构造矿床学简论

矿床地质工作包括两个方面,其一是矿床本身的研究;其二是矿田构造的研究。前者是探讨成矿的内因,而后者着重于成矿的外部条件(外因)。矿床工作者一般不能顾及矿田构造,而从事矿田构造者则往往对矿床成因很少加以探索。 笔者提出的构造矿床学,其用意在于把成矿的内因和外因结合起来,以期全面地阐明矿产的形成机理和赋存规律。构造矿床学包括了矿床学和矿田构造学两方面的基本内容。     

广东梅县嵩溪银锑矿床的矿石特征

本文着重阐述梅县嵩溪银锑矿床矿石特征，包括：矿石化学成分、矿物组成、矿物共生组合、主要金属矿物特征与矿石组构、矿石中银的赋存状态以及矿石形成的物理化学条件等。从多方面信息探讨了矿床成因。概括地论述了该矿床银锑矿石形成机理。     

大厂锡矿矿石学概论

该书由黄民智和唐绍华著,是国内典型矿床的第一部矿石学专著。所研究对象——大厂锡多金属矿田是我国具有代表性的典型矿田之一,其中长坡—铜坑锡矿不仅是世界级的超大型复杂锡矿床,而且以其繁多的矿物种类,特别是富含罕见、复杂的硫盐矿物而享有“世界矿物宝库”的美誉。锡石-多金属硫化物矿石及多种伴生有用元素有规律的富集及其组合的多样性、复杂性赋予本矿田的系统矿物学和矿石学研究以极大的经济意义和重要的学术意义。     

鏡铁山铁礦区的礦石礦物組成和条带構造的成因

引言本文根据地质部甘肃局634队的材料,结合室內研究写成。准备从矿石矿物組成和条带構造的成因,来簡略地探讨鏡铁山鉄矿床的成因問題。一矿床地質特点簡述镜铁山鉄矿是我国西北未来的巨大钢铁基地的矿石来源地,位於酒泉南面的祁連山中。經过我們的研究初步确定了这个矿区的矿床分属於兩个不同成因类型:樺树溝式的正常淺海相沉积矿床,並略受区域变質作用,和珠龙关式的火山-沉积矿床。     

矿物标型研究的主要趋向

二十世纪矿物学成就之一就是确定了矿物特性与其结晶条件有一定的依赖关系,并找到了能确定岩石和矿石成因的明显的矿物学标志。矿物标型的概念起初应用范围很窄,后来苏联科学家A．E．费尔斯曼首先强调了它的重要意义。苏联已对自然元素。氧化物、硫化物和硅酸盐等各类矿物的标型进行了详细研究。分析已有资料可知,成因矿物学的新领域正在形成,它与岩石学、矿床成因学以及矿石加工处理的问题密切相关。本文作者提出确定一系列有密切联系的标型特征对不同地质建造(例如不同条件下形成的各种岩石和矿床建造)之间的差别是否一致的问题。探讨矿物成因就是要确定不同     

金属成矿各论(二)

本文从分散元素讨论金属成矿问题,这必然涉及到与它们共存金属的成矿体系。因而提出金属元素的产生和资源类型之间的关系问题,供今后研究。一、一般情况分散元素是一个经验名词,是指常存在于另一种主金属矿物中的元素,它们虽在一定条件下也可以形成独立矿物,但是它们很少形成自己的独立矿石。因此,找分散元素的富集点常是在金属矿石里下工夫。     

云南金顶铅锌矿床新的喷流成因机制

金顶铅锌矿床是60年代发现的超大型铅锌矿床。目前对矿床成因的认识仍有大的分歧,主要是:(1)热液充填交代型”或层控型后生矿床;(2)沉积-改造型矿床;(3)冷水介质中的同生沉积矿床;(4)喷流(热水)沉积矿床。本文在前人研究基础上提出了一种新的喷流成因机制以阐明矿床和矿石的时空分布及砂岩型矿石的成矿机理。     

1986年度IGCP-220项目讨论会纪要

IGCP-220项目是东南亚和西太平洋区域与花岗岩有关的锡钨矿床的对比和资源评价项目。1986年6月30日至7月2日在澳大利亚堪培拉澳大利亚国立大学召开了年度会议,由澳大利亚地质学会经济地质专家组主办。讨论内容如下:(1)花岗岩类定位的构造环境;(2)矿化花岗岩类的岩石学和成因;(3)成矿流体和花岗岩的相互作用;(4)金属在熔体和流体中的转移;(5)锡钨矿床和矿石沉淀机制;(6)锡钨成矿省     

