海南省珊瑚礁生物多样性保护战略与行动计划

文章简述了海南省珊瑚礁生物多样性概况,总结了海南省珊瑚礁生物多样性保护工作的成效和问题。提出了珊瑚礁生物多样性保护的指导思想、基本原则、战略目标和保护任务,确定了珊瑚礁生物多样性保护的5个优先领域:①完善珊瑚礁保护与可持续利用的法律体系和管理机制;②开展珊瑚礁多样性调查、评估与监测;③加强珊瑚礁多样性保护和管理;④加强基础建设;⑤提高珊瑚礁应对气候变化能力;并提出了优先领域相应的行动计划和行动内容。     

基于海岛管理的南麂列岛生物多样性保护实践与经验

随着海岛开发热潮的不断升温,海岛生态环境及生物多样性保护问题也越来越突出,如何维持海岛生态系统的良好状况,修复受损生态系统,促进海岛经济、社会和环境的可持续发展已经成为一个全球热点的问题。基于此,中国南部沿海生物多样性管理项目把南麂列岛作为4个示范区之一,围绕海岛综合管理建立生物多样性保护模式。通过本项目的有效实施,南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区的管理能力得到了进一步加强;城镇规划在经济发展和生物多样性保护协调中进行了修编并付诸实施;成功实施了铜藻生态修复为其他保护区提供了示范意义;形成的社区共管机制不仅解决了当地居民的可替代生计问题,保证当地村民的收益,还使生物多样性得到有效的保护。从而消除或减轻了南麂列岛海洋自然保护区的缓冲区和实验区及其外围威胁生物多样性的活动,成功地示范适当并可行的保护与可持续利用途径,实现了海洋生物多样性保护以及海洋生物资源的可持续利用,在全国和全世界范围内示范推广。     

基于海岛管理的南麂列岛生物多样性保护实践与经验

随着海岛开发热潮的不断升温,海岛生态环境及生物多样性保护问题也越来越突出,如何维持海岛生态系统的良好状况,修复受损生态系统,促进海岛经济、社会和环境的可持续发展已经成为一个全球热点的问题.基于此,中国南部沿海生物多样性管理项目把南麂列岛作为4个示范区之一,围绕海岛综合管理建立生物多样性保护模式.通过本项目的有效实施,南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区的管理能力得到了进一步加强;城镇规划在经济发展和生物多样性保护协调中进行了修编并付诸实施;成功实施了铜藻生态修复为其他保护区提供了示范意义;形成的社区共管机制不仅解决了当地居民的可替代生计问题,保证当地村民的收益,还使生物多样性得到有效的保护.从而消除或减轻了南麂列岛海洋自然保护区的缓冲区和实验区及其外围威胁生物多样性的活动,成功地示范适当并可行的保护与可持续利用途径,实现了海洋生物多样性保护以及海洋生物资源的可持续利用,在全国和全世界范围内示范推广     

海南省海草床生物多样性保护战略与行动计划

文章简述了海南省海草床生物多样性概况,总结了海南省海草床生物多样性保护工作的成效和问题。提出了海草床生物多样性保护的指导思想、基本原则、战略目标和保护任务,确定了海草床生物多样性保护的5个优先领域:(1)建立比较完善的海草保护和合理利用机制;(2)建立海草保护的管理协调机制;(3)加强海南沿海海草床的管理;(4)加强对海洋工程的管理;(5)加大保护海草床的宣传、教育及人才培养工作,并提出了优先领域相应的行动计划和行动内容。     

《中国海洋物种和图集》成果和编纂情况

海洋具有生态系统范围广大、结构和功能复杂多样的特点,表明海洋物种可能多于陆地物种;但由于人类对海洋中生物种类和分布所知甚少,使得海洋生物资源未能得到有效管理和保护,因此编目和发现新的海洋生物已成为全球的热潮。在我国,随着海洋科学研究和社会发展对于可靠的海洋生物种类多样性信息需求的不断增长,需要进一步加强我国海洋生物多样性研究的系统性,因此,在908专项调查研究的基础上,将更多的海洋生物多样性研究积累进行总结和编研,既是海洋生物基础研究自身的需要,也是开展我国海洋生物多样性评估、保护的工作基础。     

