碳同位素动力学模拟及其在天然气评价中的应用

天然气碳同位素动力学模拟是国际油气地球化学界的前沿性研究方向。它和盆地沉积埋藏史、受热史结合起来,对于评价天然气的成因和成藏历史是一种新而且有效的手段,正逐渐为人们所接受。介绍了天然气形成的碳同位素动力学模拟,以及其在评价天然气的成熟度、气源、运移-聚集史和油气比研究等方面应用的新进展,充分展示了其具有良好的应用价值。天然气碳同位素特征不仅受母源、成熟度的影响,而且与运聚条件、沉积盆地增温速率有关。瞬时聚集气与累积聚集气在碳同位素特征存在明显差别。碳同位素分馏动力学模型在不同含油气盆地会存在差异,不仅取决于气源条件,还与运移-聚集史、沉积-构造史有关。中国叠合型盆地天然气藏成因复杂,具有多期、多源的特点,本研究对这类天然气的研究与评价提供了新思路。     

库车前陆盆地天然气成藏过程及聚集特征

天然气的组分和碳同位素主要受母质类型和成熟度双重因素的控制,这是我们研究天然气的基础。但是越来越多的证据显示成藏过程对天然气组分和碳同位素也具有明显的控制作用。尽管库车前陆盆地不同构造单元的天然气来源一致,即主要来源于侏罗系烃源岩、其次为三叠系烃源岩,但是库车前陆盆地冲断构造带、斜坡区和前缘隆起区在天然气组分、干湿程度和碳同位素组成上具有明显的差异。库车前陆盆地经历了早期油气的聚集、破坏和晚期天然气聚集、调整的过程,研究认为成藏过程对库车前陆盆地不同构造单元的天然气组分和碳同位素特征具有明显的控制作用。     

利用生烃动力学和碳同位素生烃动力学探索油气田气体来源

利用气体碳同位素探索油气来源的传统方法由于受源岩类型、源岩成熟度等因素的影响,其实际应用受到很大的限制。生烃动力学和碳同位素动力学结合在这方面具有非常明显的优越性。本文利用热模拟实验,通过生烃动力学和碳同位素动力学计算,表明鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界苏里格气田气体的主要是他源阶段累积气,来源于气田南部高成熟区域、西部的天环坳凹陷气体的贡献比例分别为49%、22%,气田区域的源岩累积气体占29%。     

正构二十四烷裂解成气碳同位素动力学模拟及其地质意义

以甲烷的量子化模型及正构二十四烷(n C24)金管限定体系裂解成气实验为基础,从理论上进一步论述了量子化模型应用于重烃气体（乙烷和丙烷）碳同位素动力学模拟的适应性,计算了甲烷、乙烷及丙烷生烃动力学与碳同位素动力学参数, 重点探讨了δ13C2与δ13C3变化的主控因素。研究结果表明, n C24裂解生成的气态烃碳同位素与早期报道的n C18、n C25及原油裂解生成的气态烃碳同位素具有可比性,可应用于地质条件下解释原油裂解气的某些地球化学特征。n C24生烃地质模型表明,其在150～160℃是稳定的,主要裂解温度介于180～200℃之间,与目前所报道的原油裂解地质模型吻合。随热解程度的增加,δ13C2与δ13C3体现了比δ13C1更明显的变化。气藏充注历史控制的同位素累积效应对天然气碳同位素有很大的影响,与累积聚集气相比,阶段聚集气的δ13C变重,并在更大程度上影响了演化曲线的分异。在此基础上,应用n C24裂解成气碳同位素分馏地质模型探讨了塔里木盆地某些油气藏天然气碳同位素值变化的原因。     

