Refractory- and metallurgical-type chromite ores,Zambales ophiolite,Luzon, Philippines

The Zambales ophiolite is the major source of chromite ore in the Philippines. The chromitites are concordant cumulates and are associated with distinct chromitite-bearing sequences within the mantle peridotites. Refractory and metallurgical chromite deposits are spatially separated and related to different lithologic associations, which crystallized from different parental magmas. — Refractory chromite ores (30–44 wt% Cr₂O₃; 20–30 wt% Al₂O₃) are linked with the peridotite-troctolite-olivine gabbro lineage. Two main types were found: (1) Al-rich refractory ores associated with harzburgites and feldspathic periodotites and (2) more Cr-rich varieties associated with lherzolites. — Metallurgical chromite ores (45–53 wt% Cr₂O₃; 12–18 wt% Al₂O₃) are linked with the peridotite-pyroxenite-norite lineage. Two main types were also found: (1) Cr-rich metallurgical ores associated with orthopyroxenites and (2) more Al-rich varieties related to clinopyroxenites. — The chemical composition of chromite within the deposits varies depending on the chromite/silicate ratios of the ore types and grades continuously into accessory chrome spinels in the wall-rock peridotites. — The geochemistry of accessory chrome spinels in various peridotites and mafic cumulates depends on the mineralogical composition and the stratigraphic position of their host rocks.New address: BEB Erdgas und Erdöl GmbH, Riethorst 12, D-3000 Hannover 51The terms chrome-spinels and chromite are used as follows: 1. Chrome-spinel is only used for those occuring as accessory minerals in various ultramafic and mafic rocks (= accessory chrome-spinels). Their chemical composition has been determined only by microprobe analysis. — 2. Chromite is used for ore and ore deposits (=chromitites); the chemical composition has been determined by wet chemistry (AAS) or by microprobe analysis     

富铝型豆荚状铬铁矿床的成矿模式

富铝型豆荚状铬铁矿床系指产于ＰＴＧ系列蛇绿岩套地幔橄榄岩中的矿石，以富铝（Ａｌ２Ｏ３＞２０％）、低铬（Ｃｒ２Ｏ３＜４５％）为特征的铬铁矿床。该类型矿床以萨尔托海、贺根山及洪古勒楞铬铁矿床为代表。含富铝型铬铁矿床的岩体以伴有丰富的基性分凝体、含长地幔橄榄岩的出现以及矿石四周发育绿泥石薄壳而区别于含富铬型铬铁矿床的岩体。作者的研究表明富铝型铬铁矿床是原始地幔岩不同程度部分熔融再造的产物。富铬矿浆代表高度部分熔融的最终残余。富铝型铬铁矿床的成矿模式有两种：一为原始地幔岩中低度部分熔融再造的产物，以缺失高熔杂岩带为特征，属中低熔再造成矿模式，以洪古勒楞矿床为代表；另一种为原始地幔岩高度熔融再造的产物，以发育高熔杂岩带为特征，基性熔体与富铬矿浆之间曾发生了再平衡作用，属高熔再造－再平衡成矿模式，以萨尔托海及贺根山矿床为代表。     

一个与铬铁矿富集有关的巨型实验

现在岩石学、矿床学的实验一般用样品是几十毫克、甚至十几毫克,其目的是要精确化。但是许多事实说明,这种精密的实验工作并不能完全解决矿床的成因。要解决矿床成因的问题,至少必须回答下面三个问题:(1)有用金属矿物是在什么条件下形成的;(2)有用金属矿物是如何富集为矿石的;(3)矿石如何具有一定的量,并达到经济上可开采的要求。实验岩石学和实验矿床学的资料一般只说明了第一个问题。     

Origin of phlogopite-orthopyroxene inclusions in chromites from the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex,South Africa