围填海造地工程施工对海洋水环境的影响研究——以连云港连云新城围填海项目为例

由于围海造地是在短时间、小尺度范围内改变自然海岸格局的工程,此类工程严重破坏自然系统,给沿海地区生态环境的稳定性、生物多样性和可持续发展带来影响.文章从实际工作的研究范畴出发,探讨围海造地对海洋生物生存环境的影响,为我国围海造地项目的健康进行提供在保护生态环境领域的理论支持.     

海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系构建及其在泉州湾的应用

基于海岸带综合管理的理念,通过海域生态环境敏感性评价与海域生物多样性保护重要性评价,综合利用地理相关分析法、空间叠置法等定性和定量分区相结合的方法进行海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区划界,提出了海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系,将规划区域划分为生物多样性重点保护区、生物多样性养护区和生物多样性保护重点监督区.以福建泉州湾为案例,应用海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系,得出泉州湾生物多样性保护极重要地区是泉州湾河口湿地省级自然保护区,泉州湾生物多样性保护比较重要地区是晋江河口、洛阳江河口、晋江南岸地区及清源山.泉州湾海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区方案共划定26个分区,包括生物多样性重点保护区3个,生物多样性养护区14个,生物多样性保护重点监督区9个.泉州湾的应用结果表明,本研究提出的海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系具有一定的可行性和可操作性,可为泉州湾生物多样性保护管理提供重要科学依据.     

以海岸带综合管理为工具开展海洋生物多样性保护管理

生物多样性保护是当前全球面临的最重要问题之一,本文分析了我国海洋生物多样性面临的主要威胁,并对生物多样性丧失的原因进行了分析。在以上研究的基础上,基于海岸带综合管理（ICZM）的理念,提出了海洋生物多样性保护管理中急需解决的问题,主要包括海洋生物多样性保护管理的指导思想、管理机构机制、管理边界、海洋生物多样性评价技术、海洋生物多样性保护规划技术和基于GIS的管理决策支持系统等。     

海洋动物适应性演化与多样性研究进展

海洋生物多样性是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,了解海洋生物多样性的形成演化过程不仅是生命科学的本质问题,而且对海洋生物资源的保护和开发利用具有重要的指导意义。目前海洋生物多样性的形成演化机制尚不明确,而性状多样性的起源和适应性演化为回答海洋生物多样性的内源性机制提供了重要突破口。本文从演化发育生物学的角度综述了海洋动物适应性性状、其研究方法和新兴模式生物的研究进展,重点阐述了印太交汇区的海洋动物适应性演化研究进展,探讨了该区域生物多样中心形成的驱动力,并就未来海洋生物多样性与适应性演化研究提出了建议。     

海洋命运共同体视域下ABNJ海洋遗传资源的国际治理与中国实践

随着海洋认知加深和海洋生物技术发展,海洋遗传资源已成为全球关注的新兴战略资源,如何开展国家管辖范围以外区域（ABNJ）海洋遗传资源国际治理已经成为国际生物多样性保护领域的热点问题。文章通过梳理国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性（BBNJ）国际谈判中的大国博弈与争议焦点,尝试从海洋命运共同体视域分析中国参与海洋遗传资源国际治理的模式,提出在坚持“原生境自由获取”原则和坚持“公平合理惠益分享”原则下,深度参与BBNJ第四次政府间大会。加强MGRs获取能力和技术研发能力建设;加强MGRs治理的国际合作;加强海洋涉外谈判人才队伍建设做好“后BBNJ时代”海洋治理准备等对策建议。     

Preformed Cd and PO4 and the relationship between the two elements in the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea

