城镇化进程中成都市水资源利用的分析及预测

根据水量平衡理论,计算出研究区可利用水资源总量为91.04×10~8m~3。对用水量、水资源利用效率及影响因素进行研究。结果表明:成都市2000~2014年水资源利用效率整体呈Ⅴ型分布,2009年水资源利用效率达到最低值。城镇化的发展对水资源利用效率具有明显的负相关性,而工业水平及经济水平的发展能明显提高水资源利用效率。通过对用水结构的分析发现,城镇化的发展对农业用水影响不大,主要由于成都市水资源充沛,城市和工业的发展对农业用水的挤占不明显。采用BP神经网络模型预测2020年成都市需水量为40.02×10~8m~3,研究区水资源总量满足要求。     

滨海城市地表水资源可利用量分析——以广西钦州市为例

以钦州市为例,根据1956～2016年月降雨、径流数据,采用双累积曲线(DMC)模型和蒸发差值法计算地表水资源量,采用剔除入海河流感潮河段水量及汛期河道内最小生态水量的改进扣损法和直接法综合分析地表水资源可利用量。结果表明:钦州市地表水资源量在106.573～111.216×10~8m~3范围内,地表水资源可利用量为38.444×10~8m~3,占比地表水资源总量的34.6%。钦州市水量相对丰富,但水资源可利用量并不富裕且时空分布不均。空间上,独流入海河流分区地表水资源可利用量最多,南流江分区次之,郁江干流分区最少;时间上,19条流域汛期水量高达81.949×10~8m~3,其中难以控制利用量为62.272×10~8m~3,有35.823×10~8m~3经入海河流直接外排入海;4.973×10~8m~3为感潮河段咸水难以利用;调水工程的规划与建设为改善河道环境、缓解供需矛盾方面起到积极作用。     

芜申运河开通对固城湖水量影响分析

芜申运河是重要的省际干线航道,规划对其整治达到三级航道标准后通航,而芜申运河通航需要固城湖上的通航河道开闸。固城湖为重要的饮用水源地,开闸通航对固城湖水量影响较大。通过建立模型计算得出,每天开闸10次固城湖水量损失约为1.71×10~8m~3/年,每天开闸20次水量损失约为2.87×10~8m~3/年;而固城湖的常态水位为9.5m,相应库容为1.28×10~8m~3,通航对固城湖水量的年损失量占到了固城湖常态水量的1.34~2.24倍左右。如果开闸20次,固城湖需要外调补水以保证水量满足用水需求。经计算,在90%、75%、50%的降水保证率下,需要外调补水保证量达0.64×10~8、0.61×10~8、0.12×10~8m~3/年,占固城湖常态库容的50%~9%。     

北京市平原区地下水补给量计算方法对比研究

大气降水入渗是北京市地下水补给的主要来源。为丰富地下水补给量计算方法,以基于遥感数据的水量均衡法对比传统的地下水位动态法评价求取降水入渗量。水位动态法计算北京市平原区2011年地下水垂向入渗补给量为17.39×10~8m~3,遥感水量均衡法计算北京市平原区补给量为13.13×10~8m~3,同面积区两种计算结果相关性R~2=0.9631。两种计算方法各有其优缺点及适用条件。     

大石头洼地供水可行性分析研究

为解决新疆大石头洼地周边区域生产生活用水问题,在对新疆大石洼地水文地质详查的基础上,分析区内水文地质条件,查明区内含水层特征及供水可行性。研究结果表明:研究区内地下水资源量为398.6×10~4 m~3/a,按0.53可开采系数计,有211.3×10~4 m~3/a可开采资源量;规划拟建水源地年开采地下水量170×10~4 m~3/a,约占计算区地下水允许开采量的80.5%;水质满足生产、生活用水的各项指标要求,适量开采地下水可降低浅埋区地下水位,夺取无效蒸发量,改良地下水浅埋区土壤,对生态环境影响较小,因此,大石头洼地供水可行。     