About 30% of the chromite grains of variable sizes in a chromitite seam at the base of the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex on the farm Vlakfontein contain abundant composite mineral inclusions. The inclusions are polygonal to circular with radial cracks that protrude into the enclosing chromite. They vary from a few microns to several millimeters in diameter and are concentrated in the cores and mantles of chromite crystals. Electron backscattered patterns indicate that the host chromites are single crystals and not amalgamations of multiple grains. Na-phlogopite and orthopyroxene are most abundant in the inclusions. Edenitic hornblende, K-phlogopite, oligoclase and quartz are less abundant. Cl-rich apatite, rutile, zircon and chalcopyrite are present at trace levels. Na-phlogopite is unique to the inclusions; it has not been found elsewhere in the Bushveld Complex. Other minerals in the inclusions are also present in the matrix of the chromitite seam, but their compositions are different. The Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺) ratios of orthopyroxene in the inclusions are slightly higher than those of orthopyroxene in the matrix. K-phlogopite in the inclusions contains more Na than in the matrix. The average compositions of the inclusions are characterized by high MgO (26 wt%), Na₂O (2.4 wt%) and H₂O (2.6 wt%), and low CaO (1.1 wt%) and FeO (4.4 wt%). The δ¹⁸O value of the trapped melt, estimated by analysis of inclusion-rich and inclusion-poor chromites, is ∼7‰. This value is consistent with the previous estimates for the Bushveld magma and with the δ¹⁸O values of silicate minerals throughout the reef. The textural features and peculiar chemical compositions are consistent with entrapment of orthopyroxene with variable amounts of volatile-rich melts during chromite crystallization. The volatile-rich melts are thought to have resulted from variable degrees of mixing between the magma on the floor of the chamber and Na-K-rich fluids expelled from the underlying crystal pile. The addition of fluid to the magma is thought to have caused dissolution of orthpyroxene, leaving the system saturated only in chromite. Both oxygen and hydrogen isotopic values are consistent with the involvement of a magmatic fluid in the process of fluid addition and orthopyroxene dissolution. Most of the Cr and Al in the inclusions was contributed through wall dissolution of the host chromite. Dissolution of minor rutile trapped along with orthopyroxene provided most of the Ti in the inclusions. The Na- and K-rich hydrous silicate minerals in the inclusions were formed during cooling by reaction between pyroxene and the trapped volatile-rich melts.     

Ilmenite, Magnetite and Chromite Beach Placers from South Maharashtra, Central West Coast of India

The heavy mineral placer deposits of the coastal sediments in south Maharashtra stretch for 12.5 km from Pirwadi in the north to Talashil in the south. The area is a sand bar represented by a narrow submergent coastal plain lying between the Achara and Gad Rivers. The sediments in the area are mainly sands which are moderately well sorted to well sorted. The heavy mineral concentration in the surficial sediments ranges between 0.69 and 98.32 wt % (28.73 wt % in average). The heavy mineral concentration shows an increasing trend from north to south. The heavy mineral suite consists predominantly of opaque minerals (ilmenite, magnetite and chromite), garnet, pyroxene, amphibole, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, staurolite, etc. Ilmenite grains are fresh whereas magnetite grains show the effect of weathering and alteration. The chromite grains are rounded to sub-rounded with alteration at the margin of the grains. The surficial textures of the opaque minerals show mechanical breaking that indicates limited distance of transportation. Ilmenite has TiO₂ in the range between 40.04 and 46.6 wt %. Based on ore microscopy studies, the magnetite grains appear to be of two types: pure magnetite and titano-magnetite. Compositionally, the total magnetite fractions have Fe₂O₃ between 32 and 46 wt %, FeO between 19.0 and 25 wt % and TiO₂ between 14.3 and 23.9 wt %. The chromite grains are an admixture of two varieties, ferro-chromite and magnesio-chromite. The chromite grains have 32.06–47.5 wt % of Cr₂O₃ with total iron between 23.86 wt % (4.73% Fe₂O₃ and 19.13% FeO) and 27.89 wt % (4.36% Fe₂O₃ and 23.53% FeO) and MgO between 12 and 40 wt %. The observed variations in the distribution of heavy minerals in the area are due to differences in the sediment supply, their specific gravity and oceanographic processes all of which result in a selective sorting of the sediments. The observed mineral assemblages of transparent heavy minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, tourmaline, kyanite, garnet, zircon and olivine) are suggestive of their derivation from a heterogeneous provenance comprising of igneous rocks, high grade metamorphic rocks and reworked Kaladgi sediments. The chromite grains appear to have been derived from ultrabasic rocks present in the upper reaches of the Gad River. The inferred reserves of ilmenite, magnetite and chromite are 0.175, 0.395 and 0.032 million tons, respectively.     

