包气带介质截留不同龄垃圾渗滤液中的有机污染物

从渗滤液场龄和包气带岩性两方面着手,研究了不同岩性包气带介质对不同场龄渗滤液中有机污染物的截留作用规律。结果表明:新渗滤液经过以细砂、亚粘土为介质的包气带后,细砂和亚粘土中有机物的质量分数分别从0.70%和0.87%增大至0.80%和1.00%以上,而老渗滤液使细砂和亚粘土中有机物的质量分数降至0.70%和0.50%以下。新渗滤液经过包气带后,包气带介质中有机物的含量增大,而老渗滤液使包气带介质中有机物的含量降低,亚粘土较细砂更容易受到渗滤液污染的影响。即渗滤液性质对包气带介质中有机物含量具有方向性的影响作用,而包气带介质亚粘土比细砂更容易放大这种作用效果。     

浑河傍河区地下水氮污染来源贡献研究

针对沈阳浑河傍河水源地地表、河流及地下水氮污染情况,利用Hydrus-1D实现以点代面模拟过程,计算包气带底部淋滤出水的水量和氮素浓度,并将其作为初始值输入由Visual Modflow构建的含水层氮素迁移转化数值模型,实现地表、包气带与含水层系统间模拟计算的结合。此外,结合地下水氮素测试结果,通过均衡公式计算不同地下水氮污染来源的贡献率。模拟结果表明,东南部地下水氨氮的主要污染来源为浑河补给,贡献率为61.79%;西北部地下水硝酸盐氮的主要污染来源为地表垂向入渗,贡献率为43.92%。     

垃圾渗漏液在包气带及含水层中的联合运移模拟

近年来,全国各地新建了大量的垃圾填埋场,其中多有不符合垃圾处理处置场地建设规范的,垃圾填埋场渗滤液对地下水的污染风险也逐年凸显,这就要求对后续垃圾填埋场建设时,在环评阶段做好垃圾填埋场渗滤液对地下水的污染风险预测,为垃圾填埋场地下水污染预防设施的设计与建设提供指导。本文探索了垃圾渗滤液在包气带和含水层中的联合运移模拟,首先利用Hydrus建立包气带模型,模拟垃圾渗滤液中氨氮在包气带中的迁移转化,在此基础上用Visual Modflow软件建立地下含水层模型,对比渗滤液经过包气带过滤和没经过包气带过滤两种情景下的污染范围和程度。模拟结果显示,包气带和含水层联合运移模拟渗滤液泄漏后的运移途径和路线,更接近渗滤液进入含水层的实际情况。     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型模拟关中盆地氮在包气带中的迁移转化规律

以陕西关中盆地为研究区,利用HYDRUS-1D软件构建土壤水分运移模型、作物根系吸水模型和溶质运移模型,模拟了"三氮"在包气带中的迁移转化过程。结果表明:1)作物根系吸水吸氮规律一致,且主要吸收氨氮形式的氮素,吸收率为35%;2)亚硝态氮和硝态氮更容易被淋失到地下水中,且主要以硝态氮为主;3)不同包气带岩性对"三氮"向下迁移的速率和迁移量影响很大。     

包气带土体NO-3污染的微生态修复实验研究

社会经济的发展和资源的利用产生了一系列环境问题，尤其是化肥的超量施用，已经危及包气带土体和地下水的质量安全。大量的氮素没有被农作物吸收，经微生物硝化作用后，以硝态氮的形式进入包气带土体，使包气带土体普遍受到氮素不同程度的污染。本文简述了包气带土体硝态氮污染的室内微生态修复、阻控技术和实验研究，探讨了今后应用的可行性。     

包气带土壤氮污染地下水研究

地下水是维持人类正常生产生活不可或缺的资源,是生态系统中重要的一部分。近年来,我国地下水污染趋势由点源向面源发展,污染范围广且难治理,水质较差,其中"三氮"的污染也较为严重,由于来源的复杂性,地下水氮污染问题在世界范围内已呈普遍现象。在查阅相关文献的基础之上,文章主要从"三氮"的迁移转化、地下水氮污染来源进行评述。包气带是地下水的补给通道,阐述了包气带土壤氮污染地下水主要受包气带的岩性、厚度及包气带中"三氮"的相互转化,地下水位波动和化学肥料等因素影响。     

再生水干湿交替入渗过程中添加碳源对包气带脱氮的影响

干湿交替的回灌方法常被用于解决再生水地表回灌的堵塞问题,但干湿交替回灌可能造成硝态氮被淋洗进入地下水.通过室内土柱模拟入渗实验,对比研究了以葡萄糖作为碳源的低碳氮比再生水干湿交替回灌、干期前蒸馏水淋洗、干期前添加甲醇溶液和干期后添加甲醇溶液4种条件下对包气带氮素迁移转化和脱氮效果的影响.实验表明,对于碳氮比为2.5∶1...     