访苏见闻之一

一苏联乌拉尔的两个铬铁矿矿床在乌拉尔有两个世界闻名的铬铁矿床,一是我们比较熟悉的南肯波尔塞矿床,它位于乌拉尔的南部;另一个是萨兰诺夫矿床,它位于乌拉尔的中部;这两个矿床所处的地质位置颇为近似,而又不尽相同,但在岩体类型、矿床成因类型和矿石成分上却有很大的差别。 1.波尔塞和萨兰诺夫两个侵入体的地质环境为了说明这个问题,不妨先谈一谈关于超基性岩和基性岩在乌拉尔的分布情况。从乌拉尔的地质图上我们可以看到这个南北的地槽很明显地被分为八个或九个带。     

赣北张十八铅锌银矿床主要金属矿物特征研究

张十八铅锌银矿是近年发现的一处大型矿床,它以其矿化元素较为均匀,矿化面积大,矿石品位中贫及矿体明显受特定层位控制等特点受到业界的广泛关注。通过研究,本矿床矿石中已查明的矿物种属达63种。主要金属矿物简单、微量金属矿物繁多为该矿床矿物成分的组成特点,本文着重介绍了几种主要金属矿物的特征及其嵌布特点。     

Occurrence and Emplacement of Chromite Ores in Sindhudurg District,Maharashtra, India

<正>In the present study,we present the occurrence and emplacement of chromite ore deposits from two abandoned mines(Kankavali[Janoli]and Wagda) in the Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra,India.These ores,that occurred as lenses and are associated with metamorphic and ultrabasic rocks,consist of octahedral grains of chromite,while clinochlore is present between the interstices of these grains.The Kankavali(Janoli) and Wagda ores revealed a dominance of Cr_2O_3 followed by FeO and variable proportions of A1_2O_3,MgO,and SiO_2.The former deposits have a slightly higher Cr_2O_3(average 52 wt%) and FeO(～18 wt%) than those from Wagda(Cr_2O_3～50 wt%,FeO～25 wt%).The similar Cr~# values(0.73 for Kankavali[Janoli],0.74 for Wagda) correspond to those reported for typical podiform-type chromite deposits.We suggest that the ores were emplaced as phacoliths in folded outcrops with a steep easterly dip and a northwest-southeast trend.We postulate the continuation of the fold structure from Janoli to Wagda(～4.5 km apart) and the probable (sporadic) occurrence of chromite along this stretch.The possibility of the contribution of chromite grains from these areas to the coastal placer deposits cannot be ruled out.     

内蒙古达里诺尔含金云母辉石岩的发现及其地质意义

对华北克拉通北缘达里诺尔地区鸽子山附近玄武岩中的含金云母辉石岩捕虏体进行了岩石学、矿物学的研究,并对其中的单斜辉石、斜方辉石、金云母和粒间熔体进行了原位微区主、微量元素分析。结果显示,单斜辉石和斜方辉石具有低的Mg^#、Cr 2O 3和高的Al2O3含量,斜方辉石还具有高的MnO含量,这些特征表明辉石岩代表了交代熔体在地幔中冷却固结堆晶形成的岩脉。辉石岩中金云母、粒间熔体的出现及其不平衡的地球化学特征说明辉石岩形成以后又遭受到了多期次的硅酸盐熔体地幔交代作用。结晶出单斜辉石的母岩浆在蛛网图上具有K、Pb元素的弱负异常但不具有Nb、Ta、Ti元素的负异常,推测形成辉石岩的熔体可能来自软流圈地幔。粒间熔体的低SiO2,高MgO和FeO的特征指示其形成于地幔超基性岩的部分熔融,蛛网图上明显的K、Pb正异常以及Nb、Ta负异常说明其源区也存在俯冲沉积物的贡献。基于此,认为中国东部新生代岩石圈地幔经历了多期次地幔交代作用。     

