吸力锚基础锚泊线准静力分析模型

随着海洋工程中吸力锚基础尺寸的增大,在系泊系统设计时必须考虑锚泊线切入土体段对整体设计的影响.建立了一种新的基于坐标轴划分微段的准静力分析模型,该模型包括锚泊线切入土体段与水中悬浮段两部分,无需给定锚泊线的初始长度.计算预张状态和工作条件下的锚泊线构形与张力分布,得到锚泊线顶端张力与浮体水平偏移特性曲线,分别对不同预张力和布置沉子对锚泊线状态的影响进行研究,并分析考虑锚泊线切入土体段的必要性.     

深水悬链锚泊线粘性阻尼计算

深水悬链锚泊线既为上部浮体运动提供恢复力,同时也提供阻尼力,其中阻尼力主要是由于上部浮体运动牵动悬链锚泊线局部振动和整体运动耗散能量而形成的拖曳粘性阻尼力.利用单根锚泊线由于上部浮体运动而吸收的能量来计算锚泊线的拖曳粘性阻尼.锚泊线和海床之间的接触作用基于刚性海床假定,利用Morrison公式计算锚泊线的惯性力和拖曳力荷载.用有限元方法进行非线性时域动力分析,分别计算静水条件和考虑流速分布两种工况下,上部浮体发生慢漂运动、波频运动以及两者组合运动时的锚泊线动力响应,比较不同工况下锚泊线的最大张力和粘性阻尼.     

安装误差对半潜漂浮式风机悬链线系泊系统性能的影响

由于浅水深条件下悬链线系泊系统的性能对系泊缆长度和几何形状更为敏感,悬链线系泊系统的安装误差对其性能的影响较深水条件下的更为显著。因此首先对适用于半潜漂浮式风机的悬链线系泊系统施工进行研究,分别确定了锚安装位置误差、系泊缆预铺误差和系泊缆与漂浮式基础回接误差的来源,并根据施工条件给出了误差值。之后,以浮体动力学仿真作为手段,对系泊缆系统施工误差对其性能的影响进行基于时域仿真的量化研究。研究表明,锚安装位置误差对系泊系统性能影响不大,但系泊缆预铺和回接的误差对系泊系统性能的影响较大。系泊缆回接的误差可造成系泊缆张力平均值和标准差与设计值偏差近20%,可能对系泊系统疲劳寿命评估产生较大的影响。与系泊缆回接误差相比,系泊缆预铺误差的产生原因更为复杂,由于系泊缆预铺误差往往导致系泊缆长度增长,存在误差的系泊缆张力的各项统计值总体偏小,但可能会造成同组无误差系泊缆的张力过载。     

基于准静定方法的多成分锚泊线优化

移动式海洋平台锚泊系统通常用锚索或锚链等多种成分合成的锚泊线,因而涉及参数较多给设计分析带来不便。针对这一问题,基于准静定方法推导限定水深下多成分锚泊线悬链线方程,并考虑锚泊线组成成分的参数对锚泊系统回复力的影响,建立目标函数最小化的多成分锚泊线优化设计模型。采用遗传算法对南海2号锚泊系统的改造进行分析求解,得到有益的结论。     

深水半潜式平台系泊系统动力特性研究

探讨张紧式系泊系统的基本特征,比较张紧式和悬链线式系泊半潜平台运动和动力响应特性,分析拖曳力系数变化对张紧式和悬链线式系泊动力效应的影响,以及张紧式和悬链线式系泊缆节点运动特点,从而为改善半潜平台系泊系统动力效应提供参考.     