西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩铬铁矿中金刚石的研究

在西藏罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿中发现过金刚石,但迄今仍有人因为自己所取的小试样中没有分离出金刚石而否定罗布莎等地金刚石的存在。由于金刚石涉及西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合线和蛇绿岩、铬铁矿成因等问题,笔者重新在罗布莎铬铁矿中取样,经过选矿,又在1500kg样品中选出了25粒金刚石和近70种伴生矿物。这就表明西藏金刚石是的确存在的,而且它和蛇绿岩的铬铁矿同是深部成因的产物。     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段错不扎铬铁矿特征及形成环境

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带是国内铬铁矿床出露点最多,且铬铁矿石储量、产量最大的一个蛇绿岩带。根据空间展布规律,该岩带被划分为东段(曲水—墨脱)、中段(昂仁—仁布)和西段(萨嘎至中印边境)3部分。其中,西段自萨嘎以西分为南、北两支亚带。长期以来的研究工作主要集中在东段和中段,西段的研究程度非常薄弱,尤其是北亚带。不同区段研究程度的不平衡十分不利于雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带内铬铁矿找矿工作的开展。错不扎蛇绿岩体位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段的北亚带,呈北西-南东向带状产出,主要由方辉橄榄岩组成,并普遍发育基性岩脉。野外地质调查在该蛇绿岩体中发现了多个铬铁矿化点,矿化体呈透镜状产于方辉橄榄岩中,出露地表的长度为0.5～1m,厚为0.2～0.5 m,矿石均为致密块状。电子探针分析结果表明,错不扎铬铁矿属于高铬型铬铁矿,铬尖晶石的Cr#[=100×Cr/(Cr+Al)]为75～78,Mg#[=100×Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)]为66～69。计算结果表明,母岩浆的FeO/MgO比值为0.51～0.65,Al2O3和Ti O2含量分别为11.27%～12.1%和0.19%～0.4%,与玻安质岩浆的化学成分相当。然而,针状单斜辉石出溶体的发现指示错不扎铬铁矿可能还经历了一个深部作用过程。     

Massive chromite in the Brenham pallasite and the fractionation of Cr during the crystallization of asteroidal cores

Large (≥2 mm) chromite grains are present in IIIAB iron meteorites and in the main-group pallasites (pmg), closely related to high-Au IIIAB irons. Pallasites seem to have formed by the intrusion of a highly evolved metallic magma from a IIIAB-like core into fragmented olivine of the overlying dunite mantle. High Cr contents are commonly encountered during the analyses of metallic samples of high-Au IIIAB irons and main-group pallasites, an indication that Cr contents were high in the intruding liquid and that Cr behaved as an incompatible element during the crystallization of the IIIAB magma, contrary to expectations based on the negative IIIAB Cr-Ni and Cr-Au trends among low-Au IIIAB irons.In a region about 10 cm across in the Brenham main-group pallasite massive chromite fills the interstices between olivine grains, the site normally occupied by metal in Brenham and other pallasites. The massive chromite may have formed as a late cumulus phase; because Fe-Ni was also crystallizing, its absence in the chromite-rich region suggests a separation associated with differences in liquid buoyancy. The coexisting chromite and olivine are zoned; in the olivine FeO is highest in pallasitic (olivine-metal) regions, lowest in rims adjacent to chromite, and intermediate in the cores of these olivines. Chromite shows the opposite zoning, with the highest FeO contents at grain edges adjacent to olivine. The observed gradients are those expected to form by Fe-Mg exchange between olivine and chromite during slow cooling at subsolidus temperatures. Compared to normal Brenham, contents of phosphoran olivine and phosphates are higher in the chromitic pallasitic region. We also report data for large-to-massive chromites present in pmg Molong and in high-Au IIIAB Bear Creek that, like Brenham, formed from a highly evolved magma. The Bear Creek chromite has a much lower Mg content than that in the pallasites, implying that, in the pmg, the Mg was extracted from the olivine during high-temperature reaction with the precipitating chromite. There are other circumstantial arguments indicating that Cr was incompatible in the metal during the crystallization of the IIIAB magma, with the concentration in the residual magma rising from an initial value of about 300 μg/g to a value around 700 μg/g when Bear Creek and Brenham were formed. We consider possible explanations for these negative Cr-Au and Cr-Ni trends and find the most probable one to be that they reflect sampling artefacts resulting from analysts avoiding visible chromite (and the commonly associated phase FeS) when choosing metal samples.     

