区大气上升运动增强,降水增加;而华南地区下沉运动增强,降水减少.     

青藏高原春季积雪在南海夏季风爆发过程中的作用

本文应用欧洲中期预报中心（ECMWF,European Centre for Medium\|Range Weather Forecasts—ERA\|40）资料和美国国家环境预测中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR, National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)资料,研究了青藏高原雪深变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响和ENSO对青藏高原降雪的影响.结果表明：（1）ECMWF的雪深资料是可信的,可以用来研究青藏高原雪深变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响;（2）青藏高原的积雪异常影响到500 hPa以上的温度异常和印度洋与大陆间的气温对比,一方面使上层的南亚高压移动速度发生变化,另一方面也影响到低层大气的运动和东西向风异常,在青藏高原少雪年,东印度洋产生西风异常和一个气旋对,而在青藏高原多雪年,东印度洋产生东风异常和一个反气旋对;（3）ENSO与青藏高原春季积雪关系密切.东太平洋SST正异常时,东印度洋和南海气压偏高,从而导致该区海陆经向压强梯度增强和西风异常.另外,此时青藏高原北部气压偏高,北风偏强,副热带锋面增强,同时,印度洋的SST偏高,为青藏高原降雪提供了水汽保障,这些都有利于青藏高原的降雪.     

Precipitation seesaw phenomenon and its formation mechanism in the eastern and western parts of Northwest China during the flood season

Extending across three major plateaus,namely the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,the Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau and the Loess Plateau,Northwest China has the complex terrain and spatio-temporal climate variations,and is affected by the interactions among different circulation systems,such as the summer monsoon,the westerlies and the plateau monsoon.The understanding of the climate variability,as well as its characteristics and evolution mechanisms in this area has been limited so far.In this paper,the precipitation characteristics and mechanisms in the eastern and western parts of Northwest China during the flood season are compared and analyzed based on the data from 192 national meteorological observational sites in Northwest China in 1961-2016.The results show that,divided by the northern boundary of the East Asian summer monsoon,there are huge differences in the precipitation variation characteristics between the eastern and western parts.The inter-annual variations,interdecadal variations and total trends in the two parts all show a significant seesaw phenomenon.Moreover,it is found that the seesaw phenomenon of precipitation variation is closely related to the opposite variation between the East Asian summer monsoon index(MI) and the westerly circulation index(WI).In addition,the inverse variations on different time scales are only related to the contributions of precipitation at specific grades.Besides,in the two matching patterns of precipitation in the seesaw phenomenon,the middle and high latitudes are occupied by the "high-low-high" wave trains in the precipitation increases in the east of Northwest China(ENWC) and decreases in the west of Northwest China(WNWC) pattern,meaning precipitation increases in ENWC and decreases in WNWC.Whereas the opposite "low-high-low" wave trains at 500 hPa height are observed in the middle and high latitudes in the WH-EA pattern at 500 hPa height,meaning precipitation increases in WNWC and decreases in ENWC.Thus,the atmosphere circulation situation with two wave train types can support both the precipitation seesaw phenomenon and the opposite variation between MI and WI.Moreover,the seesaw phenomenon is shown to be related to the separate or joint effects of the South Asian High,ENSO and the plateau heating on the common but opposite effect on the summer monsoon and the westerlies,in which the South Asian High probably plays a more critical role.This study could deepen the scientific understanding of precipitation mechanisms and improve the weather forecast technology in Northwest China during the flood season.     

Seasonal Variations of Currents over the Western Slope of the Middle Caspian Bed

Results of field observations of current dynamics in the frontal zone of the western Middle Caspian are given. The cyclonic circulation over the western slope in winter is shown to be a unidirectional intense current with velocities up to 100 cm/s. In summer, the current slows down and separates into branches—it turns southwestward and westward at the slope depth down to 150 m, southward and southeastward at the depth of ~100–350 m, and eastward at larger depths. In summer, shelf currents interact with the flow of Middle Caspian cyclonic circulation, resulting in that anticyclonic vortices reach the shelf.     

Changes in the Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation over Romania Between 1961 and 2010 on Seasonal Basis

The aim of this paper is to investigate the trends and shifts of the circulation types over Romania for 50-year period (1961–2010) on seasonal basis. In order to achieve this, two objective catalogues, namely GWT and WLK, from COST733 Action were employed. Daily circulation types were grouped according to the cyclonicity and anticyclonicity and were used to calculate the seasonal occurrence frequency of cyclonic and anticyclonic types. The trend of seasonal time series was investigated by using Mann–Kendall test and the shifts points were determined by using Pettitt test. The results reveal that the occurrence frequency of anti-cyclonic types increases in summer and winter seasons and the occurrence frequency of cyclonic ones decreases for the summer season (for alpha = 0.05).     

