应用地震学方法研究中国大陆活动地块应力应变场

在中国大陆活动地块假说及活动边界研究的基础上，将中国大陆按照地震活动特征进行分区. 利用大地震的震源机制资料和历史强震资料，结合小震综合节面解，研究了各地震区的应力应变状态，给出了各地震区的平均应力主轴方向和平均应变率. 应用地震应变能积累释放模型研究了各地震区的地震活动水平. 结果表明最大剪切应变率与地震活动水平存在线性关系. 将地震资料给出的中国大陆地壳应力应变场与GPS测量给出的结果进行了比较，初步说明了两种结果存在着统一性，从而显示出活动地块运动变形与强震活动的内在联系.     

基于G-R关系的应变积累释放模型研究中国大陆强震的分区活动

针对过去应变积累释放曲线或模型存在的不足,根据G-R关系以及能量震级经验关系, 推导出一个相对独立的应变积累速率公式. 同时在活动地块假说基础上,选取了中国大陆地震活动较为典型的几个地块分区,在考虑历史地震目录完整性基础上,利用1970年以来的小震资料,计算了各地区6级以上地震的年均应变积累速率,从而给出各地震分区相对的地震活动水平;并将之用于改进后的模型,通过对各地震分区现今所处应变状态以及目前状态在其地震轮回活动中所处阶段的研究,探讨了各地震分区的未来地震形势.      

中国大陆地区强震活动特征统计

从时空展布和应变积累释放角度,对中国大陆及大陆西部和东部地区地震活动进行分析,认为青藏高原地震区是中国大陆强震活动主体区域,在目前空间格局不发生改变的情况下,巴颜喀拉地块区及边界、川滇地区是强震活动主要场所的可能性较大;其次为新疆地震区,其强震主体区域依次为南天山与西昆仑交汇区、阿尔泰地区、南北天山地区;中国大陆东部目前可能处于第2轮回后剩余释放阶段或可能已进入第3个轮回的应变积累阶段,总体应变积累水平较低,发生强地震的可能性较小,若进入活跃期,华北地震区应是M≥6.0地震活动的主体区域。     

地块活动与成组地震关系的初步探讨

中国大陆构造的成块性与中国地震活动的成组性构成中国地震构造和地震活动的一个突出现象．本文在前人对中国大陆地震成组划分的结果和地块划分方案的基础上,研究了中国大陆地块与成组地震活动之间的关系,发现大部分强震分布于地块边界断层上,成组地震的孕育和发生与块体活动有关．由成组地震震中分布图表现出来的地块活动方式主要有４种:单缝式活动型、单地块活动型、多地块活动型和地块内部活动型．地块活动频度以单缝式活动型为最高,在成组地震中则以单地块活动型为多．大陆内部各地块的活动性有差别,东部比较活跃的地块有太行山和华北平原地块,西部比较活跃的地块有川滇和昆仑-松潘地块．      

中国大陆活动地块边界的地震学证据

应用中国大陆地区地震活动的地震学参数（如大震烈度图、综合等震线、余震分布、震源尺度、地震矩、地震应变、能量、震源机制解和震中分布等，通过综合集成，刻画了我国陆区地震活动性的空间展布格局。并将其与中国大陆活动地块及其边界相比较，发现中国7级以上强震活动基本上都集中在活动地块的边界上，这对进一步了解活动地块的运动性状、探讨地块之间相互作用及与强震发生的关系具有重要意义。     

广义地震应变能释放的多重分形特征

利用基于小波变换的多重分形谱估计方法，研究了以中国东西部地区为代表的板内地震活动和以新西兰、日本为代表的板缘地震活动广义应变能释放的多重分形特征．结果表明，中国东、西部地震活动广义应变能释放的多重分形特征有明显差别，新西兰与日本的地震活动广义应变能释放的多重分形特征也有明显不同；地震活动的多重分形特征与构造的复杂程度有关．      

随机AMR模型的参数估计及其在几次强震中的应用

通过模拟强震前累积应变能释放具有加速特征地震目录的方法，系统地研究了随机AMR模型参数估计特征．在此基础上，应用AIC（Akaikes information criteria）准则，分别对中国和新西兰几次强震加速情况进行了考察，分析强震前地震活动类型， 有无加速，及何种因素引起的加速，同时探讨加速活动的区域分布特征和预测未来强震发生时间的可能途径．      

