中国大陆的活动断裂、地震灾害及其动力过程

中国是一个地震灾害严重的国家,强震主要发生在天山、青藏高原和华北地区,其他地区的7级以上破坏性强震相对较弱．天山的强震主要发生在山体两侧的前陆逆冲推覆带上,山体内部也发生构造变形并控制着一系列中强地震的发生．华北西部鄂尔多斯内部构造活动性微弱,周边的地震活动却十分强烈．华北平原的强震主要发生在平原内部的北北东走向隐伏断裂上,特别是这些北北东走向隐伏断裂与燕山南缘张家口-渤海断裂带的交汇部位是巨大地震的发生场所．青藏高原的活动断裂和强震发生均与海拔高度相关：逆冲断裂和逆冲型强震主要发生在高原周边的低海拔区,高海拔的高原内部则以拉张性质的南北向正断裂和共轭走滑断裂为主,走滑断裂发育在高原的不同海拔不同部位,但北部是左旋走滑运动,南部是右旋走滑运动．中国大陆的强震总体上具有分布广泛、西强东弱、动静交替和分块成带的特征,形成这种地震活动图像的原因是中国大陆的强震受控于活动地块的运动和变形．活动地块是被形成于晚新生代、至今强烈活动的构造带所分割和围限的地质单元,其内部相对稳定,具有相对统一的运动方式,主要构造变形和强震都发生在边界带上,有历史记载以来的全部8级强震和80％以上的7级以上强震都发生在活动地块边界带上．在板块挤压、板内地幔对流等动力作用下,大陆活动地块发生相对运动和变形,上地壳的刚性地块运动和非刚性连续变形都是深部黏塑性流动的地表响应,中国大陆的现今构造变形可以用耦合的地块运动和连续变形模式来描述,活动地块的运动和变形是“陆内变形”的重要方式之一．     

根据现代地壳垂直运动划分中国大陆活动地块边界的尝试.

研究了中国大陆地壳垂直运动的特征，提出利用中国大陆现代地壳垂直形变速率图划分活动地块的思路和原则，并把中国大陆划分为东西2个Ｉ级地块，东北、华北、华南、西藏、甘青藏和新疆6个Ⅱ级地块和16个Ⅲ级地块．本文划分的活动地块边界与新构造活动的图象在总体上是一致的，局部地区有些差别．这表明，中国大陆地壳现今活动是第四纪以来新构造活动的继续，但也出现了一些新的活动趋势．      

用应变积累释放模型研究中国大陆地块分区地震活动

依据活动地块假说及活动边界的划分，对中国大陆地震活动进行分区．在此基础上，应用应变积累释放模型，通过地震应变积累释放的计算，研究了中国大陆各活动地块分区的地震活动性，初步探讨了各地块的地震活动阶段划分．此外，还对应变积累释放模型的应用前提条件进行了必要的讨论，并对模型结果中可能出现的问题给予一定分析．      

汶川8．0级特大地震前地震活动的显著特征

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了MS8．0特大地震（本文震级均为MS）,该地震是中国大陆内部活动地块边界带的特大地震,它发生在青藏、华南一级活动地块区边界交汇部位的龙门山断裂带。本文结合活动地块划分结果阐述了汶川8．0级特大地震前7级强震格局,探讨了该特大地震前可能的动力学变化过程;以中国大陆地区为研究对象,分析...     

中国大陆活动地块边界带与强震活动

本文在前人对中国大陆及周边活动地块研究和划分的基础上，系统研究了6个Ⅰ级活动地块区和22个Ⅱ级活动地块之间共26个活动边界带的构造变形与强震活动，包括强震分布与活动边界带的关系，边界带构造活动速率与地震活动水平及强震复发期等的关系. 给出了边界带强震活动水平与构造活动速率之间的线性关系和强震复发期长短与构造活动速率的反向变化关系. 从而进一步揭示了中国大陆活动地块构造及其块体运动特征，以及块体边界带的构造变形对强震的控制作用.     