东昆仑清水泉蛇纹岩中铬铁矿环带成因

东昆仑造山带清水泉超基性岩已蚀变成蛇纹岩,部分浸染状铬铁矿颗粒具有环带结构,这将为研究铬铁矿形成后所经历的变质过程及其寄主岩体的构造演化提供可靠的信息.通过对铬铁矿进行显微结构观察和电子探针分析得出:所研究铬铁矿的环带结构从核部到边缘依次为铝铬铁矿、高铁铬铁矿和铬磁铁矿,被绿泥石所包裹.从铝铬铁矿到高铁铬铁矿,Cr2O3,Al2O3和MgO含量下降,Fe2O3和FeO含量升高;Cr#,TiO2含量,YFe值以及Fe2+#值明显具有升高的趋势,而Mg#值却急剧下降.以上变化规律表明本文所研究的铬铁矿经历了由高温到低温,同时氧逸度上升的过程,并伴随有蛇纹石化作用、热液流体以及区域变质作用等改造,最终形成环带结构.此过程与铬铁矿寄主岩体经历的由地幔抬升至浅部地壳以及相关的变质作用过程相对应.     

Origin of phlogopite-orthopyroxene inclusions in chromites from the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex,South Africa

About 30% of the chromite grains of variable sizes in a chromitite seam at the base of the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex on the farm Vlakfontein contain abundant composite mineral inclusions. The inclusions are polygonal to circular with radial cracks that protrude into the enclosing chromite. They vary from a few microns to several millimeters in diameter and are concentrated in the cores and mantles of chromite crystals. Electron backscattered patterns indicate that the host chromites are single crystals and not amalgamations of multiple grains. Na-phlogopite and orthopyroxene are most abundant in the inclusions. Edenitic hornblende, K-phlogopite, oligoclase and quartz are less abundant. Cl-rich apatite, rutile, zircon and chalcopyrite are present at trace levels. Na-phlogopite is unique to the inclusions; it has not been found elsewhere in the Bushveld Complex. Other minerals in the inclusions are also present in the matrix of the chromitite seam, but their compositions are different. The Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺) ratios of orthopyroxene in the inclusions are slightly higher than those of orthopyroxene in the matrix. K-phlogopite in the inclusions contains more Na than in the matrix. The average compositions of the inclusions are characterized by high MgO (26 wt%), Na₂O (2.4 wt%) and H₂O (2.6 wt%), and low CaO (1.1 wt%) and FeO (4.4 wt%). The δ¹⁸O value of the trapped melt, estimated by analysis of inclusion-rich and inclusion-poor chromites, is ∼7‰. This value is consistent with the previous estimates for the Bushveld magma and with the δ¹⁸O values of silicate minerals throughout the reef. The textural features and peculiar chemical compositions are consistent with entrapment of orthopyroxene with variable amounts of volatile-rich melts during chromite crystallization. The volatile-rich melts are thought to have resulted from variable degrees of mixing between the magma on the floor of the chamber and Na-K-rich fluids expelled from the underlying crystal pile. The addition of fluid to the magma is thought to have caused dissolution of orthpyroxene, leaving the system saturated only in chromite. Both oxygen and hydrogen isotopic values are consistent with the involvement of a magmatic fluid in the process of fluid addition and orthopyroxene dissolution. Most of the Cr and Al in the inclusions was contributed through wall dissolution of the host chromite. Dissolution of minor rutile trapped along with orthopyroxene provided most of the Ti in the inclusions. The Na- and K-rich hydrous silicate minerals in the inclusions were formed during cooling by reaction between pyroxene and the trapped volatile-rich melts.     

超基性岩体中橄长岩-异剥辉长岩分异脉岩与铬铁矿的成因联系

1958年袁棨林在我国北部一地槽区曾注意到有两类超基性岩体。第Ⅰ类有橄长岩-异剥辉长岩分异脉岩(以下简称分异脉岩)的岩体,其造矿铬尖晶石为较富铝的富铬尖晶石亚种和富铁富铬尖晶石亚种,组成低品位冶金级矿石;第Ⅱ类为无分异脉岩的岩体,其中合富铬贫铝的铬铁矿亚种和富铁铬铁矿亚种,组成高品位冶金级矿石。它们虽然都是镁质超基性岩,同样是以斜辉辉撖岩为主的纯橄榄岩-辉橄岩杂岩体,而且都显示了较强的动力分异作用,只是由于出现或不出现与晚期岩浆铬铁矿有成因关系的分异脉岩,而使造矿铬失晶石成分有明显地不同。     

Massive chromite in the Brenham pallasite and the fractionation of Cr during the crystallization of asteroidal cores