Preformed Cd and PO₄ were investigated in the northwestern Pacific (Station CM05) and the Okhotsk Sea (Station CM06), and the relationship between the two elements was examined. At CM05, from the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)–Cd and PO₄ plot, the different molecular ratios of consumed O₂ to regenerated Cd and PO₄ were calculated to be 254,000 (Cd) and 96 (PO₄) for the shallow layer (30–99 m) and 613,000 (Cd) and 170 (PO₄) for the deep layer (below the oxygen minimum layer), which suggested the preferential remineralization of Cd and PO₄ in the shallow layer. At CM06, regeneration ratios of O₂/Cd, PO₄ were obtained only in the shallow layer (29–124 m) as 227,000 (Cd) and 75 (PO₄). The calculated preformed Cd and PO₄ concentrations in the shallow layer were 0.59 nM of Cd and 1.6 μM of PO₄ at CM05 and 0.35 nM of Cd and 0.95 μM of PO₄ at CM06. These concentrations were much higher than those (close to 0) in the low-latitude area, which was attributable to the supply of these constituents from deep water by the strong winter convection. In the deep layer, at CM05, preformed concentrations were 0.64 nM of Cd and 1.4 μM of PO₄. Preformed PO₄ generally agreed with previously reported values in the Pacific, which suggested that the concentrations of the initial PO₄ in the deep water were preserved as preformed through the movement to the northwestern Pacific. On the other hand, obtained preformed Cd in the northwestern Pacific deep water showed a somewhat higher value than that in the southwest Pacific. The possibility of the terrestrial input and remineralization of Cd by CaCO₃ dissolution during the northward movement was considered. A plot of Cd and PO₄ showed a linear relationship with slopes of 0.34 and 0.40 (nM/μM) at CM05 and CM06, respectively, which generally agreed with the reported values in the North Pacific.     

海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境问题及对策研究

在分析海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境优势的基础上，指出当前存在的5个主要问题，即海洋资源的综合开发利用缺乏统一的规划、海洋防护林和生物资源破坏严重、水质富营养化、海域污染等，并对存在问题提出今后的对策。     

渤海、黄海、东海冬季海流场温度场数值模拟和同化技术

利用NASA高分辨率的卫星遥感资料SST,采用Nudging同化来模拟渤海、黄海、东海的三维温度场,减小用热通量作上边界条件所带来的误差.结果表明,模拟的海流场能较好地反映渤海、黄海、东海的环流特征.数据同化后的温度场优于未经同化的温度场.3个选择站点的同化值与实测值的均方根误差分别为1.307,0.526,0.744,用热通量资料模拟的水温与实测值的均方根误差分别为2.160,0.979,1.330.尽管只同化了海表温度,但数据同化对三维温度场结构都有影响.     

体现执法威力 维护海上权益

2004年，是我国海洋工作面临历史性机遇和挑战的一年。中国海监总队在国家海洋局的领导和关怀下，在局各有关部门和各分局、各沿海省(自治区、直辖市)海洋厅(局)的大力支持下，坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，认真贯彻党的十六大和十六届三中、四中全会精神，全面落实局党组2004年的重点工作，以执法能力建设为重点，以海盾系列专项执法、执法示范工作为主线，上下团结一致，与时俱进，开拓进取，认真履行职能，全力推进全国海监队伍建设和海洋执法监察工作。     

东海黑潮温、盐度与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑潮主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系.结果表明,在过去50 a内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势.东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关.夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,可能是导致黑潮上层水盐度下降的一个原因,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关.     

Canada and the law of the sea

This is a historical review of Canadian policy at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. Canadian objectives with regard to the territorial sea, fisheries, pollution prevention and the continental shelf are outlined and the role played by the Canadian delegation at UNCLOS is described. The article then examines the impact of the Convention on Canada, particular attention being paid to the Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone and the Canadian role in the controversy over seabed mining. The author concludes by arguing that Canada was a major beneficiary of the Convention, but that US opposition has placed the future of the Convention in jeopardy.     

