反射波法对嵌岩桩的检测特征及异常分析

通过实例，分析了用反射波法测试不同嵌岩桩的桩端反射波特征。完好嵌岩桩的波表曲线具有明显的桩底信号，在入射波与桩底反射波之间没有什么异常；而当桩身有缺陷，持力层软弱或者存在夹层时，桩底信号相位与入射波相位相同。通过进一步分析，钻心查证，即可判断桩身，软弱层，夹层以及桩端及桩端与持力层的接触情况等。     

美国喷射混凝土技术

美国喷射混凝土技术中国地质勘查技术院张春波近几年来，在我国坑道掘进和隧道施工中推广应用“新奥法”取得了较好效果。喷锚支护是“新奥法”三要素（光面爆破、喷锚支护、围岩监测）之一。在我国喷射混凝土以干喷法为主，干喷混凝土产生大量的水泥尘，使作业场所中的粉...     

新暖棚法浇筑养护混凝土在肇源松花江特大桥桥基工程中的应用

混凝土冬季暖棚法是一个古老工艺，存在生产方式落后，生产效率低下，环境污染严重，运行成本高昂的弱点。论述了在古老工艺思维的基础上，充分发挥现代自动燃油加温设备的优势，通过输送蒸汽、吹送热风，满足了混凝土拌合、浇筑和养护的温度要求，保证了生产质量，实现了混凝土冬季施工。     

超声波检测混凝土裂缝及裂缝成因分析

利用超声波单面平测法检测混凝土结构裂缝的深度，由裂缝深度检测结果评价混凝土缝的影响范围，分析了产生混凝土裂缝成因的机制，为改进施工质量提供理论依据。     

声波透射法在大直径基桩检测中的应用

依据超声脉冲波在混凝土中传播的特点以及穿过混凝土缺陷时声参量变化的原理，声波透射法检测灌注桩混凝土的均匀性、评定混凝土的参考力学强度、检测桩身完整性具有方法有效、准确度高等优点。     

全新世安固里淖易溶盐沉积及其环境意义

内陆湖泊沉积物的易溶盐含量与湖水化学组成密切相关，因此通过测试沉积物钻心的易溶盐含量可以重建古湖水化学演化过程。在安固里淖湖心区钻取沉积剖面，以1cm为间隔分样，测试剖面八大离子的含量（即K+、Na+、Ca₂+、Mg2+、CO₃₂-、HCO₃-、Cl-和SO₄₂-）和其他有关的地球化学特征，并且对各项离子含量进行相关分析，得到剖面易溶盐组成变化曲线和和易溶盐指标变化曲线。根据易溶盐曲线变化情况，结合钻心纹层纪年得到的的纹层年代，将安固里淖8507aB.P.以来的湖水化学演化过程分为以下几个阶段：8507~7600aB.P.，湖水化学类型为Na+-Cl- 型，盐度较高；7600~4724aB.P.，湖水化学类型为Na+-Cl--SO₄₂- 型，盐度最高；4724~3057aB.P., 湖水化学类型为Na+-Cl- 型，3057~574a B.P湖水化学类型为Na+-CO₃₂--HCO₃-，盐度较低；574aB.P.以来湖水化学类型为Na+-Cl- 型，盐度较低但是呈现快速增加趋势。同钻心的粒度分析结果相比较，易溶盐变化曲线的转折早于粒度变化曲线，反映易溶盐沉积对气候变化的反应比粒度特征更敏感，是一个较好的反映气候变化的替代性指标，有待于推广应用。     

挖孔桩在广州黄埔花岗岩残积土地基中的应用

花岗岩残积土具有饱和度和天然孔隙比较大,天然含水量和天然密度较小,高液塑限和抗剪强度较好的超固结土特征;同时又表现出遇水易崩解、稳定性较差的物理水理特性。实践证明,对在狭窄场地花岗岩残积土地基上的现有建筑物进行加层（加载）时,采用人工挖孔桩基础设计是可取的,但施工时易出现扩孔困难或不能扩孔、塌孔等问题,必须有效地处理地下水。采用动测法、钻心法和静载试验对基桩质量检测的结果说明,在花岗岩残积土地基施     

对粉喷桩质量检测的几点认识

粉体喷射搅拌桩由于具有成本低、工效高、振动小、不取原状土等优点,近年来在软土地区得到采用和推广,取得了较好的工程效果和社会效果。由于该类桩在施工工艺及桩身成型特点与一般混凝土桩灌注不一样,因此,对其桩身质量的检测及其评价也有其特殊性。近年来,临汾地区许多单位应用该类桩基础进行地基加固处理。我们对临汾市扁担巷开发区施工的20栋住宅楼的粉喷桩均进行了钻心取样无侧向抗压强度试验,单桩垂直静载荷试验和桩身质量的低应变动测试验。现以Ⅰ区3号楼的动测情况为主,谈谈我们对该类桩的桩身质量检测的一些看法。     

环氧树脂砂浆钢筋锚固法

本文介绍了环氧树脂砂浆钢筋固法的施工工艺，分析了钢筋、砂浆及混凝土之间粘结力的工作机理，有效地解决了钢筋混凝土结构的插筋、补强及基础加固问题，实践证明环氧树脂砂浆钢筋锚固法是一种行之有效的处理方法。     

选择挪威法还是新奥法取决于岩体状态

在讨论了钢纤维喷混凝土的特点以后，注重从岩体状态对挪威法及新奥法的应用进行了比较，说明了目前挪威法与新奥法的结合应用情况及用监控量测的挪威法的实例，另外还注重说明了挪法中的新的Ｑ系统统计图及决策Ｑ值的六个参数取值的条件。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.