Large (≥2 mm) chromite grains are present in IIIAB iron meteorites and in the main-group pallasites (pmg), closely related to high-Au IIIAB irons. Pallasites seem to have formed by the intrusion of a highly evolved metallic magma from a IIIAB-like core into fragmented olivine of the overlying dunite mantle. High Cr contents are commonly encountered during the analyses of metallic samples of high-Au IIIAB irons and main-group pallasites, an indication that Cr contents were high in the intruding liquid and that Cr behaved as an incompatible element during the crystallization of the IIIAB magma, contrary to expectations based on the negative IIIAB Cr-Ni and Cr-Au trends among low-Au IIIAB irons.In a region about 10 cm across in the Brenham main-group pallasite massive chromite fills the interstices between olivine grains, the site normally occupied by metal in Brenham and other pallasites. The massive chromite may have formed as a late cumulus phase; because Fe-Ni was also crystallizing, its absence in the chromite-rich region suggests a separation associated with differences in liquid buoyancy. The coexisting chromite and olivine are zoned; in the olivine FeO is highest in pallasitic (olivine-metal) regions, lowest in rims adjacent to chromite, and intermediate in the cores of these olivines. Chromite shows the opposite zoning, with the highest FeO contents at grain edges adjacent to olivine. The observed gradients are those expected to form by Fe-Mg exchange between olivine and chromite during slow cooling at subsolidus temperatures. Compared to normal Brenham, contents of phosphoran olivine and phosphates are higher in the chromitic pallasitic region. We also report data for large-to-massive chromites present in pmg Molong and in high-Au IIIAB Bear Creek that, like Brenham, formed from a highly evolved magma. The Bear Creek chromite has a much lower Mg content than that in the pallasites, implying that, in the pmg, the Mg was extracted from the olivine during high-temperature reaction with the precipitating chromite. There are other circumstantial arguments indicating that Cr was incompatible in the metal during the crystallization of the IIIAB magma, with the concentration in the residual magma rising from an initial value of about 300 μg/g to a value around 700 μg/g when Bear Creek and Brenham were formed. We consider possible explanations for these negative Cr-Au and Cr-Ni trends and find the most probable one to be that they reflect sampling artefacts resulting from analysts avoiding visible chromite (and the commonly associated phase FeS) when choosing metal samples.     

扬子地块北缘周庵超镁铁质岩体矿物学特征及其对铜镍矿化的启示

扬子地块北缘~635 Ma周庵超镁铁质岩体是一个新发现的含铜镍硫化物矿化的隐伏岩体,主要由二辉橄榄岩组成。文章通过研究周庵岩体中橄榄石、铬铁矿和辉石的矿物成分变化探讨了岩浆演化过程和含矿岩体成因。根据岩石的矿物组合和蚀变程度,岩体从上到下分为3个部分:上部绿泥石-蛇纹石化二辉橄榄岩相带、中部二辉橄榄岩相带和下部绿泥石-角闪石化二辉橄榄岩相带。根据岩体中部带橄榄石和铬铁矿的成分,计算得到母岩浆的Mg^#值为0.63,MgO/FeO摩尔比值为1.72,w(Al₂O₃)为10.2%~11.7%,w(Ni)为476×10^-6,说明其为高镁玄武质岩浆;岩体中部带原生铬铁矿和粒间相铬铁矿核部的Cr₂O₃和Al₂O₃呈正相关关系,说明铬铁矿与粒间硅酸盐熔体发生了平衡交换,铬铁矿的高w(TiO₂) 和Cr^#值与拉张环境中层状岩体的铬铁矿特征一致;根据辉石温压计得到岩体中部单斜辉石和斜方辉石的共结温度为1 017~1 077℃,压力为(3.6~4.5)×10⁸ Pa,暗示形成岩体的浅部岩浆房深度约为12 km。岩体上部和中部带的橄榄石Fo值大部分集中在80 mol%~85 mol%,w(Ni)介于2 255×10^-6~4 455×10^-6,说明这些橄榄石是从没有经过强烈分离结晶和硫化物熔离的岩浆中结晶出来的。岩体下部带橄榄石的Fo值(67 mol%~68 mol%)和w(Ni) (1 500×10^-6~2 000×10^-6)都低于岩体上部和中部带的橄榄石相应值,说明岩体下部带的橄榄石可能形成于演化程度较高、并经历了硫化物熔离的岩浆。因此,笔者认为周庵岩体是由相对原始的和演化了的高镁玄武质岩浆两期侵位形成的。     

Meimechites, porphyritic alkaline picrites, and melanephelinites of Siberia: Conditions of crystallization, parental magmas, and sources