Genesis of sulfide-rich chromite ores by the interaction between chromitite and pegmatitic olivine–norite dikes in the Potosí Mine (Moa-Baracoa ophiolitic massif, eastern Cuba)

The Potosí Mine is located in the Moa-Baracoa massif in the easternmost part of the Cuban Ophiolitic Belt. Chromite mineralization occurs within the mantle-crust transition zone. Two events of magma intrusion overprint the chromitite bodies: one gave rise to the crystallization of pegmatitic olivine-norite dikes, and the other produced pegmatitic gabbro dikes. Sulfide-poor chromite ores, brecciated chromite ores, and sulfide-rich chromite ores can be distinguished in the different chromitite bodies. Sulfide-poor ores represent more than 80 vol% of the chromitites. This type occurs far from the zones intruded by pegmatitic gabbro dikes and shows petrographic and chemical features similar to other chromitite bodies described in the Moa-Baracoa massif. Brecciated chromite ores occur within pegmatitic gabbro dikes. In this type, chromite crystals occur included within chromian diopside and plagioclase. These silicates often contain droplet-like sulfide aggregates. Sulfide-rich ores are spatially associated to the contacts between sulfide-poor chromite and pegmatitic olivine-norite dikes. These ores mainly consist of recrystallized (coarse) chromite with interstitial pyrrhotite, pentlandite, cubanite, and chalcopyrite. Chromite from sulfide-rich ores exhibits TiO₂, FeO, V₂O₃, MnO, and especially, Fe₂O₃ contents, higher than those of chromite from brecciated ores and much higher than those of chromite from sulfide-poor ores. The sulfide-rich ores are PGE-rich (up to 1,113 ppb of total PGE), and show nearly flat chondrite-normalized PGE patterns, slightly above 0.1 times chondritic values. Mineralogical and chemical data indicate that the chromite ores of the Potosí Mine were modified by the intrusions of olivine-norite and gabbro dikes. The interaction between pre-existing sulfide-poor chromite ores and the intruding volatile-rich silicate melts produced strong brecciation, partial dissolution, and recrystallization (coarsening) of chromite. The sulfide assemblage formed by fractionation of the immiscible sulfide melt segregated from the volatile-rich silicate melt that generated the pegmatitic olivine-norite. The segregation of the sulfide melt can be interpreted as the consequence of chemical interaction between intruding melts and the host chromite. The variable extent of this interaction produced chromite ores with variable sulfide ratios. The magmatic nature of the sulfide mineralization is supported by sulfur isotope data, which range from -0.4 to +0.9‰. Sulfide melt collected incompatible PGE (Rh, Pt, Pd) to produce the typical flat chondrite-normalized pattern of sulfide-rich chromite ores.     

我国铬铁矿床地质特征和找矿方向

我国已知的铬铁矿床均属于中小型豆荚状铬铁矿床,分布区域不均衡,开发利用条件差。豆荚状铬铁矿床包括高铬型和高铝型,两种矿床的形成环境和机制各不相同。弧后弧前盆地、岛弧、大洋中脊、转换断层均可能是豆荚状铬铁矿形成的理想构造环境,越来越多的学者认为豆荚状铬铁矿为深部地幔成因。铬铁矿是我国急缺的战略矿产,需要加大重要铬铁矿带隐伏矿体的找矿力度。     

西昆仑库地蛇绿岩富Al型豆荚状铬铁矿床成因

西昆仑库地蛇绿岩发育小规模的铬铁矿床,矿体呈豆荚状和层状、似层状,均与纯橄岩紧密伴生。这些纯橄岩主要由橄榄石和副矿物尖晶石组成,与方辉橄榄岩相比,橄榄岩中的橄榄石粒径粗(平均2.5mm),Mg#(88~90)低,这与它们全岩低Mg#(90)值,富Al_2O_3、TiO_2、Cr_2O_3、Fe_2O_3相吻合,与熔融残余成因的纯橄岩明显不同,反映了其很可能是由熔体与方辉橄榄岩反应而成。矿体主要由块状、浸染状及脉状铬铁矿石组成;铬铁矿石中的尖晶石具有低而相对稳定的Cr#(43~56),低于富铬型铬铁矿矿床中的铬铁矿(Cr#60)。块状矿石与纯橄岩呈突变接触,矿石中的尖晶石呈浑圆状,包裹有较多橄榄石、辉石等硅酸盐矿物及角闪石等含水硅酸盐矿物;浸染状铬铁矿石中的尖晶石与橄榄石颗粒构成交织结构,或呈云朵状,沿橄榄石颗粒边界相互连接,矿石的结构构造显示了熔/岩反应成因特征。通过计算分析,我们认为该区富铝型铬铁矿石是由拉斑玄武质熔体与地幔橄榄岩反应而成,由于熔体中含有较高的H_2O,参与反应的熔体可能源于弧后扩张脊环境。     