渭河盆地地热水溶气资源分布规律

渭河盆地地热水溶气资源丰富,但成分、成因、分布特征复杂。通过选择位于不同构造单元,不同完井深度的地热水井进行地热水及天然气样品的采集并送样分析,研究地热水特征,天然气的组分、成因及水气关系,结合天然气聚集成藏因素分析,对气体赋存的有利区域进行预测。研究表明,渭河盆地地热水化学类型相对复杂,地层温度及压力对天然气在水中的溶解度影响较大;盆地中最具有工业价值的天然气组分为壳源氦气及生物成因可燃气;根据气体源岩的分布,储盖组合特征,结合影响水溶气富集的因素,对氦气富集有利区和可燃气有利区进行了预测。     

塔里木盆地迪那2大型凝析气田的地质特征及其成藏机制

塔里木盆地库车坳陷迪那2凝析气田是中国目前发现的储量规模最大的凝析气田,含气层位为古近系苏维依组与库姆格列木群;储集岩以粉砂岩、细砂岩为主,属于低孔低渗储层,近似于致密砂岩气.气藏储量丰度大于15亿方/km2,气油比为8100～12948m3/m3,凝析油含量60～80g/m3;储层温度129 ～ 138℃,地温梯度为2.224℃/1OOm;地层压力为105 ～106MPa,压力梯度为0.39MPa/1OOm,压力系数为2.06～2.29,属于常温超高压凝析气藏.天然气以湿气为主,碳同位素较重,属于典型的煤成气;原油碳同位素较重,生物标志化合物体显出陆相油特征.研究认为,油气主要来自阳霞凹陷侏罗系煤系烃源岩;圈闭形成时间较晚,根据热史、埋藏史、烃源岩热演化史、流体包裹体等资料以及天然气碳同位素动力学拟合的油气充注成藏时间都表明,迪那2凝析气田的成藏时间是在2.5Ma以来,是一个典型的晚期快速充注成藏的大型凝析气田.晚期前陆逆冲挤压作用在形成超压的同时,发生了储层的致密化和烃类的充注,储层致密化过程与烃类充注同步.     

天然气甲烷碳同位素动力学研究及其应用:以塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉2气田为例

通过有压力的黄金管封闭体系生烃模拟实验和GC-IRMS测定,结合GOR-Isotope Kinetics专用软件,求取了塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系烃源岩生成甲烷的碳同位素动力学参数。结合地质背景,探讨了克拉2气田天然气的成因。克拉2气田天然气主要来源于早中侏罗世煤系烃源岩,属阶段捕获气,为-5Ma以来的天然气聚集,对应成熟度范围Ro为1．3％-2．5％。在此基础上,建立了克拉2气田天然气运聚成藏动力学模式,从而为天然气定量评价和动态研究提供了新思路。     

库车坳陷东部凝析油特征及其成藏意义

利用原油物性、族组分、轻烃组分、碳同位素、生物标志化合物等实验资料,系统分析了库车坳陷东部凝析油的物性和有机地球化学特征,厘定了凝析油的成因类型 ,并在此基础上明确了油气充注历史。研究结果表明：库车坳陷东部凝析油属于典型的陆相油,具有密度低、粘度低、凝固点低、含硫低和含蜡中等的特征,碳同位素关系以及生物标志化合物特征表明 凝析油主要来自三叠系湖相烃源岩。库车坳陷东部凝析油和天然气具有不同源、不同期的特征,凝析油主要为湖相烃源岩在成熟演化阶段的产物,天然气主要为煤系烃源岩在高-过成熟演化阶段的产物 ,凝析油的成熟度低于天然气的成熟度,且早期原油遭受气洗改造作用。因此,库车坳陷东部总体上具有“早油晚气”的充注特征,现今的凝析油是早期形成的原油被气洗改造而形成的。     

