优化技术在娘子关泉域岩溶地下水开采资源量评价与管理中的应用

我国北方岩溶地下水，多数是以泉域水资源系统为单元进行循环的，各岩溶地下水系统以规模大、系统结构复杂为典型特征。在岩溶地下水开发利用过程中，如何兼顾各开采水源地的开采量、井采与泉水流量问等关系，以避免出现水文地质环境问题，是多年来水文地质界一直关注的问题。本文将水资源系统与供水系统相结合，采用优化技术建立了娘子关泉域岩溶地下水评价管理模型，以此为基础提出了多种开发方案，为类似地区的地下水评价与开发管理提供范例。     

黄河支流汾河流域水资源开发利用现状及生态环境问题

【研究目的】汾河是黄河第二大支流,也是山西省的第一大河,流域内水资源供需矛盾突出,分析水资源开发利用现状及其生态环境问题是进行流域生态修复的前提。【研究方法】本文在分析汾河流域水资源特征及其开发利用现状的基础上,系统总结了汾河径流量衰减、岩溶大泉断流和水质恶化等生态环境问题,并对其成因进行了分析。【研究结果】研究表明：汾河流域多年平均水资源量为33.59亿m³,其中地下水资源是水资源的主要组成部分,约占72%;2005年以后由于跨流域调水、地下水压采等汾河流域综合治理措施的实施,水资源的供水结构发生了较大的变化,地表水的供水比例由最初的30%提高到55%,地下水供水比例由原来的62%降低到目前的37%。整体上,汾河流域的水资源开发利用程度高达80%以上,水资源的过度开发已导致汾河干流断流、入黄径流量大幅衰减、岩溶大泉断流等严重的生态环境问题。其中,汾河流入黄河径流量从1955至2018年衰减程度达63.5%,衰减的原因主要是降水量的减少和岩溶大泉的流量衰减;汾河流域内8个岩溶大泉的总流量从1956至2018年的衰减程度达69%,50%的岩溶大泉已在不同时期断流,岩溶大泉的水质恶化问题也非常严重,如晋祠泉和龙子祠泉的TDS和SO₄^2-呈逐年升高的趋势,煤矿开采是造成岩溶泉水SO₄^2-含量快速升高的主要原因。【结论】汾河流域的水资源供需矛盾十分突出,虽然通过跨流域调水等生态修复措施实现了汾河干流全年不断流、地下水位止降回升和地表水环境质量初步改善,但生态环境恶化的趋势依然严峻。创新点：分析了山西省汾河流域近15年的水资源特征及其供水结构的变化规律;系统总结了汾河流域的生态环境问题,并对其成因进行了探讨。     

山西太原晋祠—平泉水力联系及对晋祠泉复流的贡献

晋祠泉出露于山西太原西山悬瓮山下,由难老泉、圣母泉、善利泉组成。1954—1958年实测泉水平均流量为l.94 m³/s。与晋祠泉同处山前断裂带的平泉于1978年成为特大岩溶水自流井水源地,自流量最大达到1.56 m³/s。由于这些自流井的开采,使晋祠泉的流量急剧下降,1994年4月30日断流。研究山西太原晋祠泉—平泉水力联系对晋祠泉复流方案制定具有重要意义。本文以晋祠泉、平泉为研究对象,通过样品采集、水质监测,综合运用水化学（离子比例、硫同位素、氢氧同位素）方法。揭示晋祠泉—平泉水文地球化学特征和环境同位素特征,反映地下水流系统的特征、水力联系特征。得出1980—1992年,晋祠泉地下水水位的变化呈稳定下降趋势,主要原因是有太原化学工业公司、开化沟、淸徐县平泉村和梁泉村等水源地大量开采岩溶地下水,导致地下水水位下降。晋祠—平泉一带岩溶地下水氢氧同位素值较接近,说明这一带岩溶地下水补给来源与补给途径相近。水质监测分析得出晋祠泉与平泉各个离子变化趋势基本一致。说明晋祠与平泉存在紧密的水力联系,因此晋祠泉与平泉必然存在一个比较强的导水通道。可以通过在晋祠泉下游导水通道上帷幕灌浆,提高晋祠泉水水位,使晋祠泉出流。     

Optimization and rationalization of karst groundwater resource in Feicheng Basin,China