Chromite deposits in the northern Oman ophiolite: Mineralogical constraints

Chromite deposits in the northern Oman ophiolitic complex occur in three structural contexts, i.e., (1) at the base of the cumulate series, (2) in the top kilometer of the mantle sequence, and (3) in the deeper parts of the mantle. Types 1 and 2 are characterized by the diversity of interstitial silicates where in decreasing order of abundance olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, and amphibole occur, as opposed to type 3 which contains only olivine. They differ however in ore texture. Similar silicates also occur as euhedral inclusions in chromite crystals, but their proportions are reversed. The composition of the interstitial silicates is comparable to that found in early cumulates. Type-1 and type-2 chromite deposits crystallized from a magma similar to that from which the basal cumulates formed (Al₂O₃, 15.1–16.1 wt%; FeO/MgO, 0.55–0.60). The type-3 chromites were derived from a magma of much lower Al₂O₃ content (12.5 wt%). It is considered that they belong to an older episode in the magmatic evolution of the complex.     

Atypical,High-Fe2O3, Alpine-Type Chromite Mineralization at Guneyocak,Sivas Province,East-Central Turkey

The Güneyocak chromite mineralization is hosted by the Upper Cretaceous Divrigi ophiolitic melange, which consists of serpentinite, serpentinized harzburgite and dunite, gabbro, diabase dikes, pyroxenite, blocks of limestone, and radiolarite. Serpentinites were intensely listwaenitized near the mineralization and in other locations in the study area. The Guneyocak chromite mineralization is of interest because of its internal structure and abundant, repeated chromitite bands, as well as for its chemistry. These features are unusual for ophiolite-hosted chromite. Major-element chemistry shows that the chromites have very high Fe₂O₃ and MgO and very low FeO. The Guneyocak chromites are classified as of Alpine type on the basis of host-rock lithology and Cr₂O₃, Al₂O₃, FeO(T), and Cr/Fe values. However, the very high Fe₂O₃ and MgO and very low FeO compositions of the chromites do not correspond to those of an Alpine-type chromite deposit. Repeated chromite banding and high Fe₂O₃ content of the chromite strongly suggest repeated oxygen fugacityf(O₂) fluctuations and that the Guneyocak mineralization formed at relatively shallow depths. The Güneyocak chromite is characterized by a slightly boninitic character, which represents high partial melting under conditions of high oxygen fugacity. We conclude that the Guneyocak chromite mineralization formed in the uppermost part of the ultramafic rock series of the Divrigi ophiolitic melange.     

Platinum-group elements in alpine-type ultramafic rocks and related chromite ores of the main ophiolite belt of the Urals

On the basis of a representative collection of ultramafic rocks and chromite ores and a series of technological samples from the largest (Central and Western) deposits in the Rai-Iz massif of the Polar Urals and the Almaz-Zhemchuzhina and Poiskovy deposits in the Kempirsai massif of the southern Urals, the distribution and speciation of platinum-group elements (PGE) in various type sections of mafic-ultramafic massifs of the Main ophiolite belt of the Urals have been studied. Spectral-chemical and spectrophotometric analyses were carried out to estimate PGE in 700 samples of ultramafic rocks and chromite ores; 400 analyses of minerals from rocks, ores, and concentrates and 100 analyses of PGE minerals (PGM) in chromite ores and concentrates were performed using an electron microprobe. Near-chondritic and nonchondritic PGE patterns in chromitebearing sections have been identified. PGE mineralization has been established to occur in chromite ore from all parts of the mafic-ultramafic massifs in the Main ophiolite belt of the Urals. The PGE deposits and occurrences discovered therein are attributed to four types (Kraka, Kempirsai, Nurali-Upper Neiva, and Shandasha), which are different in mode of geological occurrence, geochemical specialization, and placer-forming capability. Fluid-bearing minerals of the pargasite-edenite series have been identified for the first time in the matrix of chromite ore of the Kempirsai massif (the Almaz-Zhemchuzhina deposit) and Voikar-Syn’ya massif (the Kershor deposit). The PGE grade in various types of chromite ore ranges from 0.1–0.2 to 1–2 g/t or higher. According to technological sampling, the average PGE grade in the largest deposits of the southeastern ore field of the Kempirsai massif is 0.5–0.7 g/t. Due to the occurrence of most PGE as PGM 10–100 mm in size and the proved feasibility of their recovery into nickel alloys, chromites of the Kempirsai massif can be considered a complex ore with elevated and locally high Os, Ir, and Ru contents. The Nurali-Upper Neiva type of ore is characterized by small-sized primary deposits, which nevertheless are the main source of large Os-Ir placers in the Miass and Nev’yansk districts of the southern and central Urals, respectively.     