鄂西—渝东地区飞三段天然气成因与成藏阶段

飞三段是鄂西—渝东地区海相碳酸盐岩层系的主力产气层,系统研究飞三段的天然气成藏阶段与主控因素,对该区飞三段的天然气勘探具有指导意义。利用天然气组分和稳定碳同位素资料、烃源岩的干酪根碳同位素资料以及流体包裹体均一温度资料,在阐明油气的成因与来源、烃源岩的生烃史和油气充注史的基础上,结合构造演化史和圈闭演化史,划分了天然气的成藏阶段,并总结了天然气成藏的主控因素。结果认为:飞三段天然气主要为二叠系烃源岩生成的原油的二次裂解气;天然气的成藏经历了古岩性油藏的聚集(190～160 Ma)、古油藏裂解与古岩性气藏形成(160～140 Ma)、天然气调整再聚集形成今构造—岩性复合气藏(140 Ma—现今)3个阶段;沉积期暴露浅滩相储层的规模决定了古油藏的规模,晚期天然气的调整再聚集过程中的保存条件决定了天然气的最终聚集。     

从南海北部浅层气的成因看水合物潜在的气源

应用天然气浓缩轻烃分析技术、天然气碳同位素分析技术,结合现有地质资料和水合物分析资料,对南海北部浅层气的成因特征、运移特征及南海已发现的水合物成因特征进行了详细分析。研究结果表明,南海北部盆地浅层气藏普遍具有混合成因的特征,并主要以生物气-热成因气(生物降解气)混合气为主。浅层气的这种混合成因特征揭示了水合物的气源不仅与生物气有关,也与热成因气生物降解气有关,而混合气中的热成因气(生物降解气)的气源来自深部油气藏,表明水合物的气源与常规深部油气藏有密切的关系。南海北部大陆边缘神狐陆坡深水区天然气水合物主要为生物成因和混合成因二种类型,生物成因的水合物δ¹³C1值分布在-57‰～-74.3‰之间, 混合成因的水合物δ¹³C1值分布在-46.2‰～-63‰之间。珠江口盆地白云凹陷深水区为南海北部水合物最具潜力的勘探区。     

Origin of Natural Gas in Kekeya Field, Tarim Basin, China

This paper is mainly concentrated on the geochemical characteristics and origin of gas of Kekeya field in the Tarim basin, NW China. This study shows that Permian mudstone is the main source rock of oil and gas. Based on the carbon isotopes of C1--C4, the carbon isotope of gas in Kekeya field is a little heavier than that in the typical marine-derived gas. The relationship between carbon isotopes of methane and ethane is coincident with Faber equation of gas derived from organic matter Ⅰ/Ⅱ. The majority of gas maturity is estimated, based on the formula, at 1.8%-2.2% besides K2 and K18 wells. In addition, the gas derived from 0.9%-1.2% Ro source rocks may also bemixture. ^40Ar/^36Ar and ^3He/^4He ratios from the gas samples also support the mixing process. Moreover, the gas in this region is mainly generated from more mature source rocks although the low mature gas exists.     

Different Hydrocarbon Accumulation Histories in the Kelasu-Yiqikelike Structural Belt of the Kuqa Foreland Basin

<正>The Kuqa foreland basin is an important petroliferous basin where gas predominates.The Kela-2 large natural gas reservoir and the Yinan-2,Dabei-1,Tuzi and Dina-11 gas reservoirs have been discovered in the basin up to the present.Natural gases in the Kelasu district and the Yinan district are generated from different source rocks indicated by methane and ethane carbon isotopes.The former is derived from both Jurassic and Triassic source rocks,while the latter is mainly from the Jurassic. Based on its multistage evolution and superposition and the intense tectonic transformation in the basin,the hydrocarbon charging history can be divided into the early and middle Himalayan hydrocarbon accumulation and the late Himalayan redistribution and re-enrichment.The heavier carbon isotope composition and the high natural gas ratio of C_1/C_(1-4) indicate that the accumulated natural gas in the early Himalayan stage is destroyed and the present trapped natural gas was charged mainly in the middle and late Himalayan stages.Comparison and contrast of the oils produced in the Kelasu and Yinan regions indicate the hydrocarbon charging histories in the above two regions are complex and should be characterized by multistage hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.     

