基于MODIS数据的甘肃主要水库水体面积变化特征

掌握甘肃主要水库的水体面积变化规律,对"甘肃省国家生态安全屏障综合试验区"建设具有重要参考意义。基于2000—2014年MODIS的8 d合成地表反射率产品MOD09资料,利用WI1水体指数,对甘肃四大水库双塔、昌马、红崖山和刘家峡的水体面积进行监测,并与兰州区域气候中心实时接收的卫星资料目视解译结果进行对比、建立相关关系,进而对上述水库水体面积变化状况进行研究。结果表明:甘肃四大水库8 d合成产品MOD09反演的水体与卫星实时资料目视解译结果均具有很好的相关性,且变化趋势较一致,MOD09产品反演结果能够反映水体实时变化状况,可用于水库水体面积的变化特征研究。近10 a多,甘肃四大水库水体面积表现出春季或秋季较大、夏季最小的年内分布特征,各水库水体面积的年际变化趋势较复杂,疏勒河上的昌马和双塔水库春、夏、秋三季水体面积的年际变化趋势不明显,而红崖山和刘家峡水库水体面积均呈波动增加趋势,这对甘肃中西部农业灌溉极为有利。     

苏北大型湖泊水域的EOS/MODIS遥感监测

为了从宏观上了解江苏省境内主要湖泊水体的动态变化及原因,并为有关部门指挥防洪抗旱和治理水环境提供准确的决策依据,利用2005年夏季多景EOS/MODIS卫星遥感影像数据,对入夏以来苏北地区主要湖泊水域——骆马湖、洪泽湖、高邮湖(含邵伯湖)进行了卫星遥感动态监测,生成3通道合成彩色图像,运用阈值法提取湖泊及其周边水域的水体边界,并计算水体面积。最后从气象因素对湖泊的水体面积变化进行了分析。遥感图像与面积统计数据直观地反映出,2005年入夏以来苏北各大湖泊水域的水体面积随着前期干旱和其后大量降水的发生而出现比较明显的减小和增加,可见一段时期内的日照时数、降水量等气象因子会对湖泊及周边水域的面积增减产生很大影响。     

利用HJ-1卫星数据监测山区水库资源

遥感技术能够快速、宏观地获得研究区域的数据,已成为湖泊环境动态变化监测的重要技术手段。但是对于山区的湖泊和河流而言,由于沟壑众多,河道狭窄,水体像元多为混合像元,利用现有方法提取水体遥感影像难度较大。水体与植被、城市和土壤等地物在不同波段的光谱反射率的差异是利用遥感手段提取水体信息的基本原理。本文在水体光谱特征分析的基础上,描述了HJ-1卫星数据特征及所采用的山区水体信息的遥感提取方法,并以南湾水库为例,描述了利用植被指数(NDVI)方法识别水体信息的技巧:首先将HJ-1数据的第3和第4波段经过波段运算得到NDVI图像;再将两种遥感图像中NDVI值小于0的像元判识为水体,NDVI值大于0的判识为水库周围的农田,经过计算像元数量得到水体面积信息;最后在各种专业软件的支持下,结合非监督分类的水体识别效果,将水体与其他地物类型区分开来。结果表明,利用HJ-1卫星数据可有效排除其他地物的干扰,显著提高水体监测的精度。     

应用EOS/MODIS资料监测向海水库水面面积动态变化

利用EOS/MODIS资料,采用阈值法对水体进行自动判识。通过多时次卫星数据对向海水库面积进行遥感动态监测,结果表明,利用EOS/MODIS数据能准确监测水库水域面积变化,向海水库面积2006年除7月中旬至8月中旬低于2005年外,其它月份均高于2005年。水库面积变化呈现夏季较低,秋季较高的特点。     

金塔绿洲解放村水库夏季晴天水文气象效应的数值模拟

利用非静力中尺度数值模式RAMS,模拟了金塔绿洲南部边缘面积约为6 km2的小水库(解放村水库)夏季晴天的水文气象效应。结果表明:金塔绿洲附近的解放村水库面积虽然很小,但水库水体具有比较明显的"暖湖"、"冷湖"和"湿岛"效应,且有明显的湖风出现。敏感性试验表明水库水体总的作用是冷却作用,最大降温幅度为2.2℃;水库水体对风场有加速作用,最大增幅为1.4 m.s-1;水库水汽的影响高度能达到650 m左右,下风岸影响的最大距离约为3 km,上风岸约为300 m。     