转塔式锚泊系统初步设计图谱

本文提供了一套设计图谱，用于转塔式锚泊系统的初步设计。图谱包含的水深范围为１００～６００ｍ。锚泊线的布置形式分别为４根、６根、８根和１０根均匀分布。锚泊线的构成有全链和索链组合二种方式。每种构成方式又对应着二种规格的索或链。从图谱中，设计者可以根据水深和定位浮体的运动及受力情况，方便地选择锚泊线的构成、尺寸及系统的布置状况，或对已选定的与图谱中参数相近的系统估算回复力。     

半潜式钻井平台复合锚泊系统组分配比优化设计

从提高锚泊系统收放时效性入手,提出了一种半潜式钻井平台复合式锚泊系统组分配比优化设计方法,旨在尽可能降低复合式锚泊系统的钢链配比长度,提高收放效率。结合锚泊系统设计参数,制定优化设计准则,建立优化分析流程,采用ANSYS-AQWA建立锚泊定位半潜式平台水动力分析模型,获得平台运动参数和锚链动力参数,对平台漂移量、锚链最小安全系数、走锚临界张力、锚链最小卧底长度和起锚力进行无量纲指标分析,并综合考虑张力倾角与预张力对优化结果的影响,获得复合式锚泊系统钢链与钢缆的最优配比关系,确定最优钢链长度为395 m,较原钢链长度缩短225 m,钢链收放时间降低36%,进一步提高锚泊系统收放时效性,并降低平台可变荷载。     

拖曳锚在海床中运动特性的大变形有限元分析

拖曳锚由于其承载性能和深水中便于安装被广泛应用于海洋工程系泊系统中,如:适用于悬链式系泊系统的传统拖曳锚和适用于绷紧式系泊系统的法向承力锚。拖曳锚安装过程中涉及诸多运动特性:锚板运动方向、系缆点处拖曳力和拖曳角及运动轨迹。基于大变形有限元分析技术耦合的欧拉-拉格朗日法,并引入缆绳方程,建立起锚-缆绳-海床土耦合作用的有限元分析模型;模拟了拖曳锚在均质和线性强度黏土中的嵌入安装过程,研究了锚板运动方向、系缆点处拖曳力和拖曳角及运动轨迹等运动特性;通过与已有的有限元分析方法及理论方法进行对比,验证了该分析模型的有效性;与已有的有限元分析方法相比,提出的分析模型有效地提高了计算效率。     

深海锚泊浮标的二阶动力分析

计算了规则波上深海锚泊浮标的运动响应和锚泊线的动力响应。在对浮标的二阶漂移力计算时考虑了锚系的影响,并将浮标平均漂移的计算结果与不考虑锚系影响的结果进行了比较。本文计算所用浮标为单点系泊浮标,锚链由不同重量的分段组成。     

三锚系大型浮标运动响应特性数值研究

以三锚系浮标系统为研究对象,基于AQWA与OrcaFlex软件开展了三锚系大型浮标系统运动响应特性数值模拟研究。对直径10 m的浮标结构在波浪荷载下的水动力特性进行研究,校核了浮标的初稳性和大倾角稳性特征,计算分析了浮标的附加质量、辐射阻尼、运动响应幅值算子RAO等水动力参数,阐明了不同风、浪、流工况下三锚系浮标与辅助浮筒的运动响应特性,揭示了浮标三锚链导缆孔处锚泊张力随入射角度、波高和周期等的变化规律。研究结果表明：该浮标稳性和随波性能较好。与无浮筒三锚系浮标相比,带辅助浮筒的三锚系浮标系统的运动响应和锚泊张力减小,随着波高和周期增大,三锚系浮标系泊锚链的极端张力值逐渐增大,尤其是在极端海况下,迎浪向锚链极端张力急剧增大。     

深水圆筒型钻井平台张紧式系泊系统设计

基于我国南海海域环境条件,对一座深水圆筒型钻井平台设计一套张紧式系泊定位系统,利用SESAM软件对平台运动响应和缆索张力进行分析计算,得到主要运动响应为纵荡、纵摇和垂荡。分别考虑0°和180°的环境载荷方向,对比得到0°方向的缆索张力更大,且6号和7号缆承受了主要的环境力。分析了平台运动的影响因素,认为缆索夹角设定为35°时较优,适度增大系泊缆初始长度和减小两端锚链长度可较为有效地降低系泊缆受力,系泊缆总根数保持12时（4根×3组）为最优方案。根据分析结果对初始系泊方案进行了优化,在风暴工况下系泊缆最大受力减小了约14.8%。钻井作业工况和一根系泊缆破断工况下,系泊缆受力和平台位移均能满足规范要求。     