川滇菱形地块的应变能积累释放周期和强震预测

将川滇菱形地块分为两个地块, 分别以形变确定应变速率、 深部速度构造确定弹性模量、 联合地块体积确定地块应变能积累与时间的关系, 结合历史强震研究应变能积累释放周期以及该周期内的强震活动, 进而研究应变能积累释放与强震活动的关系. 结果表明, 地块应变能积累释放存在周期性并可预测强震震级. 在应变能积累前期, 没有强震(M≥7.0)发生; 随着时间增加, 应变能继续增加, 地块上先后发生几次强震, 但每次强震震级均小于预测震级, 即一次强震只释放了一部分能量; 而后应变能积累继续增加, 直到一、 二次特大强震(M≥7.5)发生, 将绝大部分应变能释放. 至此, 老的周期结束, 新的周期开始. 应变能积累从小到大直到最后完全释放的周期性导致了地震的平静活跃周期, 地震活跃期比平静期长得多. 本文认为, 大区域地理范围因其含有多个地块, 不宜讨论其地震平静活跃周期, 而对于小范围单次强震也不宜讨论其复发周期. 虽然活跃期中的强震从时间上看并无任何规律, 但利用活动地块应变能的积累释放曲线所预测的震级与实际震级很接近. 本文结果对于地震安全性评价工作可能有重要意义.      

中国大陆地震构造研究回顾

简要回顾了近4年来(1999～2002年)我国在地震构造方面研究的进展，重点介绍了在地壳上地幔结构、活动断裂和大地震构造背景、地壳形变和数值模拟方面的工作．在我国境内发生的绝大多数地震都属于大陆地震的范畴，因此,中国地震学家把研究的重点放在大陆地震上．中国在九五期间完成的中国数字地震观测系统和中国地壳运动观测网络重大科学工程为地震构造的研究提供了大量的基础资料．因此，４年来的地震构造研究取得了相当大的进展．      

地震带与地震统计区关系探究

总结和分析了中国地震带划分的研究历史、目的和用途、划分原则、表现形式以及基本特点，指出地震带是以地震活动性区域划分研究为目的，它不同于概率地震危险性方法中的地震统计区的概念．文中对地震统计区概念及其演化历史进行了分析和论述，认为地震统计区与地震带在统计意义、物理内涵、层次性、划分规模的要求、对空间重叠的排斥性以及划分目的和用途等方面，均存在较大差异．现行工作中将两者不加区分地使用是不合适的， 一方面造成地震统计区未形成自身的适应概率地震危险性分析方法的划分理论，另一方面也造成以地震活动特征和地震孕育发生环境、机制研究为目的的地震带划分研究的停滞不前．文中最后指出，地震统计区划分是以地震带划分研究为基础，它产生并服务于考虑地震活动时空不均匀性的概率地震危险性分析方法，应将其与地震带概念加以明确区分，并加强其划分原则、理论和方法的研究．      

The seismicity research in the sub-regions of Chinese mainland using strain accumula-ting and releasing model

Introduction Lots of researches suggest that the seismicity is irregular in the space and unsteady on the time. The former behaves as that the earthquakes usually are distributed in bands or zones, the latter behaves as that the seismicity has the active and placid alternant stages (high and low). Analyzing the seismicity of Chinese mainland shows that the distribution of strong earthquakes indicates different distributing pictures in space in different periods. According to strain releasing …     

中国大陆活动地块边界带强震活动特征的研究

在中国大陆及周边活动地块与活动地块边界带研究和划分的基础上,研究了中国陆区6个Ⅰ级活动地块区和22个Ⅱ级活动地块之间的共计24个活动边界带上的强震活动特征。从各边界带上强震活动的频次和单位时间、单位长度的地震应变能释放出发,讨论了各活动地块边界带的强震总体活动水平;并从震级频度关系出发,计算了各带的理论最大震级与复发周期。通过与实际地震记录对比发现,由中国大陆各主要活动地块边界带的地震活动参数(a/b)所推算的强震活动强度与实际地震活动强度总体上具有较好的一致性,强震复发期与构造活动速率则呈明显的反向变化关系,这也表明本研究给出的各边界带的a,b值具有一定的参考意义。文中还利用历史强震资料以及各带强震活动的离逝时间,基于泊松分布,探讨了各活动边界带的现今地震活动水平及其危险程度     

