海洋站自动观测设备智能监控报警系统设计

海洋环境观测数据是加强海洋行政管理、海洋环境保护和海洋防灾减灾能力建设的基础和重要技术保证,海洋环境观测数据的质量和时效在海洋灾害预警、防灾减灾中有着举足轻重的作用。保证观测数据的连续准确,不仅需要观测人员高度负责,而且还应配备稳定可靠、质量可行的观测设备和传送畅通的通信线路。随着海洋环境观测任务的增加和海洋观测自动化水平的提高,在观测设备运行中及时、准确地发现故障和查找问题亟须建立一套质量可靠、实时报警的监控系统。文章结合多年海洋站工作经验以及小麦岛海洋环境监测站实际情况,基于构建故障报警和监控系统在海洋站自动化观测系统中的作用,提出海洋站观测设备智能监控报警系统的设计构想,并对系统组成和系统应具备的功能进行论述。     

“两洋一海”重要海域海洋动力环境立体观测示范系统数据中心设计与实现

"两洋一海"重要海域海洋动力环境立体观测示范系统数据中心(以下简称"数据中心")作为"两洋一海"重要海域海洋动力环境立体观测示范系统的重要组成部分,采用B/S+C/S架构,通过实时/准实时资料接收与加载系统、资料解码与标准化处理系统、数据库系统、管理监控系统,以及配套硬件建设,实现面向"两洋一海"保障信息产品的接收、处理、加载、存储、监控和展示等功能。     

国际海洋观测技术发展趋势与中国深海台站建设实践

20世纪80年代以来,海洋观测呈现"多元化、立体化、实时化"的发展趋势,地区和国家的海洋观测系统在关键海域发挥着重要作用。随着技术的发展和理念的创新,区域海洋观测系统被广泛应用并得到不断完善。国际海洋观测台站如英国爱尔兰海区域、美国卡罗来纳州海区和加拿大维多利亚海底实验观测网的多元化观测系统(VENUS)都是值得借鉴的例子,他们把多元化、立体化的实时测量数据与海洋物理、生态和生物化学模式紧密结合起来,实现了海洋环境的可预报性。同时,美国、英德法等国和日本实施的一系列海底观测系统,使海洋观测更加完备化。在这种国际大背景下,我国积极推进的海洋观测研究网络工程中的第一个深海台站——西沙海洋观测研究站在2008年已经建设完成并投入运行,该台站实现了长时效的多参数海洋环境实时监控。西沙观测系统主要包括自动气象站、岛屿外缘坐底式海底和海底边界层观测子系统、生物捕获器、西沙上层海洋环境观测子系统和海洋光学监测子系统等。由于海洋环境结构复杂、工作环境恶劣以及资源缺乏等因素的影响,海洋观测一直是高风险的工作。最后希望通过比较国内外观测系统,中国海洋观测事业能够学习国外先进的思路和技术,自身取得更大进步。     

实时和延时海洋观测数据质量评估方法研究

介绍了一套实时和延时海洋观测数据质量评估方法,及其在综合海洋观测系统服务平台框架下的未来展望。详细给 出了实时和延时海洋观测数据的自动化数据判别/检验方法、质控标准以及为数据管理和使用专门制定的数据质量评估标准。     

海上锚定抗冰环境监测平台技术研究

海上锚定环境监测平台是海洋环境长期定点立体实时观测的基本手段,是海洋环境监测的重要技术装置。它可以在无冰海域实现无人值守的全天候、全天时观测,不仅可以观测海面附近的环境参数,还可观测水下剖面环境参数。冬季海洋结冰区域的环境监测数据长期缺失,一定程度上影响了海洋观测和海上资料的连续性,给预警预报、科研生产、国防建设和海洋开发等人类活动带来重大影响。文中提出了困扰我国科研及预报等部门的冬季冰期海洋环境监测数据缺失的问题,通过对锚定抗冰平台工作载荷的理论分析和结构设计计算,可为具有抗冰能力的平台结构设计和锚泊系统设计提供依据,完成海上相对固定抗冰平台系统的样机研制,对实时获取海上冰期和非冰期连续现场数据,以及海上抗冰平台的产业化具有重要意义。     