Numerical implementation of the installation/mooring line and application to analyzing comprehensive anchor behaviors

With the application of innovative anchor concepts and advanced technologies in deepwater moorings, anchor behaviors in the seabed are becoming more complicated and pose a great challenge to the analytical methods. In the present work, a large deformation finite element (FE) analysis employing the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian technique is performed to simulate the installation/mooring line, and then is applied to analyzing comprehensive anchor behaviors in the seabed. By connecting cylindrical units with each other using connector elements, the installation/mooring line is constructed. With the constructed installation/mooring line, FE simulations are carried out to investigate comprehensive anchor behaviors in the seabed, including long-distance penetration of drag anchors, keying of suction embedded plate anchors and non-catastrophic behavior of gravity-installed anchors. Through comparative studies, the accuracy of the proposed method is well examined. A parametric study is also undertaken to quantify the effects of the frictional coefficient, initial embedment depth, and soil weight on the profile of the embedded anchor line and the shackle load. The present work demonstrates that the proposed FE model, which incorporates the installation/mooring line and the anchor, is effective in analyzing the comprehensive anchor behaviors in the seabed.     

Fundamental analysis of deep sea mooring line in static equilibrium

The integrated equations of deep sea mooring lines in static equilibrium under consideration of gravity force and line elongation are obtained. The most useful forms of the equations for designing deep sea mooring system are those in which horizontal displacement and horizontal and vertical components of tension are obtained as functions of line length, water depth, critical tension and unit weight of line.When the dynamic simulation of a buoy system is carried out, line tensions acting on the buoy should be represented as a linear function of displacement. Therefore the linearisation method is introduced by use of linearisation coefficient matrix. Translation formulae for the matrix from two to three dimensions is also presented.The influence of line elongation on the horizontal component of tension in a taut mooring condition is important, therefore the elongation of stretched deep sea mooring line must be considered carefully. Also, the scaling law under consideration of line elongation in static equilibrium, which is necessary in estimation from a small sized experiment, is discussed.     

An Improved Method of Predicting Drag Anchor Trajectory Based on the Finite Element Analyses of Holding Capacity

Drag anchor is one of the most commonly used anchorage foundation types. The prediction of embedded trajectory in the process of drag anchor installation is of great importance to the safety design of mooring system. In this paper, the ultimate anchor holding capacity in the seabed soil is calculated through the established finite element model, and then the embedded motion trajectory is predicted applying the incremental calculation method. Firstly, the drag anchor initial embedded depth and inclination angle are assumed, which are regarded as the start embedded point. Secondly, in each incremental step, the incremental displacement of drag anchor is added along the parallel direction of anchor plate, so the displacement increment of drag anchor in the horizontal and vertical directions can be calculated. Thirdly, the finite element model of anchor is established considering the seabed soil and anchor interaction, and the ultimate drag anchor holding capacity at new position can be obtained. Fourthly, the angle between inverse catenary mooring line and horizontal plane at the attachment point at this increment step can be calculated through the inverse catenary equation. Finally, the incremental step is ended until the angle of drag anchor and seabed soil is zero as the ultimate embedded state condition, thus, the whole embedded trajectory of drag anchor is obtained. Meanwhile, the influences of initial parameter changes on the embedded trajectory are considered. Based on the proposed method, the prediction of drag anchor trajectory and the holding capacity of mooring position system can be provided.     