塔里木盆地中高氮天然气的成因及其与天然气聚集的关系

塔里木盆地塔北和塔中地区的海相腐泥型天然气,N2含量较高,尤其是湿气,N2含量分布在10.1％～36.2％,而干气的N2含量则低于10％,即湿气的N2含量高于干气的N2含量。同是下古生界寒武－奥陶系来源的海相腐泥型天然气,为什么湿气和干气的氮气含量相差如此之大?根据与氮气相伴生的烃类气体、非烃气体及稀有气体的组份及同位素特征,认为塔里木盆地的中高氮天然气属于有机成因,来源于下古生界海相烃源岩。文章还提出塔北和塔中地区湿气和干气N2含量差异与源岩的演化程度和圈闭的捕获条件有关。     

塔里木盆地中高氮天然气的成因及其与天然气聚集的关系

塔里木盆地塔北和塔中地区的海相腐泥型天然气,N2含量较高,尤其是湿气,N2含量分布在10.1%～36.2%,而干气的N2含量则低于10%,即湿气的N2含量高于干气的N2含量。同是下古生界寒武-奥陶系来源的海相腐泥型天然气,为什么湿气和干气的氮气含量相差如此之大?根据与氮气相伴生的烃类气体、非烃气体及稀有气体的组份及同位素特征,认为塔里木盆地的中高氮天然气属于有机成因,来源于下古生界海相烃源岩。文章还提出塔北和塔中地区湿气和干气N2含量差异与源岩的演化程度和圈闭的捕获条件有关。     

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics and Exploration Prospect of Coal‐Derived Tight Sandstone Gas in China: Case Study of the Ordos,Sichuan, and Tarim Basins

This work extensively investigated global tight sandstone gas, and geologically and geochemically analyzed the tight sandstone gas in China's Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins. We compared typical tight sandstone gas in China with that in North America. We proposed six conditions for the formation of China's tight sandstone gas, and illustrated the geological characteristics of tight sandstone gas. In China, gas-bearing tight sandstones were mainly deposited in continental lake deltas and marine-terrigenous facies basin environments, associated with coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried deeper than 2000 m under a formation pressure of 20–30 MPa, with pressure coefficients varying from overpressure to negative pressure. In other countries, tight gas bearing sandstones were dominantly deposited in marine to marine-terrigenous facies environments, occurred in coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried shallower than 2000 m in low-pressure systems. We systematically analyzed tight sandstone gas in the Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins in terms of chemical compositions, geochemical characteristics of carbon isotopes, origins, and sources. Tight sandstone gas in China usually has a hydrocarbon content of 95%, with CH4 content 90%, and a generally higher dry coefficient. In the three above-mentioned large tight sandstone gas regions, δ13 C1 and δ13 C2 mainly ranges from-42‰ to-28‰ and from-28‰ to-21‰, respectively. Type III coal-measure source rocks that closely coexist with tight reservoirs are developed extensively in these gas regions. The organic petrology of source rocks and the carbon isotope compositions of gas indicate that tight sandstone gas in China is dominantly coal-derived gas generated by coal-measure strata. Our analysis of carbon isotope series shows that local isotope reversals are mainly caused by the mixing of gases of different maturities and that were generated at different stages. With increasing maturity, the reversal tendency becomes more apparent. Moreover, natural gas with medium-low maturity(e.g., Xujiahe Formation natural gas in the Sichuan Basin) presents an apparent reversal at a low-maturity stage, a normal series at a medium-maturity stage, and a reversal tendency again at a high-maturity stage. Finally, we proposed four conditions for preferred tight sandstone gas "sweep spots," and illustrated the recoverable reserves, proven reserves, production, and exploration prospects of tight sandstone gas. The geological and geochemical characteristics, origins, sources, and exploration potential of tight sandstone gas in China from our research will be instructive for the future evaluation, prediction, and exploration of tight sandstone gas in China and abroad.     