青海省乌兰县希里沟盆地水资源现状及利用前景探析

青海省乌兰县希里沟盆地地表水资源量为1.035 8×10~8m~3,占青海省水资源总量627.6×10~8m~3的0.17%,地下水天然资源量0.621 6×10~8m~3/a,C级允许开采资源量8.5×10~4m~3/d,D级允许开采量3 801×10~4m~3/d,是青海省具有较好供水潜力的盆地之一。随着柴达木循环经济试验区乌兰县循环经济工业园区的不断开发,查清水资源现状、作好供水潜力分析,为制定青海省海西州乌兰循环经济工业园区远近期发展规划以及招商引资提供依据。     

我国西部"五江一河"可供跨流域调取的水量究竟有多少? ——二评"红旗河工程"构想

以青藏高原南部为主体的我国西部大江大河,可供跨流域调取的水资源量究竟有多少?是决定向西北干旱区调水成功与否的前提条件之一。因此,本文关注的焦点是:我国西部诸江河究竟有多少水资源量?能否达到"红旗河"构想的每年600亿m~3的调水量?本文依据各类文献资料中有关"红旗河"拟取水的"五江一河"各节点上、下游水文站及相关水电站的多年平均径流量及年际变化数据,估算并厘定出各取水节点的年平均水资源量为:雅鲁藏布江600×10~8m~3,帕隆藏布与易贡藏布合计320×10~8m~3,怒江320×10~8 m~3,澜沧江200×10~8 m~3,金沙江313×10~8 m~3,雅砻江250×10~8 m~3和大渡河210×10~8 m~3。按照S4679课题组和王浩院士所给出的国际通行的20%跨流域调水比例或21%的"红旗河"标准,本文匡算出"五江一河"理想的可调取水量为442.6×10~8m~3或464.7×10~8m~3,不足S4679课题组构想的600×10~8m~3调水量的78%。如果南水北调西线规划得以实施,则"红旗河"难以从金沙江、雅砻江和大渡河这三个节点全额调水,长江上源只有大渡河(18.5～20.6)×10~8m~3的水量可资利用。这种情形下,本文匡算出可供"红旗河"调取的总水量为(288～323.0)×10~8 m~3,只有S4679课题组构想调水量的大约一半,充其量不到54%。     

拜城县水资源供需平衡及开发利用现状探析

依据地方规划及库车-拜城盆地水文地质调查项目成果,分析计算近、远期规划年水资源需求量和可供水量,通过供需平衡分析为当地水资源合理配置及可持续开发利用提出建议。结果表明:拜城县2020年总需水量11.169 6亿m~3,2025年总需水量8.599 6亿m~3。在P=50%供水保证率下,地表水、地下水可供水总量为16.010 8亿m~3,在P=75%供水保证率下,可供水总量为14.746 5亿m~3,无论平水年还是枯水年,水资源均有盈余。并提出提高农业用水效率,划分地下水资源保护区,推行中水回用和加强水资源管理等水资源开发利用建议。     

福清平原地下水可采资源量及应急开采量评价

根据福清平原地下水系统的水文地质机制,在概化该区地下水系统水文地质概念模型的基础上,首次建立福清平原地下水可采资源量评价三维数值模型。根据福清平原地下水含水层水位控制要求,预测该区地下水可采资源量,在相对富水区域圈定地下水应急水源地,并评价水源地的应急开采量。结果表明,福清平原地下水可采资源量为1 189.35×10~4 m~3/a,并圈定出洋梓村谢厝山山前水源地和龙山街道塘头村北侧水源地2处地下水应急水源地,2处应急水源地应急可开采资源量为246.375×10~4 m~3/a,为福清平原地下水应急水源地建设提供参考。     