2001年我国大陆中强地震活动的构造背景

归纳总结了2001年我国西部5级、东部4级以上地震的发震构造背景，研究表明：2001年中国大陆5级以上的地震大部分发生在青藏一级地块内，华北地块仅发生几次4级地震，其它地块内的地震也较少。发震断层均为各活动地块内的主要活动断层。其中1998－2001年，我国大陆中强地震整体活动水平下半年明显强于上半年。     

基于构造的测震学参数在鲁东－黄海地块的应用

以基于构造的测震学参数分析为思路,利用地震构造分区和地质构造单元的划分结果,检验了基于活动边界带的测震学参数方法的可行性;将活动地块内部（地质构造复杂且地震活动频繁）构造单元与测震学参数相结合,研究中强震前震源区所在的构造单元测震学参数的变化特征,提取具有中期预测意义的震兆标志,为中强震的预测提供理论依据。结果显示：中强地震前,郯庐断裂带（鲁东-黄海地块西边界带）及扬子地块（鲁东－黄海地块内部构造单元）D、C值异常过程明显,且各有特点,证明了基于活动地块内部构造单元的测震学参数方法具有良好的可行性。     

从块体中心论看中国近期强震成组活动的特征

从块体中心论的角度出发,根据中国活动地块研究的最新成果,对1977—2003年中国大陆强震成组发生的构造和震源机制特征进行了分析。结果表明,这些成组发生的强震大都位于活动地块区(Ⅰ级地块)的边界带上或活动地块区内活动地块(Ⅱ级地块)的边界带上。根据哈佛大学提供的CMT(矩张量)解,同组的强震大都具有相似的震源机制。事实表明活动地块区具有整体活动的特点,而且在动力学与运动学方面存在统一性。这些特征对认识强震成组活动的机理,缩小成组强震预测的空间范围具有现实意义     

鄂尔多斯地块周邻地震构造体系与强震活动趋势

鄂尔多斯地块位于中国大陆北部,其周邻地震活动十分频繁。本文依据该区历史地震活动及构造发育情况,结合部分试验结果,把鄂尔多斯地块周邻划分了四个应力集中区:一对以隆起为主的压应力集中区和一对以断陷为主的张应力集中区。隆起区为太原—北京区和海原—古浪区;断陷区为汾渭区和河套区。分析各区强震活动,发现以呼和浩特—宝鸡为界,西北和东南两大区中的M≥6级地震活动,存在着134—329年交替发生的现象。看来,下一个活动区以邢台地震为信号转移到太原—北京区和汾渭区中,其强震活动将要持续一百余年。目前汾渭区中的平静值得注意。     

东南沿海活动地块的初步划分

东南沿海地区无论过去还是现在都是华南中强地震多发区，西文度菌 从地质、地球物理和地球化学相结合的角度，并根据地震学、海洋地质学及深部构造物理资料，对东南沿海活动地块作一个初步划分，并对其地震活动性作了初步分析，得出了地块内部比较统一的地震活动图像。     

Correlation between movement of tectonicblocks and earthquakes in groups

Introduction ZHANG and ZHONG (1977), ZHANG, et al (1978) and ZHANG (1984) pointed out that Chinese mainland is divided into two parts by the NS-trending tectonic belt, i.e., the eastern area and the western area, and each area is divided into tectonic blocks by faults. In the eastern area, the faults are trending NNE and NNW, mainly NNE, and the long axis strike of blocks is nearly trending NS. In the western area, faults are trending NEE and NWW, mainly NWW, long axis strike …     

Active blocks and strong seismic activity in North China region

The active North China block consists of three second-order blocks: Ordos, North China Plain, and East Shandong-Huanghai Sea blocks. Two active tectonic zones, the Anyang-Heze- Linyi and Tangshan-Cixian zones, exist in the active North China Plain block and have separated the active block into 3 third-order active blocks, Taihangshan, Hebei-Shandong, and Henan-Huai blocks. The 3 third-order active blocks are characterized by their entire motion and are clearly different in their Cenozoic structures and deep structures. The active boundary tectonic zones between the third-order active blocks are less than those between the first- and second-order active blocks in their movement strength, extent, and seismic activity. The density of M ≥ 6 earthquakes in the boundary zones between active blocks is higher than that within the blocks by 9-22 times in the North China region, up to one order of magnitude on average. M ≥ 7 earthquakes occurred basically in the boundary zones between active blocks. The difference is not occasional, but reflects the nature of intraplate movement and the characteristics of strong seismic activity and is the powerful evidence for hypothesis of active blocks.     