Global projections of changing risks of floods and droughts in a changing climate

Abstract

Simulated daily discharge derived from a relatively high-resolution (approximately 1.1-degree) general circulation model was used to investigate future projections of extremes in river discharge under global warming. The frequency of floods was projected to increase over many regions, except those including North America and central to western Eurasia. The drought frequency was projected to increase globally, while regions such as northern high latitudes, eastern Australia, and eastern Eurasia showed a decrease or no significant changes. Changes in flood and drought are not explained simply by changes in annual precipitation, heavy precipitation, or differences between precipitation and evapotranspiration. Several regions were projected to have increases in both flood frequency and drought frequency. Such regions show a decrease in the number of precipitation days, but an increase in days with heavy rain. Several regions show shifts in the flood season from springtime snowmelt to the summer period of heavy precipitation.     

Spatio-temporal characteristics of aerosol distribution over Tibetan Plateau and numerical simulation of radiative forcing and climate response

In this paper we have analyzed aerosol distribution over the Tibetan Plateau by using the global monthly mean satellite data of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II). The results are as follows: (1) Stratospheric aerosol optical depth can oscillate in the four seasons. It means that the aerosol optical depth is the thickest in winter and a little thinner in spring and the thinnest in summer and then a little thicker in autumn. We have found that the oscillation is caused by the oscillation of tropopause in different seasons. (2) Stratospheric aerosol comes mainly from sprays of volcano. After eruption of Mount Pinatubo aerosol optical depth in stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau increases 10 times compared with before. (3) The characteristic of aerosol vertical distribution over the Tibetan Plateau is that there is an extremely high value at the altitude of 70 hPa. The most interesting thing is that the extremely high value can oscillate between 50 hPa and 100 hPa. We have verified that the oscillation is a unique characteristic over the Tibetan Plateau by comparing it with South China and North China. Then the radiative forcing and regional climate response over the Tibetan Plateau of aerosol are investigated. We have discovered such things as followed by: (1) The radiative forcing is positive because the parameterized aerosol optical depth is less than 0.14 which is the optical depth of the uniform background boundary aerosol layer. It is 0–3 W/m² in January and 0–4 W/m² in April and less than 3 W/m² in July and 3–6 W/m² in October. (2) Ground temperature rises 0.1–0.2 K in October which is the biggest increasing magnitude, and 0.01–0.02 in July which is the smallest one. It rises about 0.05-0.01 K in January and April. (3) Air temperature near the earth’s surface and the one at the altitude of 500 hPa rise too, but the increasing magnitude is less than the former one.

     

On the processes that influence the transport and fate of Mississippi waters under flooding outflow conditions

The Mississippi River (MR) freshwater outflow is a major circulation forcing mechanism for the Northern Gulf of Mexico. We investigate the transport and fate of the brackish waters under flood conditions. The largest outflow in history (45,000 m³/s in 2011) is compared with the second largest outflow in the last 8 years (41,000 m³/s in 2008). Realistically forced simulations reveal the synergistic effect of enhanced discharge, winds, stratification of ambient shelf waters, and offshore circulation over the transport of plume waters. The strongest impact is attributed to the evolution of the Loop Current (LC) and associated frontal cyclonic eddies and anticyclonic rings, which exhibited distinctly different influence during the two study periods. The northward LC intrusion in the summer of 2011 weakened and blocked the buoyancy-driven downstream (westward) transport of brackish waters. The 2011 flood was thus characterized by upstream (eastward) flow and an extensive coverage of the Mississippi–Alabama–Florida shelf. An immediate response between the LC and the brackish offshore eastward spreading is computed during and after this historic event. The absence of a LC northward intrusion during the 2008 flood, in combination with wind effects, promotes downstream advection of MR waters towards the Louisiana–Texas shelf; large amounts of buoyant waters are also retained near the Delta, subject to local offshore advection under the synergistic action of LC-associated counter-rotating eddies.     

TRMM多卫星降水分析资料揭示的青藏高原及其周边地区夏季降水日变化

本文在对比了TRMM多卫星降水分析TMPA(TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis)资料和中国643个气象站观测降水量时空分布的基础上,采用2002~2006年夏季TMPA每小时降水量资料,用合成分析和谐波分析的方法研究了青藏高原及其周边地区夏季降水量和降水频率的日变化特征.分析结果表明,平均降水量和降水频率日变化谐波分析的标准振幅显示出青藏高原地区夏季降水具有显著的日变化特征,高原中部地区对流活动日变化最强,其次是高原西南方向的印度半岛地区.谐波分析的位相表明降水量和降水频率最大值出现的时间具有选择性,高原中部降水量最大值多集中在傍晚前后,高原以东的四川盆地通常在夜晚,尤其是在后半夜达到最大值,而长江上游和中下游地区对流活动则分别在上午和下午最为活跃.青藏高原以东地区降水量日变化的位相明显不同于其他陆地地区,也不同于高原中部,具有自西向东传播的信号,四川盆地的夜雨现象可能是高原地区对流活动日变化自西向东传播的结果.