Chromium contamination from chromite mine

Among the dominant species of chromium, the trivalent form widely occurs in nature in chromite ores or in silicate minerals and is extremely immobile. The higher oxidation state Cr(VI), is, however, rarely found in nature, is more mobile, and several times more toxic than Cr(III). Cr(VI) occurs in chromates and dichromates manufactured from chromite ores. The hexavalent state is stable in an oxidizing alkaline environment, whereas the trivalent state is stable in a reducing acidic environment. Serpentinization and Mg release during deuteric alteration of ultramafic rocks create alkaline pore water and lateritization is an intensive oxidation process. Chromite ore bodies in oxidized serpentinite therefore may generate hexavalent chromium from the inert chromites and cause hazardous chromium pollution of the water. With this end in view, a combined field and laboratory study has been made on chromite-bearing oxidized serpentinite rocks of Sukinda in Orissa, India. Laboratory leaching studies on mine overburden samples, chemical analyses of streamwater, and hydrolysate incrustation on detrital grains taken from stream beds have indicated the possibility of chromium mobilization from the chromite ores into the waterbodies.     

Petrogenesis of chromites from the Manipur ophiolite belt,NE India: evidence for a supra-subduction zone setting prior to Indo-Myanmar collision

The Manipur ophiolite belt within the Western Ophiolite Belt of the Indo-Myanmar Ranges (IMR), consists of tectonised to massive serpentinised peridotite, dunite pods, chromitite pods/lenses, cumulates, dykes, volcanic rocks and pelagic sediments. Chromitite pods and lenses hosted in peridotitic mantle rocks show magmatic textures, post magmatic brecciation and ferritchromitisation. Electron microprobe analyses show two types of massive chromitite, with one group having high-Cr (Cr# 75–76), medium-Al (Al₂O₃ 12.2–12.4 wt%) chromites (Sirohi-type) and the other group (Gamnom-type) having a wide range of compositions with generally lower Cr and higher Al (Cr# 65–71, Al₂O₃ 15.7–19 wt%). Accessory chromites in peridotitic mantle rocks have consistently low Cr (Cr# 38–39) and high Al (Al₂O₃ 34–35 wt%), whereas chromites in dunite pods have intermediate compositions (Cr# ~60; Al₂O₃ 20.7–21.2 wt%). The chromite chemistry suggests moderate (20 %) partial melting of the tectonised mantle harzburgite. The estimated Al₂O_3melt, (FeO/MgO)_melt and TiO_2melt for the Sirohi-type chromites indicate boninitic parentage, whereas chromite compositions from the Gamnom area suggest mixed boninitic—island arc tholeiitic magmas. The compositions of magmatic chromites suggest that the Manipur ophiolite was formed in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting.     

河北省含铁岩系的地球化学特征

依据河北省区域岩石地球化学调查成果,讨论了区内不同成因类型含铁岩系的地球化学特征。其中重要的沉积变质铁矿地层中Al₂O₃、Ti、P、V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn的质量分数和w(Fe₂O₃)/w(FeO)、w(Sr)/w(Ba)、w(La)/w(Y)较高,Rb、Li、Cs、Sc的质量分数及w(K₂O)/w(Na₂O)较低;海相沉积型铁矿地层中强烈富集Sb、Li、B、Hg、Sr和K₂O,同时贫化FeO、Na₂O、CaO、Mn、Rb等元素;主要接触交代型铁矿围岩中CaO、MgO的质量分数较高,SiO₂、Al₂O₃、K₂O、Mn、Ti、P、V、Cr、Zr、Ba、REE的质量分数及w(Fe₂O₃)/w(FeO)较低。这些地球化学特征反映其特定的地质构造环境。     

Noble metals segregation and fractionation in magmatic ores from Ronda and Beni Bousera Lherzolite Massifs (Spain,Morocco)