青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪块体划分与运动态势研究

根据地壳厚度、重磁场特征、晚第四纪活动断裂、地貌差异、断陷盆地、地震活动差异等 ,将研究区作了一、二级块体的划分 ,其中一级块体 7个 ,二级块体 33个。一级块体平面上多数呈长条形 ,剖面上呈梯形、倒梯形 ,少数为多边形、三角形。二级块体平面上多数呈菱形 ,剖面上呈叠瓦状上冲形 ,少数呈条形或三角形。块体的主要运动形式有 :水平挤压、垂直升降、流展和旋转。块体运动受地壳“压缩 -挤出 -旋转”机制控制 ,即地壳块体受到挤压后产生强烈收缩 ,随后产生地壳块体隆起并产生向东的侧向挤出 ,并在挤出过程中产生块体反时针方向旋转。这一结果对“高分辨率地形变的观测研究和地震预报”有重要的科学意义     

Study of main body element of crustal strain and its relationship with moderate-strong earthquakes

In this paper, progress in strain study of blocks and faults by GPS data are discussed, and the concept that active structures between blocks are the main body of crustal strain is clarified. By energy transfer principle of elastic mechanics, the relation between strain around faults and tectonic force on fault surfaces is set up and main body element model of crustal strain is constructed. Finally, the relation between mechanical evolution of model and seismogenic process of Kunlun earthquake （Ms=8.1） is discussed by continuous GPS data of datum stations. The result suggests that the relatively relaxed change under background of strong compressing and shearing may help to trigger moderate-strong earthquakes.     

Movement and strain conditions of active blocks in the Chinese mainland

The definition of active block is given from the angles of crustal deformation and strain. The movement and strain parameters of active blocks are estimated according to the unified velocity field composed of the velocities at 1598 GPS stations obtained from GPS measurements carried out in the past years in the Chinese mainland and the surrounding areas. The movement and strain conditions of the blocks are analyzed. The active blocks in the Chinese mainland have a consistent E-trending movement component, but its N and S components are not consistent. The blocks in the western part have a consistent N-trending movement and the blocks in the eastern part have a consistent S-trending movement. In the area to the east of 90°E, that is the area from Himalayas block towards NE, the movement direction of the blocks rotates clockwisely and the movement rates of the blocks are different. Generally, the movement rate is large in the west and south and small in the east and north with a difference of 3 to 4 times between the rates in the west and east. The distributions of principal compressive strain directions of the blocks are also different. The principal strain of the blocks located to the west of 90oE is basically in the SN direction, the principal compressive strain of the blocks in the northeastern part of Qingzang plateau is roughly in the NE direction and the direction of principal compressive strain of the blocks in the southeastern part of Qingzang plateau rounds clockwisely the east end of Himalayas structure. In addition, the principal strain and shear strain rates of the blocks are also different. The Himalayas and Tianshan blocks have the largest principal compressive strain and the maximum shear strain rate. Then, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Southwest Yunnan (SW Yunnan), Qilian and Sichuan-Yunan (Chuan-Dian) blocks followed. The strain rate of the blocks in the eastern part is smaller. The estimation based on the stain condition indicates that Himalayas block is still the area with the most intensive tectonic activity and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 15.2±1.5 mm/a. Tianshan block ranks the second and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 10.1±0.9 mm/a. At present, the two blocks are still uprising. It can be seen from superficial strain that the Chinese mainland is predominated by superficial expansion. Almost the total area in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland is expanded, while in the western part, the superficial compression and expansion are alternatively distributed from the south to the north. In the Chinese mainland, most EW-trending or proximate EW-trending faults have the left-lateral or left-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides, and most NS-trending faults have the right-lateral or right-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides. According to the data from GPS measurements the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 4.8±1.3 mm/a in the central part of Altun fault and 9.8±2.2 mm/a on Xianshuihe fault. The movement of the fault along the block boundary has provided the condition for block movement, so the movements of the block and its boundary are consistent, but the movement levels of the blocks are different. The statistic results indicate that the relative movement between most blocks is quite significant, which proves that active blocks exist. Himalayas, Tianshan, Qiangtang and SW Yunnan blocks have the most intensive movement; China-Mongolia, China-Korea (China-Korea), Alxa and South China blocks are rather stable. The mutual action of India, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates versus Eurasia plate is the principal driving force to the block movement in the Chinese mainland. Under the NNE-trending intensive press from India plate, the crustal matter of Qingzang plateau moves to the NNE and NE directions, then is hindered by the blocks located in the northern, northeastern and eastern parts. The crustal matter moves towards the Indian Ocean by the southeastern part of the plateau.     