由跨断层形变测量反映的华北地块近期断裂活动特征

通过对华北地块不同构造部位、不同地震活动时段的跨断层测量资料研究表明，华北地块对于NE走向断裂作用为主的构造单元(包括地块和边界带)的强震活跃时段的断层运动速率明显小于强震不活跃时段；对于NW走向断裂作用为主的构造单元，其强震活跃时段的断层运动速率明显大于强震不活跃时段；对于NE、NW走向断裂共同作用的构造单元，断层运动速率变化特征类似于NW走向断裂作用为主的构造单元。结果还表明，华北地块现今强震活动主要受NW走向断裂的控制。     

岷山断块的发震构造与地震活动性分析

岷山断块位于中国南北强震构造带的中段, 区域地质构造复杂, 活动断裂众多, 强震频发。 4条不同走向的活动断裂NE向龙门山构造带的茂汶断裂、 NWW向东昆仑断裂带的塔藏断裂、 近NS向的岷江断裂和NNW—NS向的虎牙断裂构成岷山断块的南北西东边界。 638—2017年该区域共发生了10次6级以上破坏性地震, 2017年九寨沟7.0级地震就是其中之一。 结合区域构造背景, 对岷山断块所发生的6级以上地震的发震构造特征、 地震活动特性进行归纳总结, 综合分析该区域地震地质特征及地震危险性, 得出以下认识: ① 地震分布空间分区特征显著, 破坏性强震发震构造多为活动性较强的岷山断块东西边界断裂, 震中位置多位于两组或多组活动断裂构造的交会或穿切部位; ② 地震分布时间特征表现为随着时间发展具有迁移回返和原地复发性等特点; ③ 岷山断块东西边界断裂破坏性地震的发生具有一定的时间关联性, 东边界虎牙断裂1973—2017年的地震序列为西边界岷江断裂1933—1960年地震序列约40年后的地震构造响应; ④ 未来岷山断块仍应是继续关注的强震潜在危险区, 岷江断裂中北段的强震潜在危险区是近期值得深入研究的地区之一。     

A STUDY REVIEW ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF ACTIVE-TECTONIC BLOCK BOUNDARIES IN MAINLAND CHINA

More than 80 percent of strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)occur in active-tectonic block boundaries in mainland China, and 95 percent of strong earthquake disasters also occur in these boundaries. In recent years, all strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)happened in active-tectonic block boundaries. For instance, 8 strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)occurred on the eastern, western, southern and northern boundaries of the Bayan Har block since 1997. In order to carry out the earthquake prediction research better, especially for the long-term earthquake prediction, the active-tectonic block boundaries have gradually become the key research objects of seismo-geology, geophysics, geodesy and other disciplines. This paper reviews the research results related to seismic activities in mainland China, as well as the main existing recognitions and problems as follows: 1)Most studies on seismic activities in active-tectonic block boundaries still remain at the statistical analysis level at present. However, the analysis of their working foundations or actual working conditions can help investigate deeply the seismic activities in the active-tectonic block boundaries; 2)Seismic strain release rates are determined by tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries. Analysis of relations between seismic strain release rates and tectonic movement rates in mainland China shows that the tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries of the eastern region are relatively slow, and the seismic strain release rates are with the smaller values too; the tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries of the western region reveal higher values, and their seismic strain rates are larger than that of the eastern region. Earthquake recurrence periods of all 26 active-tectonic block boundaries are presented, and the reciprocals of recurrence periods represent high and low frequency of seismic activities. The research results point out that the tectonic movement rates and the reciprocals of recurrence periods for most faults in active-tectonic block boundaries exhibit linear relations. But due to the complexities of fault systems in active tectonic block boundaries, several faults obviously deviate from the linear relationship, and the relations between average earthquake recurrence periods and tectonic movement rates show larger uncertainties. The major reason is attributed to the differences existing in the results of the current earthquake recurrence studies. Furthermore, faults in active-tectonic boundaries exhibit complexities in many aspects, including different movement rates among various segments of the same fault and a certain active-tectonic block boundary contains some parallel faults with the same earthquake magnitude level. Consequently, complexities of these fault systems need to be further explored; 3)seismic activity processes in active-tectonic block boundaries present obvious regional characteristics. Active-tectonic block boundaries of the eastern mainland China except the western edge of Ordos block possess clustering features which indicate that due to the relatively low rate of crustal deformation in these areas, a long-time span is needed for fault stress-strain accumulation to show earthquake cluster activities. In addition, active-tectonic block boundaries in specific areas with low fault stress-strain accumulation rates also show seismic clustering properties, such as the clustering characteristics of strong seismic activities in Longmenshan fault zone, where a series of strong earthquakes have occurred successively, including the 2008 M8.0 Wenchuan, the 2013 M7.0 Lushan and the 2017 M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquakes. The north central regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, regarded as the second-grade active-tectonic block boundaries, are the concentration areas of large-scale strike-slip faults in mainland China, and most of seismicity sequences show quasi-period features. Besides, most regions around the first-grade active-tectonic block boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau display Poisson seismic processes. On one hand, it is still necessary to investigate the physical mechanisms and dynamics of regional structures, on the other hand, most of the active-tectonic block boundaries can be considered as fault systems. However, seismic activities involved in fault systems have the characteristic of in situ recurrence of strong earthquakes in main fault segments, the possibilities of cascading rupturing for adjacent fault segments, and space-time evolution characteristics of strong earthquakes in fault systems. 4)The dynamic environment of strong earthquakes in mainland China is characterized by “layering vertically and blocking horizontally”. With the progresses in the studies of geophysics, geochemistry, geodesy, seismology and geology, the physical models of different time/space scales have guiding significance for the interpretations of preparation and occurrence of continental strong earthquakes under the active-tectonic block frame. However, since the movement and deformation of the active-tectonic blocks contain not only the rigid motion and the horizontal differences of physical properties of crust-mantle medium are universal, there is still need for improving the understanding of the dynamic processes of continental strong earthquakes. So it is necessary to conduct in-depth studies on the physical mechanism of strong earthquake preparation process under the framework of active-tectonic block theory and establish various foundation models which are similar to seismic source physical models in California of the United States, and then provide technological scientific support for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation. Through all kinds of studies of the physical mechanisms for space-time evolution of continental strong earthquakes, it can not only promote the transition of the study of seismic activities from statistics to physics, but also persistently push the development of active-tectonic block theory.     