陕西关中地区水资源的可持续发展支持能力

在阐述水资源支持能力涵义的基础上,计算了关中地区生态需水量、75%保证率时可利用水量、75%保证率时总需水量以及水资源支持能力的供需平衡指数。结果表明：关中地区生态需水量2005年为43.699×10^8m^3,2010年为44.119×10^8m,2015年为44.394×10^8m^3;2005年75%保证率时可利用水量为49.885×10^8m^3,2010年为49.466×10^8m^3,2015年为49.190×10^8m^3;2005年75%保证率时总需水量为94.26×10^8m^3,2010年为86.63×10^8m^3,2015年为84.22×10^8m^3。最后计算水资源支持能力的供需平衡指数,2005、2010、2015年,供需平衡指数小于0,说明流域可供的水资源量不具备对这样规模的社会经济系统的支撑能力,流域水资源对应的人口及经济规模是不可承载的,供需平衡的差值主要靠侵占河道内的生态需水量来实现的,河道内的生态破坏就是很好的证据。     

西北内陆河流域地下水循环特征与地下水资源评价

在系统梳理前人调查研究成果基础上,总结了西北内陆河流域主要的含水层特点,对山区、平原区和沙漠区的地下水循环特点进行了分析,着重对平原区地下水水流系统进行了讨论。由于西北内陆河流域地下水与地表水关系密切,形成了具有密切水力联系的含水层-河流系统,不论是上游开发地表水还是地下水,都会引起整个流域内地下水资源的强烈变化。地下水资源评价表明,西北内陆河流域地下水资源量为783亿m~3/a,其中平原区的地下水资源量为487亿m~3/a,山区与平原区的地下水资源重复量为199亿m~3/a,现状开采量为128亿m~3/a。地下水开发潜力分析表明,除柴达木盆地、塔里木盆地南缘等地区外,其他地区的地下水开采潜力有限,应通过提高水资源的利用效率来提高其承载能力。今后应加大(微)咸水资源化、地下水水库的调查研究,加强地下水的生态功能和生态需水量评价,为地下水资源的合理开发利用提供技术支撑。     

Assessment of water level threshold for groundwater restoration and over-exploitation remediation the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain (BTHP) is the political, economic and cultural center of China, where groundwater is the main source of water supply to support social and economic development. Continuous overdraft of the resources has caused a persistent decline of groundwater level and formed a huge cone of depression at a regional scale. This paper addresses current groundwater situation over the BTHP area. The paper also delineates the groundwater flow field, using groundwater level data, in order to provide an effective method for the restoration of groundwater level and associated water resources management. Based on the analysis of multiple factors, such as groundwater level, soil salinization, ground subsidence, groundwater recharge and storage, urban underground space security, formation of fractures, and seawater intrusion, the threshold for groundwater level restoration is defined, and some measures for groundwater over-exploitation management are accordingly proposed. The study shows that: (i) Since the 1980s to 2020, shallow groundwater level in the western part of the BTHP area has dropped by 25 m to 60 m, while the cumulative decline of deep groundwater in the central and eastern regions is in the range of 40–80 m; (ii) The water table of the shallow groundwater within the depression zone over the Western Piedmont Plain should be controlled in the range of 15–30 m below ground level (mbgl), while the depth of groundwater level in large and medium-sized urban areas should be controlled within 20–30 mbgl. The groundwater level in the resource preservation area should be controlled within 10–15 mbgl, and the groundwater level in the area with identified soil salinization in the central and eastern plain should be controlled within 3–10 mbgl. However, for the deep groundwater in the central and eastern plainwater, the main focus of the resources management is to control the land subsidence. The water level in the severe land subsidence area should be controlled within 45–60 mbgl, and in the general subsidence area should be controlled within 30–45 mbgl; (iii) Based on the water level recovery threshold and proposed groundwater overdraft management program, if the balance of abstraction and recharge is reached in 2025, the shallow groundwater abstraction needs to be gradually reduced by about 2×10⁸ m³. Meanwhile, the ecological water replenishment of rivers through the South-to-North Water Transfer Project should be increased to 28.58×10⁸ m³/a, and the deep groundwater abstraction needs to be gradually reduced by 2.24×10⁸ m³. To reach the target of shallow groundwater level in 2040, surface water replacement is recommended with a rate of 25.77×10⁸ m³/a and the ecological water replenishment of rivers in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project should reach 33.51×10⁸ m³/a. For deep groundwater recovery, it is recommended to replace the deep freshwater extraction with the utilization of shallow salt water by 2.82×10⁸ m³ , in addition to the amount of 7.86×10⁸ m³ by water diversion. The results are of great significance to the remediation of groundwater over-exploitation, the regulation of water resources development and utilization, and ecological protection in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei plain.     