Comparison between the magnetic and petrological characteristics of the peridotites from the gorringe ridge and the peridotites from the mid-ocean ridges

The purpose of our work was to obtain the most possible detailed information about the composition, concentration, and structural features of the magnetic minerals contained in the rock to reveal the differences in the magnetic properties of the peridotites under various circumstances of the mantle magmatism and different conditions of metamorphism. To do this, we examined and analyzed the magnetic and petrographic characteristics of four collections of oceanic and alpinotype spinel peridotites. The main object for comparing the magnetic characteristics was the Gorringe ridge, which lies in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The peridotite samples from the Gorringe ridge differ from the other collections in many magnetic parameters: I _n , χ, Q, I _rs /I _s , H _c , H _cr , and H _m . The principal question of our work was to clarify the nature of the Earth’s crust where the Gorringe ridge formed. This subject was studied many times in the literature, but the researchers did not reach a common opinion. In accordance with our data, the spinel peridotites from the Gorringe ridge represent a subcontinental lithosphere mantle of the Iberian continental margin. During the metamorphism, the formation of magnetite occurred in the peridotites of the Gorringe ridge in several stages and had a regressive character. Our investigations explain the results of the analysis of the anomalous magnetic field over the Gorringe ridge, which is characterized by sharp roughness and high intensity of the local signchanging anomalies.     

Environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the offshore zones of the Baltic and the North Seas

Micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB) and fragmented-apoptotic cells (FA) were analyzed in mature peripheral blood and immature cephalic kidney erythrocytes of flounder (Platichthys flesus), dab (Limanda limanda) and cod (Gadus morhua) from 12 offshore sites in the Baltic Sea (479 specimens) and 11 sites in the North Sea (291 specimens), which were collected during three research vessel cruises in December 2002, 2003 and in September 2004. The highest levels of environmental genotoxicity (frequencies of MN up to 0.5‰, NB – up to 0.75‰) and cytotoxicity (FA – up to 0.53‰) were observed in flatfishes from areas close to oil and gas platforms in the North Sea and in zones related to the extensive shipping and potentially influenced by contamination from large European Rivers (Elbe, Vistula, Oder). In dab from the offshore zones of the North Sea, the levels of nuclear abnormalities were higher as compared to those in dab from the Baltic Sea. Responses in immature kidney erythrocytes were higher than in mature erythrocytes from peripheral blood. MN frequency lower than 0.05‰ (the Baltic Sea) and lower than 0.1‰ (the North Sea) could be suspected as a reference level in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of flatfish.     

On the large-scale variability of the circulation and heat state of the ocean and atmosphere in the North Atlantic

A conclusion about two extreme regimes existing in the large-scale circulation in the North Atlantic has been drawn based on an analysis of the inter-annual variability of the analogue to the Rossby index, as well as that of the heat and dynamic characteristics in separate areas of the north subtropical circulation. The former is defined by a high level of circulation both in the atmosphere and in the subtropical water circulation. In the current century this regime was realized mainly in the years pertaining to the middle and end of a 22-year solar activity cycle (a 22-year cycle). The relatively low level of atmospheric circulation and the slackened water mass transport are typical of the second regime. It dominated mainly during the years relevant to the beginning and second half of a 22-year solar activity cycle.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Recent changes of the halocline characteristics and warming of the intermediate water in the Kamchatka current and the Oyashio

The upper Oyashio intermediate water, one of the source waters for the Sea of Okhotsk intermediate water, is exhibiting a warming trend. The historical data show that the upper Oyashio temperature increased by 2.4°C during 1953 to 2007 at the potential density of 26.75 at depths of approximately 170 m. This rate of warming is much faster than that of the global ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. The upper Oyashio warming is likely linked to the penetration of warm water of the Alaskan Stream westward. One mechanism of this warm Alaskan Stream water penetration is associated with large Aleutian eddies.