深海平台试验中水深截断系泊缆动力特性对比分析

在深海平台混合模型试验中,采用大截断比水深截断系泊缆模拟全水深系泊缆的静力和动力特性具有很大的难度.以工作在1 500 m水深的Spar平台系泊系统为例,对比分析5种大截断比水深截断系泊缆的动力特性,研究缆绳轴向刚度、直径和单位长度空气中质量对水深截断系泊缆动力特性的影响规律.认为这三个因素对水深系泊缆的动力响应影响并不是孤立的,需要合理地选取三者的参数,才能使得水深截断系泊缆的动力响应与全水深系泊缆保持一致.     

Dynamic Response Analysis of the Equivalent Water Depth Truncated Point of the Catenary Mooring Line

The real-time computer-controlled actuators are used to connect the truncated parts of moorings and risers in the active hybrid model testing system. This must be able to work in model-scale real time, based on feedback input from the floater motions. Thus, mooring line dynamics and damping effects are artificially simulated in real time, based on a computer-based model of the problem. In consideration of the nonlinear characteristics of the sea platform catenary mooring line, the equations of the mooring line motion are formulated by using the lumped-mass method and the dynamic response of several points on the mooring line is investigated by the time and frequency domain analysis method. The dynamic response of the representative point on the mooring line is analyzed under the condition of two different corresponding upper endpoint movements namely sine wave excitation and random wave excitation. The corresponding laws of the dynamic response between the equivalent water depth truncated points at different locations and the upper endpoint are obtained, which can provide technical support for further study of the active hybrid model test.     

Experimental investigation of the keying process of OMNI-Max anchor

ABSTRACT

The OMNI-Max anchors are newly developed dynamically installed anchors for deep water mooring systems. After installation, the anchor is keyed to a new orientation and position by tensing the attached mooring chain, which is known as the “keying process”. This study conducted 1g model tests to study the trajectories and capacity developments of OMNI-Max anchors in homogeneous and lightly overconsolidated (LOC) clays. A testing arrangement was designed to simulate the anchor keying process with a constant pullout angle at the mudline. A half model anchor which could move against the box glass was used to determine the anchor trajectory in the soil. The effects of padeye offset angle, uplift angle at the mudline, anchor fluke thickness, anchor initial embedment depth, and soil strength on the anchor trajectory and capacity were systematically investigated. Moreover, the critical uplift angle at the padeye and the anchor critical initial embedment depth were discussed. The results indicate that the anchor can dive both in homogeneous and LOC clays under certain conditions. A padeye offset angle of 24–30° is recommended for the OMNI-Max anchor to maintain high capacity and diving trend simultaneously. Besides, the anchor diving trend can be improved with small uplift angles at the mudline and with thick anchor flukes. A critical initial embedment depth of 1.3 times the anchor length is recommended to preclude the anchor from being pulled out.     

Influence of Kinematic Analysis Parameters of Drag Anchor Trajectory Prediction Using Yield Envelope Method

Drag anchor is widely applied in offshore engineering for offshore mooring systems. The prediction of the invisible trajectory during its drag-in installation is challenging for anchor design in determining the anchor final position for ensuring sufficient holding capacity. The yield envelope method based on deep anchor failure for kinematic analysis was proposed as a promising trajectory prediction method for drag anchor. However, there is a lack of analysis on the effects of the parameters applied in the kinematic analysis. The current work studies the effects of the yield envelope parameters, anchor line bearing capacity factor and the anchor/soil interface friction. It is found that the accuracy of the yield envelope parameters has large impact on the prediction results based on deep yield envelopes.Analyses of cases with smooth fluke predict deeper embedment depth than that from analyses of cases with rough fluke. The decrease of the capacity factor results in the increase of the anchor embedment depth, the anchor line load,the anchor chain angle and the stable value of the normalized horizontal load component for the same drag length,while the stable value of the normalized vertical load component decreases when the capacity factor decreases. This illustrates the importance in applying reasonable parameters and improving the method for more reliable prediction of the anchor trajectory.