基于TM数据的湿地变化分析—以磴口县为例

利用2001、2006、2010年的TM遥感图像,采用目视解译的方法对磴口县湿地面积进行提取,结合气象数据,并对其变化进行分析。结果表明,2000—2010年,磴口县年降水呈现不及30a(1981—2010年)平均值的年份明显偏多,7—8月平均气温逐年上升;除内陆滩涂面积有所减少外,河流水体、湖泊坑塘水体以及湿地植被面积都有不同程度的增加,变化速率分别为2.06%、0.85%和4.65%,以湿地植被面积增加最为迅速。     

1988—2018年那曲市其香错水域面积变化及原因分析

基于Landsat卫星遥感数据,采用水体指数法和相关分析法,分析1988—2018年那曲市双湖县其香错湖泊水域面积变化及原因。结果表明：该湖泊近31 a内水域面积呈显著增长趋势（R²=0.88,P < 0.001）,31 a内增长了33.37 km²,增长率为18.03%;从空间上分析,其香错在近31 a内湖泊面积不断向四周扩展,其中在东、西方向和北部变化尤为显著。湖泊所在区域年平均气温呈增加趋势,蒸发量显著减小,冻土深度也明显减小。在上述因素的共同作用下,引起湖泊补给水源的增加和湖泊水容量的增大,最终导致湖泊面积持续上涨。     

黑河流域生态环境气象卫星遥感监测研究

根据甘肃降水资料和农业气象资料得出1989年和1998年为相似年景，利用1989年和1998年NOAA气象卫星AVHRR晴空资料，判识出黑河流域植被，积雪和水体，并根据相应的计算方法得出植被指数，积雪面积和水体面积，对10年来黑河上游地区的植被和积雪，中游地区绿洲植被和下游地区植被和湖泊变化进行分析。结果表明，10年来黑河上游和下游地区植被在退化，中游地区绿洲面积增加，植被指数增高；1989年与1998年黑河上游山区积雪面积变化特征一致，但1998积雪融化明显快于1989年；下游湖泊面积1998年较1989年严重退缩。     

基于MODIS和HJ-1数据的宿鸭湖水库面积遥感监测研究

水体与植被、城市和土壤等地物在不同波段的光谱反射率的差异是利用遥感手段提取水体信息的基本原理。以宿鸭湖水库为例,在水体光谱特征分析的基础上,采用归一化植被指数（NDVI）方法提取2010年的MODIS和HJ-1遥感影像上的水体信息。首先将MODIS数据的第1和第2波段,以及HJ-1数据的第3和第4波段经过波段运算得到NDVI图像。将两种遥感图像中NDVI值为负的像元判识为水体,NDVI值为正的判识为水库周围的农田,经过计算像元数量得到水体面积信息。水体判识阈值在全年变化范围在-0．08和0．08之间。HJ-1数据具有较高的空间分辨率,水体判识的结果比MODIS数据更加精确。利用HJ—I数据水体监测结果对MODIS数据结果进行校正,使得到的监测结果同时具有较高的时间分辨率和空间分辨率。研究结果表明：利用HJ-1数据校正后的MODIS数据所测得的水域面积与实际观测得到的水库蓄水量之间的复相关系数为0．8603,显著提高了水体监测的精度,从而为大范围的水资源与水环境动态监测提供了迅速、可靠的依据。     

近30年红碱淖水体时空动态变化遥感监测研究

利用1990—2020年的Landsat卫星数据,基于总体精度指标和Kappa系数评估三种岸线提取方法精度,选取精度最高的方法构建高精度的湖泊水体遥感监测数据集,基于该数据集从多角度分析红碱淖水体年际、年内的时序发展趋势以及空间分异特征,并结合气象要素和人类工程活动资料,探讨其时空动态变化的驱动力。结果表明：①三种岸线提取方法中,线性解混的精度最高;②近30 a来,红碱淖湖泊面积和岸线长度总体上呈显著下降趋势,湖泊面积于2010—2015年萎缩速度最快,变化强度为-182%,岸线长度2000—2005年变短速度最快,变化强度为-338%,且两者增幅最大时间段均为2015—2020年,变化强度分别为197%和416%;③1990—2000年间红碱淖面积整体萎缩,东北向萎缩最严重,其次为南向,且湖泊重心向西南偏移;④2017年各月面积萎缩方向不一,总体上表现为东南向扩张,西北向萎缩,重心偏移方向与年际偏移一致;⑤气温、降水量和蒸发量与湖泊面积之间均无显著的相关关系,气候对湖泊面积萎缩有一定影响,而人类工程活动是主要原因。     

Assessment of the role of reservoir morphology in parameterizing its ecological regime under extreme hydrological conditions

The results are presented of scenario calculations of water quality parameters and biological productivity in three areas of morphologically different types of reservoirs in the years with extreme water conditions. Three models of reservoirs with the same size and flowage are used: river-, lake-, and mixed-type reservoirs. The study is based on the morphometric parameters and bathygraphical curves from 18 stretches of the Mozhaisk Reservoir. The revealed differences in the intensity of algae bloom and anoxia in hypolimnion in the simulated reservoirs are compared with the criteria of the norm and risk of the ecological regime of the reservoirs being the sources of municipal water supply.     