干湿交替条件下包气带土柱中氮素迁移转化规律实验

干湿交替的回灌方法常被用于解决地面回灌补给地下水的堵塞问题。研究干湿交替条件下地面回灌对地下水的影响对于指导再生水回灌地下水具有重要实际意义。通过室内土柱模拟实验,在入渗强度为10.5 mm/h的条件下,日均进水量3 888 mL;用干湿交替的地面回灌模式持续运行136 d,累计灌入氨氮含量为5 mg/L的模拟再生水23 894 L,研究包气带土柱对氨氮的去除效果及氮素在包气带中的迁移转化规律。研究表明,充分利用包气带的好氧、兼氧和厌氧环境,生物脱氮是地下水回灌过程中脱氮的主要途径。包气带对氨氮的去除机理主要为土壤对氨氮的吸附作用和微生物的降解作用。回灌过程中累积在土颗粒表面的氨氮在干期发生硝化作用,干湿交替会加强氮素在包气带的迁移转化,导致干期后的回灌初期大量硝态氮迁移到饱和带地下水中。     

氨氮污染源区包气带剖面微生物生态分布特征的研究

包气带土壤中氨氮污染迁移规律已成为近年来国内外学者研究的重点,目前在氨氮污染迁移规律研究中采用柱实验模拟以及软件模拟的方法较多,土壤生物技术则广泛应用于污染物降解领域,而在污染物迁移规律研究中应用较少。本文采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术、16S rRNA序列分析技术以及典范对应分析相结合,对华北平原3个典型氨氮污染区土壤表层至包气带剖面微环境的细菌垂直分布特征及群落结构进行研究。结合污染区土壤理化性质分析,认为包气带土壤剖面的细菌群落中存在着与氮循环、硫酸盐代谢等过程偶联的优势细菌类群,说明土壤微环境中细菌群落分布明显受氨态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和硫酸盐的分布影响,进一步表明污染土壤优势菌群的群落结构信息是描述包气带土壤环境氨氮污染物迁移规律的重要参数。     

非均质包气带三氮累积转化模拟砂箱试验

为研究包气带非均质结构对氮素迁移转化的影响,采用室内砂箱实验模拟了1.72 mm/h降雨强度下NH₄-N污染非均质包气带的过程。通过观测出水及土壤溶液中NH₄-N、NO₂-N和NO₃-N质量浓度变化,分析探讨了NH₄-N在含有两个亚粘土透镜体的非均质包气带介质中的迁移转化和累积时空分布特征。结果表明：经过89 d物理吸附和微生物作用,出水NH₄-N首先迅速增加然后逐渐减小,而出水NO₃-N含量持续增加,其间NO₂-N出现累积峰,系统最终达到平衡稳定状态;土壤溶液中NH₄-N在两亚粘土透镜体上表面累积较多,NO₃-N和NO₂-N在上透镜体中的累积含量大于下透镜体;而砂槽上部土壤中出现明显的NO₃-N累积,NH₄-N和NO₂-N则在下部土壤和亚粘土透镜体中累积较多。包气带介质质地、粗 细交互结构及降雨淋溶、水分运移对“三氮”的迁移转化和富集有重要影响。     

垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物对污染土壤中重金属Pb迁移性的影响

采用土柱淋滤试验研究了不同填埋年限的垃圾渗滤液DOM在土壤中垂直迁移及其对土壤重金属Pb淋滤溶出的影响。结果表明,不同填埋年限(0.4~5.12 a)的垃圾渗滤液DOM在土壤中垂直向下的迁移速率存在差异,填埋时间短的垃圾渗滤液DOM在土壤中迁移性较强。与对照相比(不加渗滤液DOM),垃圾渗滤液处理对红壤中土壤重金属Pb的累积解吸率高74.25%;在潮土上高-38.79%,且垃圾填埋年限中期的渗滤液DOM对土壤重金属的溶出影响更显著,说明垃圾渗滤液DOM进入土壤环境对重金属的迁移有促进作用。     

The Role of Fracture Structure in Leachate Pollution at Landfills: A Case Study of a Landfill in Chongqing City

This paper studies a landfill where there are three faults running through. As serious pollution has occurred to the geological environment, the landfill is to be closed up and renovated. The paper aims to explore the role of fracture structure in leachate pollution at the landfill. The research was carried out in several stages. First, mathematical models of the pre-renovation landfill with three faults running through and the landfill after renovation were established. And then, the boundary conditions and parameters of the two mathematical models were determined. The groundwater level of the landfills was simulated in order to modify the two mathematical models. As a result, a feasible mathematical model was achieved. Based on this model, a comparison was made of the COD concentration variations in the inside leachate and outside leachate between the two landfills. Accordingly, the impacts of the fracture structure on the pollution of leachate at the landfills could be identified. The study results show that while faults contribute to the migration of ieachate, they also serve as a confluence of leachate, thus further deteriorating the environment. The COD concentrations of the inside leachate and the outside leachate of the pre-renovation landfill are respectively 800 mg/L and 220 mg/L higher than those of the post-renovation landfill. Therefore, measures must be taken to handle the ieachate seepage in areas where there are faults as well as the neighboring areas so as to get the environmental pollution under control.     