西北地区水资源可利用量与承载能力估算

界定了水资源可利用量和径流口径生态需水的概念。对西北地区的径流口径生态需水和水资源可利用量进行估算。西北地区水资源总量为1638 5×108m3,但需净出境水量为411 9×108m3,实有水资源总量为1226 6×108m3,径流口径生态需水量为454 4×108m3,除去保留给生态的生态需水、偏远封闭流域难以利用的水量,人类可以消耗利用的可利用量有742×108m3,其中黄河流域可利用量为187×108m3,西北内流区当地可利用量为555×108m3。建立了水资源承载能力优化计算模型,估算西北地区的水资源承载能力,并建议用水资源承载能力图谱表示水资源承载能力。在人均GDP每10年翻一番、水资源利用效率每年提高7%的条件下,西北地区水资源承载能力2010年为11310万人,2020年为12019万人,2030年为12733万人。     

Groundwater resources in the North China Plain

Shallow groundwater is a major object of exploitation in the North China Plain. About 20 billion m³/yr of fresh groundwater and about 20 billion m³/yr of surface water are available. Present water demand is about equal to or exceeds the utilizable water resources in the North China Plain. Strict economy of water use is needed along with strengthened water control, a restructured development plan, and artificial recharge.     

The water resources of lakes in China

This paper mainly deals with water resources of China's lakes. Lakes in China are mainly scattered over five drainage basins, with a total area of 73,580 km² and a storage capacity of 746,000 million m³, in which the fresh water amounts to 221,000 million m³. The water resources of lakes are not evenly distributed in the regions. Their variations within a year and between years are great. So attention should be paid to the rational utilization of water resources and the problems in mangement need careful and skilful handling.     

Numerical simulation and environmental impact prediction of karst groundwater in Sangu Spring Basin,China

The changes of development and utilization of karst groundwater in Sangu Spring Basin have made the original groundwater resource evaluation unable to meet the needs of future economic development. Based on analysis of existing data, combined with the characteristics of supplement, runoff and draining of regional karst groundwater, the Visual Modelflow software was used to build a numerical simulation model of Sangu spring Basin. The amount of karst groundwater resource and groundwater environment of the Basin were evaluated under different exploitation schemes, and the changes of karst groundwater environment in the future ten years were also predicted. The fitting error which is less than 0.5 m between the calculated value and measured value of the water level in the fitted borehole accounts for 93%. For the lithologically and structurally complex Sangu Spring Basin, the fitting effect of numerical simulation model was ideal. On the basis of the current mining amount of 111.80 million m³/a, the total redistributed exploited amount in the spring region was 61.79 million m³/a. Under the condition that the quantity of recoverable resources reached 173.59 million m³/a and under different precipitation schemes, all constraint conditions were satisfied, such as regional water level drawdown, maximum allowable water level drawdown in every simulated water source area and the flow rate of Guobi Spring. The results will provide a scientific basis for the rational development and utilization of karst groundwater in Sangu Spring Basin.     