秦皇岛水库区汛期人工增雨作业风险评估

采用河北省人工影响天气办公室研究的增水计算方法,对秦皇岛市的桃林口水库、洋河水库两大水库的水系流域在历年日最大降水(包括水文站、气象哨资料)条件下,如果进行人工增雨作业,可能增加的最大水量进行评估。结果表明,在汛期(6-9月)进行增雨作业不会给两大水库带来风险。根据气候变化分析认为,以增加水库蓄水为目的的人工增雨作业,最有效的办法是在汛期进行人工增雨作业。在汛期到来时,抓住一切有利天气连续作业,才能达到增加蓄水的目的。     

新疆湿地资源时空变化特征及其原因分析研究

以新疆第一次（2000年）和第二次（2011年）湿地资源调查中相同的347块湿地为研究对象,利用3S技术,对CBERS、SPOT5和LandsatTM遥感数据进行调查监测,并结合野外实地验证,比较分析新疆湿地资源的时空变化状况及其原因。结果表明,新疆湿地总面积呈减少的趋势,其中河流湿地和沼泽湿地面积增加,分别增加29162 hm²和17130 hm²,湖泊湿地和人工湿地面积减少,分别减少126618 hm²和19391 hm²;各湿地型中,永久性河流、草本沼泽、森林沼泽和季节性咸水沼泽面积有所增加,洪泛平原、内陆盐沼、永久性 淡水湖、季节性淡水湖、季节性咸水湖和库塘湿地面积减少。新疆湿地面积总变化率-7%,各湿地类型中,面积变化率最大的是湖泊湿地（18%）,呈减少趋势;最小的是沼泽湿地（5%）,呈增加趋势。湿地面积变化的主要原因是气候变化和人类活动。     

The efficiency of detention reservoirs for flood control on the Jafar Abad River in Golestan province (Iran)

In order to investigate the effect of detention reservoirs on flood, the precipitation-runoff process as well as the reservoir routing was simulated with the HEC-HMS software. The model was run under four different scenarios (without a reservoir and with an empty, half-full, and full reservoir) and with different return periods of from 2 to 100 years in the Jafar Abad River basin, Golestan province, Iran. The statistical analysis of the results was based on one-way analysis of variance. To study the effect of reservoirs, two indices were used: the Flood Attenuation Rate (FAR) and Storage Ratio (SR). The results indicated that the construction of detention reservoirs leads to the decrease in peak discharge and the volume of flood that leaves the reservoir and postpones the incidence of the peak discharge. The influence of the reservoir diminishes with the prolongation of the return period. The maximum level of flood volume reduction for empty, half-full, and full reservoirs was 61.1, 33.2, and 0.8%, respectively, and for the peak discharge was 63.9, 32.8, and 6.6%, respectively. The maximum value of FAR for reservoirs under empty, half-full, and full conditions were 26, 19, and 7%, respectively. Similarly, the maximum SR for the empty and half-full reservoirs was 14 and 5%, respectively, thus showing the efficiency of reservoirs in flood control. Also, the results demonstrate that the efficiency of reservoirs in flood control not only depends on the reservoir volume and the amount of flood, but also on the geometric properties of the reservoir and weir.     

Climate warming, water storage, and Chinook salmon in California’s Sacramento Valley

The Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawns and rears in the cold, freshwater rivers and tributaries of California’s Central Valley, with four separate seasonal runs including fall and late-fall runs, a winter run, and a spring run. Dams and reservoirs have blocked access to most of the Chinook’s ancestral spawning areas in the upper reaches and tributaries. Consequently, the fish rely on the mainstem of the Sacramento River for spawning habitat. Future climatic warming could lead to alterations of the river’s temperature regime, which could further reduce the already fragmented Chinook habitat. Specifically, increased water temperatures could result in spawning and rearing temperature exceedences, thereby jeopardizing productivity, particularly in drought years. Paradoxically, water management plays a key role in potential adaptation options by maintaining spawning and rearing habitat now and in the future, as reservoirs such as Shasta provide a cold water supply that will be increasingly needed to counter the effects of climate change. Results suggest that the available cold pool behind Shasta could be maintained throughout the summer assuming median projections of mid-21st century warming of 2°C, but the maintenance of the cold pool with warming on the order of 4°C could be very challenging. The winter and spring runs are shown to be most at risk because of the timing of their reproduction.     