川滇地区活动地块现今地壳形变特征

利用川滇地区1998～2002年间200多GPS点位的多期复测结果, 将川滇地区分为9个次级活动块体, 计算了各个活动块体的欧拉旋转矢量和主要活动断裂的运动速度, 并分析了该地区的应变场特征. 结果表明, 川滇地区的地壳运动速度具有北强南弱、西强东弱、以菱形块体为主顺时针旋转的特征; 菱形块体外各个块体运动速度大幅衰减; 与地质结果的差异表明, 川滇菱形块体的现今地壳运动由北往南逐渐增强; 青藏高原物质的侧东向挤出在滇中块体南部明显下降, 而丽江—小金河断裂带的吸收作用并不明显; 川滇地区以压应变为主,四川石棉和云南新平一带出现的应变集中地区也许具有发生中强地震的可能性.     

RELOCATION OF THE BACKGROUND SEISMICITY AND INVESTIGATION ON THE BURIED ACTIVE FAULTS IN SOUTHEASTERN CHINA

Most of the regions in southeastern China are covered by thick Cenozoic sediments, or are the mountainous areas, so it is difficult to find and locate the active faults using the conventional geologic methods. The precisely relocated background seismicity in the seismically active region can be used to identify the buried active structure. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between regional tectonics and background seismicity, and interpreted the possible buried active faults in southeastern China using the relocated background seismicity. We relocated the background seismicity occurring in the region from 106°E to 122°E and from 22°N to 35°N between 1990 and 2014 using the doubble difference earthquake location algorithm. More than 51000 small earthquakes were relocated. In general, the relocated background seismicity corresponds well to the tectonics, showing the zonation features with typical seismicity pattern in each tectonic regime. It is observed that in the weakly active tectonic regime, the seismicity distributes dispersely or even scarcely, while in the strongly active tectonic region, the seismicity is highly clustered and organized to lineation pattern showing the same direction as the strike of the dominating fault zone. We interpreted the buried active faults using the lineation of seismicity. The inferred active faults are observed in the southeast coast region, the northwest Guangxi Province, the southeast boundary region of the Sichian Basin, and around the Huoshan Fault, many of which were not found by previous studies. The relocated hypocentral depth varies greatly in southeastern China. The shallowest earthquakes between 0 and 15km mainly distribute in the central region, indicating that the brittle deformation process only occurred in the upper crust, while the middle and lower crust are to be half-ductile and ductile deformation. There are earthquakes occurred in lower crust in the southeast coast region. The maximum depths distribute in the southeast boundary region of the Sichuan Basin, some are greater than 40km, indicating that the crust depth is larger than other places and the lower crust still sustains brittle deformation, which corresponds to the lower geothermal value and high crustal strength.     

中国大陆构造块体的现今活动和变形

在重新对 1998年和 2 0 0 0年的中国地壳运动观测网络基准站和基本站的 2期观测资料进行预处理的基础上 ,得到了ITRF97坐标框架下 ,参考时刻分别为 1998年 9月 5日和 2 0 0 0年 6月 8日 ,分布在全国各主要构造块体上的 79个GPS站的坐标和协方差矩阵。分别以中国岩石圈动力学地图集 (马杏垣 ,1989)中的中国大陆主要构造单元 (称之为亚板块 )和张培震等 ( 2 0 0 2 )给出的中国主要活动块体为格架 ,用笔者提出的 1种推广了的QUAD方法对中国大陆的 2 0个主要构造块体逐个进行判别检验。那些现今无明显相对运动的相邻块体则被归并起来 ,从而确定了活动块体和它们的边界。采用刚体运动 +块体均匀应变 +局部变形的模型作为描述中国大陆构造块体的现今活动和变形的模型。求出了有明显相对运动块体的欧拉运动矢量和块体的整体均匀变形参数、各块体内部的不均匀局部变形以及活动边界的活动方式和强度。在此基础上 ,除了一般地指出中国大陆地壳运动西强东弱的特征之外 ,还对西部主要活动块体和边界活动强弱给出了定量比较结果 ,从而为强震危险区的判别提供了形变背景依据     

地壳介质非均匀性对华北地区强震活动的影响

华北地区是我国地震灾害最频繁的地区之一,该区域的强震空间分布可能与地壳介质的不均匀性有关.本文建立了华北地区岩石圈三维Maxwell模型,并尝试采用剪切波分裂参数为新的约束条件,对区域地壳运动场和应力应变场进行了模拟,探讨地壳介质不均匀性与区域地震活动的关系.研究结果表明:外部动力源控制了华北地区整体的地壳运动方式,地...