Summary Three types of mineralization are found in high-temperature lherzolite massifs of Southern Spain and Northern Morocco: (Cr) chromite, (Cr-Ni) chromite-nickel arsenide, (S-G) sulphide-graphite. The ore veins are distributed in this order from the plagioclase-lherzolite core to the garnet-lherzolite border of the massifs. These hightemperature ore assemblages (1200-600°C) have cumulate textures including orthopyroxene and/or cordierite as main silicate minerals.High average PGE concentrations are present in the Cr-Ni ores (2000 ppb) in relation to the Ni-arsenide abundance. The Cr ores have only 900 ppb PGE, and the S-G ores are PGE-poor (350 ppb). Gold roughly follows the PGE distribution: 13,000 ppb in Cr-Ni ores, 570 ppb in Cr ores, and only 88 ppb in S-G ores. The chondrite normalized PGE patterns of the Cr-Ni ores are chondritic, whereas those of the Cr and S-G ores have respectively negative and positive slopes. The Pd/Ir ratio strongly increases from the Cr ores (0.39) to the Cr-Ni and the S-G ores (2.7 and 3.4)). There are some (Os, Ru)S₂ inclusions in the chromite of the Cr ores. In the Cr-Ni ores, some minute Au, Au-Cu, and Au-Bi-Te grains are observed. No PGM have been found, except in a weathered Cr-Ni ore sample where abundant PGM (PtAs₂, IrAsS) are present., suggesting that PGE may be hidden as solid solution in the Ni-arsenide.The ore-forming magma probably has a mantle source-rock. The earliest chromites (Cr ores) contain Os-Ir-Ru mineral inclusions, whereas most of the gold and the remaining PGE with higher Pd/Ir ratio were partitioned into an immiscible As-S-liquid, which fractionated later into an earliest PGE-Au-rich NiAs-phase (Cr-Ni ores) and then a PGE-Au-poor MSS-phase (S-G ores).

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Abtrennung und Fraktionierung von Edelmetallen in magmatischen Erzen der LherzolitMassive von Ronda und Beni Bousera (Spanien, Marokko)

Zusammenfassung In den Hochtemperatur-Lherzolit Massiven von Süd-Spanien und Nord-Marokko kommen drei Typen von Vererzung vor: (Cr) Chromit, (Cr-Ni) Chromit-Nickelarsenid, (S-G) Sulfid-Graphit. Die Erzgänge sind in dieser Abfolge vom Plagioklas-Lherzolit Kern zum Granat-Lherzolit Rand der Massive angeordnet. Diese Hochtemperaturparagenesen (1200°-600° C) haben Kumulattexturen mit Orthopyroxen und/oder Cordierit als Hauptsilikatminerale.Hohe Durchschnittsgehalte an PGE kommen in den Cr-Ni Erzen (2000 ppb) vor, und diese stehen in Beziehung zur Häufigkeit der Nickel-Arsenide. Die Cr-Erze führen nur 900 ppb PGE und die S-G Erze sind PGE-arm (350 ppb). Gold folgt in ungefähr der PGE-Verteilung: 13000 ppb in Cr-Ni Erzen, 570 ppb in Cr Erzen, und nur 88 ppb in S-G Erzen. Die Chondrit-normalisierten PGE Verteilungen der Chrom-Nickel Erze sind chondritisch, während jene der Cr- und S-G Erze negative, bzw. positive Neigungen zeigen. Das Pd/Ir Verhältnis nimmt von den Cr-Erzen (0, 39) zu den Cr-Ni und den S-G Erzen (2,7 und 3,4) deutlich zu. Es gibt einige (Os, Ru)S₂ Einschlüsse in den Chromiten der Cr Erze. In den Cr-Ni Erzen, kommen winzige Einschlüsse von Au, Au-Cu und AuBi-Te Körnern vor. Keine PGM konnten nachgewiesen werden, mit Ausnahme eines verwitterten Cr-Ni Erzes wo reichlich PGM (PtAs₂,1rAsS) vorliegen. Dies weist darauf hin, daß PGE in fester Lösung in den Nickel-Arseniden gebunden sein könnten.Das erzbildende Magma dürfte dem Mantel entstammen. Die am frühesten gebildeten Chromite (Cr-Erze) enthalten Einschlüsse von Os-Ir-Ru Mineralen, während ein Großteil des Goldes und der verbleibenden PGE mit höheren Pd/Ir Verhältnissen in eine nicht mischbare As-S fluide Phase gingen; die letztere fraktionierte später in eine frühe PGE-Au-reiche NiAs-Phase (Cr-Ni Erze) und dann in eine PGE-Au-arme MSS-Phase (S-G Erze).