Active blocks and strong seismic activity in North China region

The active North China block consists of three second-order blocks: Ordos, North China Plain, and East Shandong-Huanghai Sea blocks. Two active tectonic zones, the Anyang-Heze-Linyi and Tangshan-Cixian zones, exist in the active North China Plain block and have separated the active block into 3 third-order active blocks, Taihangshan, Hebei-Shandong, and Henan-Huai blocks. The 3 third-order active blocks are characterized by their entire motion and are clearly different in their Cenozoic structures and deep structures. The active boundary tectonic zones between the third-order active blocks are less than those between the first- and second-order active blocks in their movement strength, extent, and seismic activity. The density of M· ·6 earthquakes in the boundary zones between active blocks is higher than that within the blocks by 9–22 times in the North China region, up to one order of magnitude on average. M· · 7 earthquakes occurred basically in the boundary zones between active blocks. The difference is not occasional, but reflects the nature of intraplate movement and the characteristics of strong seismic activity and is the powerful evidence for hypothesis of active blocks.     

Study on distribution characteristics of strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan area and their geological tectonic background

Introduction Both Sichuan and Yunnan are provinces with more earthquakes. Based on catalogue of strong earthquakes in China compiled by the Prediction Department of China Earthquake Administration, there are 639 M5.0 earthquakes during 26 B.C.~A.D. 2001. Among them, 475 are M=5.0~5.9 events, 124 are M=6.0~6.9 events, 39 are M=7.0~7.9 events, and one is M=8 event occurred in Sichuan and Yunnan area. Here is one of the areas where seismic activities are most active in China. Sichuan-Yun…     

Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China

The primary pattern of the late Cenozoic to the present tectonic deformation of China is characterized by relative movements and interactions of tectonic blocks. Active tectonic blocks are geological units that have been separated from each other by active tectonic zones. Boundaries between blocks are the highest gradient of differential movement. Most of tectonic activity occurs on boundaries of the blocks. Earthquakes are results of abrupt releases of accumulated strain energy that reaches the threshold of strength of the earth's crust. Boundaries of tectonic blocks are the locations of most discontinuous deformation and highest gradient of stress accumulation, thus are the most likely places for strain energy accumulation and releases, and in turn, devastating earthquakes. Almost all earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8 and 80%-90% of earthquakes of magnitude over 7 occur along boundaries of active tectonic blocks. This fact indicates that differential movements and interactions of active tectonic blocks are the primary mechanism for the occurrences of devastating earthquakes.     

Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China

Active tectonics is inferred to all the structures which have been active since the late Pleisto-cene, 100—120 ka B.P., are still active recently, and will be active in a certain time period in the future, such as active faults, active folds, active basi…