集成式船载气象水文实时数据获取系统设计方法研究

实时获取大范围海域的气象水文数据对海洋防灾减灾、海洋搜索营救、海洋气象预报和模式计算、以及海洋科学研究等各项海洋活动都具有至关重要的作用,但由于人力、物力以及财力等资源限制,这项工作很难实现并长期维持。集成式船载气象水文实时数据获取系统将传感器、采集器、控制台和数据库集于一体,完整地实现了气象水文实时数据获取的整个流程。同时,利用志愿船将该系统携带到各大海域,从而实现实时获取大范围海域的气象水文实时数据的功能。该系统功能完善,结构紧凑,在船体上的安装部位比较集中,在不影响志愿船正常工作的前提下,以较低的成本可实现实时数据获取的功能,从而为各项海洋活动提供有力的支持。     

西北太平洋台风海域实时海洋监测

简要阐述了西北太平洋台风海域实时海洋监测及其对台风预测预报的重要意义，以及利用卫星跟踪的自动剖面浮标实时监测海洋环境要素的必要性和迫切性。2010–2016 年期间，中国 Argo 在该海域布放了 36 个铱卫星剖面浮标，利用其双向通讯功能，实现在台风天气条件下对上层海洋进行加密观测，从而获取到台风源地及其经过前后上层海洋的现场环境要素资料；开发研制了台风海域实时海洋环境智能服务平台， 实现了对台风路径附近 Argo 剖面浮标位置的实时监控、漂移轨迹的可视化追踪、观测参数的快速调整以及观测资料的高效检索和统计分析等智能管理目标。最后，展望西北太平洋台风海域 Argo 实时海洋监测网的发展及应用前景，设想在西北太平洋台风海域建设并维持一个由 30~45 个浮标组成的 Argo 实时海洋监测网，从而为台风预测预报提供更多、更有针对性的第一手资料。     

Argo全球海洋剖面浮标观测网

前言Argo,一个大范围的全球温盐剖面浮标观测网 ,已被计划作为海洋观测系统的一个重要组成部分 ,并已于 2 0 0 0年开始投放浮标 ,目前尚在建设之中。实际上 ,Argo计划是基于现存的海洋上层热量观测系统 ,并对其在时间、空间、观测深度和准确性上进行了扩展 ,同时还增加了对盐度和速度的观测。命名 Argo,主要是为了强调全球浮标网与 Jason卫星高度计任务的密切关系 ,这是第一次人们可以几乎实时地系统测量和收集上层海洋的物理状态信息。1　Argo的诞生和设计全球剖面浮标观测网是在如下三方面技术的最新发展促使下诞生的 ,从而使得海洋和气…     

美国近海海洋观测实验室及其对我们的启示

近海海洋环境对国家的社会经济发展和环境安全十分重要,完善的近海海洋观测、研究与服务系统,是发展海洋经济和建设海洋强国的重要支撑条件。文章介绍了美国Rutgers大学的近海海洋观测实验室(COOL)的建设及运行情况,重点介绍了其技术特色、开展的海洋科学研究、提供的信息产品与服务以及承担的教育功能,并据此对我国海洋观测系统的建设提出几点粗浅的看法。     

海洋站自动观测数据在线质控系统开发与应用

海洋站自动观测数据主要质控手段为延时月报质量审核,尚没有实时在线质控系统得到业务化应用.本文提出了一种海洋站自动观测数据在线质控系统,通过对水文气象等海洋观测要素进行逻辑分析,确定其极值区间和变化率区间阂值,将实时海洋观测数据与闽值进行比较,对错误或异常数据发出警示信息,提醒观测员进行处理,实现对海洋观测数据的在线质控.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.