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With 6 Figures     

Alteration patterns of chromian spinels from La Cabaña peridotite,south-central Chile

La Cabaña peridotite is part of a dismembered ophiolite complex located within the metamorphic basement of the Coastal Cordillera of south-central Chile, and is the only location in Chile were Cr-spinels have been described so far. The La Cabaña peridotite is part of the Western Series unit, which comprises meta-sedimentary rocks, metabasites, and serpentinized ultramafic rocks. This unit has been affected by greenschist-facies metamorphism with reported peak PT conditions of 7.0–9.3 kbar and 380°–420 °C. Within La Cabaña peridotite Cr-spinels are present in two localities: Lavanderos and Centinela Bajo. In Lavanderos, Cr-spinel occurs in small chromitite pods and as accessory/disseminated grains with a porous or spongy texture in serpentinite, whereas in Centinela Bajo Cr-spinel is present as accessory zoned grains in partly serpentinized dunites, and in chromitite blocks. All Cr-spinels display variable degrees of alteration to Fe²⁺-rich chromite with a variation trend of major elements from chromite to Fe²⁺-rich chromite similar to those observed in other locations, i.e., an increase in Fe₂O₃ and FeO, a decrease in Al₂O₃ and MgO. Cr₂O₃ content increases from chromite to Fe²⁺-rich chromite in chromitite pods from Lavanderos and chromitite blocks from Centinela Bajo, but decreases in ferrian chromite zones in accessory grains from Centinela Bajo. The minor element (Ti, V, Zn, Ni) content is mostly low and does not exceed 0.4 wt.%, with the exception of MnO (<0.9 wt.%), which shows a correspondence with increasing degree of alteration. Cr# (Cr/Cr?+?Al) versus Mg# (Mg/Mg?+?Fe²⁺) and Fe³⁺/Fe³⁺+Fe²⁺ versus Mg# plots are used to illustrate the Cr-spinel alteration process. Overall, the Cr-spinels from Lavanderos (chromitite pods and disseminated grains) exhibit Cr# values ranging from 0.6 to 1.0, Mg# (Mg/Mg?+?Fe²⁺) below 0.5, and (Fe³⁺/Fe³⁺+Fe²⁺) <0.4. Cr-spinels from chromitites in Centinela Bajo have Cr# and Mg# values that range from 0.65 to 1.0, and 0.7-0.3, respectively, and (Fe³⁺/Fe³⁺+Fe²⁺)?3+/Fe³⁺+Fe²⁺) ratio is less than 0.4 in chromite cores and Fe²⁺-rich chromite, and >0.5 in ferrian chromite and Cr-magnetite. Interpretation of the data obtained and Cr-spinel textures indicate that the alteration of Cr-spinel is a progressive process that involves in its initial stages the reaction of chromite with olivine under water-saturated conditions to produce clinochlore and Fe²⁺-rich chromite. During this stage the chromite can also incorporate Ni, Mn, and/or Zn from the serpentinization fluids. As alteration progresses, Fe²⁺-rich chromite loses mass resulting in the development of a spongy texture. In a later stage and under more oxidizing conditions Fe³⁺ is incorporated in chromite/Fe²⁺-rich chromite shifting its composition to an Fe³⁺-rich chromite (i.e., ferrian chromite). Depending on the fluid/rock and Cr-spinel/silicate ratios, Cr-magnetite can also form over Fe²⁺-rich chromite and/or ferrian chromite as a secondary overgrowth. The compositional changes observed in Cr-spinels from La Cabaña reflect the initial stages of alteration under serpentinization conditions. Results from this study show that the alteration of Cr-spinels is dependent on temperature. The degree and extent of alteration (formation of Fe²⁺-rich and/or ferrian chromite) are controlled by the redox nature of the fluids, the Cr-spinel/silicate and the fluid/rock ratios.     

长江河流沉积物磁铁矿化学组成及其物源示踪

运用电子探针分析了长江干流和主要支流河漫滩沉积物中磁铁矿的元素组成.磁铁矿中的FeO平均含量稍高于其标准组成,而Fe2O3平均含量则明显低于标准组成;Ti、Al、Cr、V、Mn、Mg、Co和Zn等元素在磁铁矿中含量变化大,不同支流的磁铁矿的元素组成不同,同一取样点不同样品磁铁矿的元素组成变化也较大.金沙江、湘江、汉江及长江干流磁铁矿与钛磁铁矿、钛尖晶石、钒钛磁铁矿和铬铁矿等出溶交生,TiO2、Cr2O3和V2O3等元素含量高且变化大.金沙江磁铁矿富Mg、Al和Cr;大渡河、雅砻江和岷江磁铁矿中微量元素含量大多低于0.5%;涪江、汉江磁铁矿富Ti和V,而湘江磁铁矿富Ti和Al;总体上,长江干流上游磁铁矿富Ti,而下游磁铁矿中Ti、Al、Cr、V、Mg和Mn含量低于0.15%.干流磁铁矿的元素组成变化反映主要支流源岩组成及对干流影响程度的差异.