Hydrogeological framework and water balance studies in parts of Krishni–Yamuna interstream area, Western Uttar Pradesh, India

The Krishni–Yamuna interstream area is a micro-watershed in the Central Ganga Plain and a highly fertile track of Western Uttar Pradesh. The Sugarcane and wheat are the major crops of the area. Aquifers of Quaternary age form the major source of Irrigation and municipal water supplies. A detailed hydrogeological investigation was carried out in the study area with an objective to assess aquifer framework, groundwater quality and its resource potential. The hydrogeological cross section reveals occurrence of alternate layers of clay and sand. Aquifer broadly behaves as a single bodied aquifer down to the depth of 100 m bgl (metre below ground level) as the clay layers laterally pinch out. The depth to water in the area varies between 5 and 16.5 m bgl. The general groundwater flow direction is from NE to SW with few local variations. An attempt has been made to evaluate groundwater resources of the area. The water budget method focuses on the various components contributing to groundwater flow and groundwater storage changes. Changes in ground water storage can be attributed to rainfall recharge, irrigation return flow and ground water inflow to the basin minus baseflow (ground water discharge to streams or springs), evapotranspiration from ground water, pumping and ground water outflow from the basin. The recharge is obtained in the study area using Water table fluctuation and Tritium methods. The results of water balance study show that the total recharge in to the interstream region is of the order of 185.25 million m³ and discharge from the study area is of the order of 203.24 million m³, leaving a deficit balance of −17.99 million m³. Therefore, the present status of groundwater development in the present study area has acquired the declining trend. Thus, the hydrogeological analysis and water balance studies shows that the groundwater development has attained a critical state in the region.     

黑河流域张掖段水资源承载力评价及提升对策研究

水资源是干旱区内陆河流域环境与发展的主导因素, 其承载力是评判水资源与经济社会及生态环境之间协调发展的重要依据。从承载程度和承载能力两方面构建评价指标, 对黑河流域张掖市县区尺度的水资源承载力进行评价, 结果表明： 承载程度方面, 张掖市从2015 - 2017年用水总量承载状况整体好转, 但民乐县用水总量面临超载, 各县区地下水承载状况明显改善, 地下水超采得到有效管控与治理。从2015 - 2017年, 张掖市水资源的承载状况整体上改善, 从2015年甘州区、 临泽县、 高台县、 山丹县4县区的超载转变为2017年临泽县、 高台县、 山丹县、 肃南县4县区的临界超载状况, 反映出张掖市近年来水资源开发利用的管理成效初步显现; 承载能力方面, 全市各县区2020年和2030年水资源可承载人口均小于2017年水平, 可承载的经济规模约是2017年90%; 提出了农业节水效率提升和耕地灌溉面积缩减两种未来水资源承载力提升情景, 并以此提出了张掖市水资源承载力提升的对策建议。     

黑河中游水土资源开发利用现状及水资源生态环境安全分析

黑河流域水资源产生于南部祁连山区,主要消耗于中游农业灌溉区。对黑河流域水文资料分析计算发现,流域出山水资源量多年变化比较稳定,最枯年和最丰年水资源量之比为 1:2,丰枯变化幅度与长江以南丰水河流相当。多年平均水资源量为32．31×10⁸ m³／a,近10年中游水资源开发利用量稳定在34×10⁸ m³／a以上,仅中游地区对水资源的开发利用率达120％左右。目前国际上公认的人均水资源量紧缺线为 1000～1700 m³／a,黑河流域水资源开发利用具有反复转化多次重复利用的特点,用这个指标无法全面评价黑河流域水资源的安全状况。     

生态旅游区土地生态承载力变化分析

根据生态足迹理论,分析评价千岛湖生态旅游区所在的浙江淳安县的土地生态承载力及其变化。结果显示,1991年和2003年研究区林地和水域的生态承载力均属盈余,而耕地、草地和建设用地出现生态赤字,其中耕地生态赤字最多。其结果与研究区经济发展、消费水平和消费结构的实际变化相一致。生态承载能力从生态盈余到生态赤字,说明研究区土地利用对生态环境的压力不断增加,需加强生态保护。