The investigation of rocks, minerals, and melt inclusions showed that porphyritic alkaline picrites and meimechites crystallized from different parental magmas. At a similar ultrabasic composition, the alkaline picrite melts were enriched in K₂O relative to Na₂O, and contained up to 0.12–0.13 wt % F and less Cr, Ni, and H₂O (only 0.01–0.16 wt % H₂O, versus 0.6–1.6 wt % in the meimechite melts) compared with the meimechite magmas. The crystallization of alkaline picrite melts occurred under stable conditions at relatively low temperatures without abrupt changes: olivine and clinopyroxene crystallized at 1340–1285 and 1230–1200°C, respectively, as compared with 1600–1450 and 1230–1200°C in the meimechites. The alkaline picrite melts evolved toward melanephelinite, nephelinite, tephrite, and trachydolerite; whereas the meimechite magmas gave rise to subalkaline picritic rocks. The partitioning of vanadium between olivine and melt suggests that the meimechite magma crystallized under more oxidizing conditions compared with the alkaline picrite melts: the K_DV values for the meimechite melts (0.011–0.016) were three times lower than those for the alkaline picrite melts (0.045–0.052). The parental magmas of the alkaline picrites and meimechites were enriched in trace elements relative to mantle levels by factors of tens to hundreds. The alkaline picrite magma showed lower LILE and LREE contents compared with the meimechite magma. The magmas had also different indicator ratios of incompatible elements, including those immobile in aqueous fluids. It was concluded that the meimechite and alkaline picrite melts were derived from different mantle sources. The former were generated at lower degrees of melting of an undepleted mantle source, and the meimechite melts were produced by high-degree melting of a probably lherzolite-harzburgite source.     

河北省赤城县小张家口超基性岩体主要特征和时代

小张家口超基性岩体是华北板块北缘超基性岩带的一个典型岩体，岩相分带明显，由透辉岩、闪辉岩、二辉岩和纯橄岩组成，主要矿物组成包括透辉石、贵橄榄石、角闪石等。化学成分上富ＦｅＯ、ＣａＯ而贫ＭｇＯ，ｍ／ｆ平均２．２１，属铁质或富铁质超基性岩。稀土分布形式为轻稀土富集型，具不显著的负铕异常，微量元素以富含不相容元素Ｒｂ、Ｔｉ、Ｓｒ、Ｖ等而贫Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ等相容元素为特征。Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ等时年龄１８３７Ｍａ，Ｎｄ（ｔ）为十１０．７２。该岩体由亏损型地幔部分熔融所产生的岩浆经结晶分异作用而形成。     

Magmatic evolution of the material of the Earth’s lower mantle: Stishovite paradox and origin of superdeep diamonds (Experiments at 24–26 GPa)

The ultrabasic–basic magmatic evolution of the lower mantle material includes important physicochemical phenomena, such as the stishovite paradox and the genesis of superdeep diamonds. Stishovite SiO₂ and periclase–wüstite solid solutions, (MgO · FeO)_ss, associate paradoxically in primary inclusions of superdeep lower mantle diamonds. Under the conditions of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle, such oxide assemblages are chemically impossible (forbidden), because the oxides MgO and FeO and SiO₂ react to produce intermediate silicate compounds, enstatite and ferrosilite. Experimental and physicochemical investigations of melting phase relations in the MgO–FeO–SiO₂–CaSiO₃ system at 24 GPa revealed a peritectic mechanism of the stishovite paradox, (Mg, Fe)SiO₃ (bridgmanite) + L = SiO₂ + (Mg, Fe)O during the ultrabasic–basic magmatic evolution of the primitive oxide–silicate lower mantle material. Experiments at 26 GPa with oxide–silicate–carbonate–carbon melts, parental for diamonds and primary inclusions in them, demonstrated the equilibrium formation of superdeep diamonds in association with ultrabasic, (Mg, Fe)SiO₃ (bridgmanite) + (MgO · FeO)_ss (ferropericlase), and basic minerals, (FeO · MgO)_ss (magnesiowüstite) + SiO₂ (stishovite). This leads to the conclusion that a peritectic mechanism, similar to that responsible for the stishovite paradox in the pristine lower mantle material, operates also in the parental media of superdeep diamonds. Thus, this mechanism promotes both the ultrabasic–basic evolution of primitive oxide–silicate magmas in the lower mantle and oxide–silicate–carbonate melts parental for superdeep diamonds and their paradoxical primary inclusions.