Changes in Water Resources under Conditions of Climate Warming and Their Impact on Water Inflow to Russian Large Reservoirs

Changes are considered in the runoff regime of Russian rivers and in the water inflow to reservoirs as a result of the climate warming observed in the country since the second half of the 1970s. Based on the analysis of long–term observational data on water inflow to 41 large reservoirs with the volume of 10 x 10⁶ m³, it is shown that considerable changes in its intraannual distribution have occurred in the recent decades. These changes are characterized, in particular, by the inflow increase during the cold season and by the runoff variability increasing in winter and summer–autumn seasons. The growth of the number of severe hydrological events, especially of flash floods induced by rainfalls, has been registered in the recent decades. Potential future changes in water inflow to reservoirs are considered in accordance with the scenarios of further climate warming. It is justified that rules of using water resources of reservoirs should be corrected taking into account the observed changes in the river water inflow regime.     

Bio-cultural refugia—Safeguarding diversity of practices for food security and biodiversity

Food security for a growing world population is high on the list of grand sustainability challenges, as is reducing the pace of biodiversity loss in landscapes of food production. Here we shed new insights on areas that harbor place specific social memories related to food security and stewardship of biodiversity. We call them bio-cultural refugia. Our goals are to illuminate how bio-cultural refugia store, revive and transmit memory of agricultural biodiversity and ecosystem services, and how such social memories are carried forward between people and across cohorts. We discuss the functions of such refugia for addressing the twin goals of food security and biodiversity conservation in landscapes of food production. The methodological approach is first of its kind in combining the discourses on food security, social memory and biodiversity management. We find that the rich biodiversity of many regionally distinct cultural landscapes has been maintained through a mosaic of management practices that have co-evolved in relation to local environmental fluctuations, and that such practices are carried forward by both biophysical and social features in bio-cultural refugia including; genotypes, artifacts, written accounts, as well as embodied rituals, art, oral traditions and self-organized systems of rules. Combined these structure a diverse portfolio of practices that result in genetic reservoirs—source areas—for the wide array of species, which in interplay produce vital ecosystem services, needed for future food security related to environmental uncertainties, volatile financial markets and large scale conflicts. In Europe, processes related to the large-scale industrialization of agriculture threaten such bio-cultural refugia. The paper highlights that the dual goals to reduce pressures from modern agriculture on biodiversity, while maintaining food security, entails more extensive collaboration with farmers oriented toward ecologically sound practices.     

基于均值—标准差改进的滨州市多时相热岛强度变化分析

为探究山东省滨州市热岛强度的时空分布及其变化特征,通过2001、2009和2018年夏季的3期Landsat数据实现地表温度反演,并基于热岛强度定义对传统的均值—标准差分级法进行改进,能够较好地消除因背景数据不一致而导致不同时期热岛强度数据难于对比的问题.在此基础之上,分析热岛效应及其变化的时空分布特征,并结合土地利用...     

Sensitivity of Runoff, Soil Moisture and Reservoir Design to Climate Change in Central Indian River Basins

Climate change due to a doubling of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its possible impacts on the hydrological cycle are a matter of growing concern. Hydrologists are specifically interested in an assessment of the impacts on the occurrence and magnitude of runoff, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture and their temporal and spatial redistribution. Such impacts become all the more important as they may also affect the water availability in the storage reservoirs. This paper examines the regional effects of climate change on various components of the hydrologic cycle viz., surface runoff, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration for three drainage basins of central India. Plausible hypothetical scenarios of precipitation and temperature changes are used as input in a conceptual rainfall-runoff model. The influences of climate change on flood, drought, and agriculture are highlighted. The response of hypothetical reservoirs in these drainage basins to climate variations has also been studied. Results indicate that the basin located in a comparatively drier region is more sensitive to climatic changes. The high probability of a significant effect of climate change on reservoir storage, especially for drier scenarios, necessitates the need of a further, more critical analysis of these effects.     

Improvement and Evaluation of the Latest Version of WRF-Lake at a Deep Riverine Reservoir

The WRF-lake vertically one-dimensional(1D) water temperature model, as a submodule of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) system, is being widely used to investigate water–atmosphere interactions. But previous applications revealed that it cannot accurately simulate the water temperature in a deep riverine reservoir during a large flow rate period, and whether it can produce sufficiently accurate heat flux through the water surface of deep riverine reservoirs remains uncertain. In this st...