煤层甲烷碳同位素在煤层气勘探中的地质意义--以沁水盆地为例

根据沁水煤层气甲烷碳同位素的组成与分布特征,从煤层甲烷碳同位素在煤层气解吸-扩散-运移中的分馏效应,结合水文地质条件和构造条件,讨论了煤层甲烷碳同位素在煤层气勘探中的地质意义,认为沁水煤层气δ13C₁值不仅总体上较高,而且随埋深增大而增高,说明沁水煤层气存在因煤层抬升而卸压所导致的煤层气解吸-扩散-运移效应,从而形成了该区甲烷碳同位素在平面上的分带现象。     

Composition and Origin of Shallow Biogenetic Gases in the Baise Basin, South China

Based on the analytical data of over 30 gas samples, combined with geochemical and geological backgrounds, the composition and distribution characteristics of shallow biogenetic gases in the Baise Basin, a Tertiary residual basin in southern China, were extensively investigated, and the origin and formation mechanism tentatively approached. The shallow gases are primarily composed of gaseous hydrocarbons, generally accounting for over 90%. The abundances of methane and C2＋ homologues show a relatively wide range of variation, mainly 50%-100% and 0%-50%, respectively, depending on the mixing proportions between biogenetic and thermogenic gases. A highly negative carbon isotope is the significant signature for the shallow gases with δ^13C1 values of -55‰ to -75‰. According to molecular and isotopic compositions and light hydrocarbon parameters, the shallow gases in the basin can be classified into three types of origins： biogenetic gas, biogenetic/thermogenic mixed gas, and oii-biodegraded gas. They exhibit regular distribution both spatially and temporally, and are believed to be associated with the maturity of adjoining gas source rocks and biodegraded oil accumulation. The Baigang and Nadu source rocks can be considered to have experienced early and late gas generation during early burial and after basin uplift respectively. A late accumulation mechanism of multiple gas sources is put forward for the formation of the shallow gas reservoirs, which is responsible for the variations in chemical and isotopic composition of the gases in depth profile.     

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠纪煤成气成藏特征

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系烃源岩，储集层，封盖条件及运移聚集特征的研究，认为盆地内部二叠系煤成气藏是地层封闭的岩性气藏，储集体的分布主要受沉积体系的控制，特别是山2期和盒9期的河流-三角洲沉积体系的控制，它们是盆内二叠纪煤成气藏的主力气层；并在结合前人研究成果的基础上，恢复了盆地的地热史划分出二叠纪煤成气运移的3个阶段，从而得出了二叠纪煤成气最后成藏期为中新世早期（喜山构造旋回），成藏期晚，生气，供气时间长，最大，有利于形成大型煤成气田。     

沁水盆地煤层气同位素特征及成因类型初探

沁水盆地是我国煤炭的重要基地之一, 也是煤层气勘探开发的重要有利区块。在整合前人研究成果的基础上, 对沁水盆地煤层气成藏史和烃类气体 (主要以甲烷气体)C、H同位素的“指纹”信息进行对比, 初步探讨了煤层气形成的烃源岩性质和热成熟度; 对沁水盆地煤层气是否具有多源复合特征进行了分析, 并在此基础上对该盆地煤层气成因类型提出了新的认识。      

渤海湾盆地源于石炭-二叠系的煤成气成因特征和潜力分析

渤海湾盆地是叠合在华北地台上的含油气盆地,随着勘探的深入发展,陆续发现了一些源于石炭-二叠系的煤成气资源。作者通过地球化学研究,认为具有成藏意义的煤成气是古近纪以来二次生烃过程中生成的,并且发现现今的低突起、斜坡带和洼陷带是煤成气生成和聚集有利区带。由于断裂发育,煤成气常与上覆沙河街组生成的油型气混合成藏,作者通过统计各盆地I、II和III型有机质生成的甲烷和乙烷碳同位素分馏情况,给出了煤成气和油型气鉴别图版,可以判别是否为二者的混合气。利用一级反应动力学,预测了5种构造单元煤成气生成率,发现隆起区和凸起区没有二次生气过程,洼陷带生气率已超过80％,斜坡带和低突起正处于快速生气期、并有轻质油生成。这些为进一步认识渤海湾盆地煤成气聚集和勘探潜力提供了依据。