片沸石、钙基膨润土去除垃圾渗滤液中有害物质的实验研究

以位于北京昌平小汤山的阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,在不同的环境条件下:酸度(pH=5~9),温度(4℃~30℃),利用片沸石、钙基膨润土去除垃圾渗滤液中有害物质的实验,以化学耗氧量(COD)、氨氮为评价指标,分别探讨片沸石、钙基膨润土的COD、氨氮去除效果与其用量、渗滤液pH、温度、振荡时间的关系。研究表明,在实验条件下,片沸石对COD的最大去除量约为31×10-3,对氨氮的最大去除量约为27×10-3;去除COD、氨氮的最佳条件分别为:片沸石用量20 g/L、pH为5、温度4℃、振荡时间100 min。在实验条件下,钙基膨润土对COD的最大去除量约为63×10-3,对氨氮的最大去除量约为14×10-3;去除COD、氨氮的最佳条件分别为:钙基膨润土用量30 g/L、pH为5、温度4℃、振荡时间100 min。根据实验结果,对片沸石、钙基膨润土去除COD、氨氮的机理主要是氢键、静电作用及离子交换作用。     

The Role of Fracture Structure in Leachate Pollution at Landfills： A Case Study of a Landfill in Chongqing City

This paper studies a landfill where there are three faults running through.As serious pollution has occurred to the geological environment,the landfill is to be closed up and renovated.The paper aims to explore the role of fracture structure in leachate pollution at the landfill.The research was carried out in several stages.First,mathematical models of the pre-renovation landfill with three faults running through and the landfill after renovation were established.And then,the boundary conditions and parameters of the two mathematical models were determined.The groundwater level of the landfills was simulated in order to modify the two mathematical models.As a result,a feasible mathematical model was achieved.Based on this model,a comparison was made of the COD concentration variations in the inside leachate and outside leachate between the two landfills. Accordingly,the impacts of the fracture structure on the pollution of leachate at the landfills could be identified.The study results show that while faults contribute to the migration of leachate,they also serve as a confluence of leachate,thus further deteriorating the environment.The COD concentrations of the inside leachate and the outside leacbate of the pre-renovation landfill are respectively 800 mg/L and 220 mg/L higher than those of the post.renovation landfill.Therefore,measures must be taken to handle the leachate seepage in areas where there are faults as well as the neighboring areas so as to get the environmental pollution under control.     

Study on Migration and Transformation Rule of Organic Pollutants （COD） in Aerated Zone

Collecting waste water with a certain concentration of organic pollutants COD (chemical oxygen demand), static adsorption, static biodegradation and dynamic soil column experiments were made in laboratory,we researched migration and transformation of COD in aerated zone. and put for-ward a mathematical model showing the process.The results show that adsorption of organism in aerated zone is linear,which is erprsented by henry‘s law s=Kdc sd, adsorption coefficient Kd=0.0693; biodegradation diagram accord basically with first-order kinetics equation c=coe^-k1t, biodegradation co-efficient K1=0.0499d^-1; dispersion coefficient D=0.0042m^2/d in experiments. The migration and transformation of organic pollutants (COD) in aerated zone jointly result from many factors such as dispersion, adsorption and biodegradation etc..     

垃圾渗滤液有机污染组分在包气带中衰减规律的模拟研究

用若干土柱模拟试验研究了垃圾渗滤液有机污染组分在不同岩性、不同厚度包气带介质中的运移规律,并计算了有机污染组分在包气带中运移的有关水化学迁移参数(阻滞因子R和水化学迁移率E).结果表明,有机污染组分在不同岩性介质中的R值顺序为:粘土＞亚粘土＞砂土,在相同岩性中随着厚度的增加R呈正相关增大.从而为评价和预测垃圾场对地质环境影响提供技术参数,并为垃圾场的选址提供理论依据.     

垃圾渗滤液在含水层中的污染规律研究——以阜新市垃圾填埋场为例

垃圾的堆存和填埋会产生大量的渗滤液。渗滤液对垃圾填埋场周围环境能够造成严重污染,尤其使地下水质污染而丧失利用价值。通过阜新市垃圾填埋场现场采集新鲜渗滤液水样、垃圾堆体附近土样的实验研究,获得了新鲜渗滤液的各组分浓度和垃圾堆体附近土壤的性质。结合当地地理气候等情况揭示了垃圾渗滤液中污染溶质在地下水系统中的迁移转化的动态过程,定量化预测了污染范围及时空分布,为研究该地区地下水污染控制、管理和评价提供了可靠依据。     

Physicochemical and biological treatability studies of urban solid waste leachate

In this research, physical, chemical and biological treatability of Tehran solid waste leachate was studied. Results indicate that the amount of COD for the fresh raw leachate of Tehran is equal to 66,608 mg/l. The leachate is transferred to an equalization tank for storage and pH control process. After neutralization, leachate is introduced to an up flow and down flow anaerobic reactor. The effluent of anaerobic reactor is conducted to a sequencing batch reactor. Sequence batch reactor (SBR) effluent was pumped in to sand and activated carbon filters, after chemical coagulation and clarification. Results showed that anaerobic reactor with detention time of 3 days had a 35% COD removal and increasing the detention time to 4.5 days would improve the COD removal to 45%. Nutrient adjustment with phosphorus and nitrogen increased the initial 23% efficiency of sequence batch reactor to 44%. The effluent COD of SBR reactor was 21,309 mg/l. Recycling of aerobic reactor effluent with incoming feed to anaerobic reactor reduced the anaerobic reactor influent COD to 20,000 mg/l and this caused 53% and 57% COD removal in the anaerobic and aerobic effluent, respectively. The total systems COD performance increased to 80% and SBR effluent COD eventually reduced to 4,000 mg/l. Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes were practiced to make the 4,000 mg/l effluent COD comply with environmental standards of Iran. The optimum coagulant found to be ferric chloride with the dosage of 50 mg/l at pH of 12, which reduced 10% of COD to an amount of 3,676 mg/l. The effluent was stored in a tank and then pumped in to pressure sand filter and afterwards to activated carbon filter. The COD removal was three and 90% for sand and activated carbon filters, respectively. The total process reduced the remaining COD to 36 mg/l, which is in compliance with environmental standards of Iran.     

Experimental simulation and dynamic model analysis of Cadmium(Cd) release in soil affected by rainfall leaching in a coal-mining area

In order to explore the influence of rainfall on the release of heavy metal Cadmium(Cd)in soil in a coal-mining area,soil column leaching experiments were carried out by simulating 3 types of rainfall(acid rain,normal rainfall,and actual rainfall)with 5 different pH values(4,5,6,6.7,7),and 65 groups of data about leachate pH value and Cd concentration were obtained respectively.The results indicate the general change rule of Cd concentration in leachate:(1)the easiness of Cd release is negatively correlated to the pH value of leaching solution and positively correlated the leaching amount;(2)leaching solution with lower pH values shows more obvious release stages.Leached by solution with different pH values,the release of Cd in soil ranks as follows:Acid rain group>normal rainfall group>actual rainfall group.In the first stage,the acidity of rainfall has a significant impact on the release of Cd in soil,but in the second stage,the release of Cd is alleviated due to the soil buffering.Among the four dynamic equations to simulate the release of Cd in soil,the modified Elovich equation can describe the process most accurately,with the highest coefficient of determination R2 of 0.9975.These results can serve as a reference for further study on the migration,transformation and enrichment of Cd in soil.     

Analysis on contaminant migration through vertical barrier walls in a landfill in China

Vertical barrier walls are often constructed to prevent contamination of ground water and soils by landfill leachate. The leachate water levels in landfills in southern China are generally high. Contaminants in such landfills may migrate through the vertical barrier walls and give rise to environmental problems. Qizishan landfill in Suzhou, China was taken as an example to investigate contaminant migration through the vertical barrier walls. Advection, diffusive and adsorption processes were considered in the analysis. Influences of permeability and depth of the barrier wall on contaminant migration were analyzed. The results show that it will be 13.5 years before breakthrough at 0.1% of the source concentration and 20.5 years before breakthrough at 10% of the source concentration. By and large, the contaminant has not passed through the barrier wall at present, and the contaminated zone is mainly located in the sandy clay layer near the earth dam, which is validated by testing on sampled soils. Hydraulic conductivity and depth of the barrier wall are critical to contaminant migration. Special attention need to be paid on them when building such a barrier wall. If bottom of the barrier wall is keyed into the aquitard and the hydraulic conductivity reaches 10⁻⁹ m/s, the time before breakthrough will be long enough to allow stabilization of the landfill. Pollution of the surroundings will be avoided, and therefore the requirement for contaminant control will be attained.