Feicheng Basin is an important energy base in Shandong Province, China. The Ordovician limestone is the main aquifer for water supply in the basin. As a result of the current practice in which individual water users control the exploitation of the karst water, the regional groundwater level has dropped more than 30 m over the last 20 years. The groundwater is overdrawn in approximately 300 km² because of the poor management from 1981. A numerical model with distributed parameters is developed for the karst aquifer to help properly manage the water resource and sustain its utilization. The responding matrix method is used to couple the prediction model and the management model. The objective of the modeling exercises is to obtain the maximum amount of water while keeping the water level drawdown within an acceptable level. The optimum management scheme is selected among two proposed designs. The recommended measures from this study include (1) improvement of water use efficiency in industries, (2) comprehensive utilization of the water pumped from the mines, and (3) improvement of the irrigation practice. When the domestic water supply and corporates water demand take the top priorities, the numerical modeling provides a useful tool to help with the rational distribution of the karst water resources among different water users.     

Sustainable yield of a karst aquifer system: a case study of Jinan springs in northern China

Based on the long-term monitoring data of rainfall, groundwater levels, groundwater abstraction, spring flow rates and groundwater quality, an assessment has been undertaken of the sustainable yield of a karst aquifer system in Shandong Province, northern China, to maintain perennial outflow of the karst springs while meeting water demands. One of the fundamental indicators for sustainable yield of groundwater is identified as maximum allowable water-level drawdown. A regional three-dimensional finite-difference numerical model has been developed to optimize the schemes associated with well fields and their locations and sustainable yields, in the Jinan spring catchment and its adjacent karst groundwater catchments, with the aim of maintaining the water level higher than the allowable lowest water level of 27.5?m above sea level. Furthermore, measures necessary to move towards sustainable use of the karst groundwater are outlined, drawing on contingency plans of water-source replacement and artificial recharge, dual water supply (based in water quality), use of the spring waters themselves, and groundwater quality protection.     

Karst groundwater management by defining protection zones based on regional geological structures and groundwater flow fields

In a semiarid region, the karst aquifer generally forms a large groundwater reservoir that can play an important role in regional water supply. But because of the specific physical properties of karst aquifers, they are vulnerable to pollution and anthropogenic impacts. Karst groundwater management strategies are vital. As representative of karst springs in a semiarid area, Niangziguan Springs is located in the east of Shanxi Province, China with an annual average rate of discharge of 10.34 m³/s (1956–2003) (Y. Liang, unpublished data). The Niangziguan Spring Basin covers an area of 7,394 km² with an annual average precipitation of 535 mm (1958–2003) (Hao et al. in Carsologica Sinica 23(1):43–47, 2004). Over the past three decades, accelerated groundwater exploitation has caused water-table decline in the aquifer, reduction of the spring discharge, and deterioration of water quality. In this study, three protection zones were defined to ensure the quality and capacity of this resource. The confluence of the 11 spring systems and the discharge areas were defined as I protection zone, the recharge basin was II protection zone, and the slack water area where there is little surface recharge was the III protection zone. Management strategies for each zone were suggested and evaluated to provide a scientific foundation for sustainable utilization.     

极端降水条件下北京西山黑龙关泉响应研究

2012年7月21日,北京房山区发生特大暴雨,暴雨从21日10时开始到22日2时结束。总降雨量达228mm,是北京60年一遇暴雨。暴雨后,黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统内的各种水资源要素都对其形成积极响应。依据岩溶地下水位统测、区域地质构造以及地貌条件综合分析黑龙关泉地下水系统补、径、排。研究黑龙关泉地下水系统对7.21洪水响应。从地下水位、地表河流、泉水水量、岩溶地下水化学分析7.21洪水前后变化情况。降水后,大石河流量最大达221m~3/s,水化学类型中带硫酸根离子的样品数显著增加。7月15日,实测黑龙关泉水流量为0.31m~3/s,7月21日上午实测为0.30m~3/s,25日分别对大石河的黑龙关泉口上、下游进行实测,获得泉水流量为3.47m~3/s,到29日降至2.34m~3/s,流量变化较为剧烈,与大石河水对岩溶水的补给密切相关。为进一步研究北京黑龙关泉域岩溶水的变化规律和岩溶水资源评价及合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

Quantitative assessment of the impact of an inter-basin surface-water transfer project on the groundwater flow and groundwater-dependent eco-environment in an oasis in arid northwestern China

Inter-basin water transfer projects (IBWTPs) can involve basins as water donors and water receivers. In contrast to most studies on IBWTPs, which mainly impact the surface-water eco-environment, this study focuses on the impacts of an IBWTP on groundwater and its eco-environment in a water donor basin in an arid area, where surface water and groundwater are exchanged. Surface water is assumed to recharge groundwater and a groundwater numerical simulation model was constructed using MODFLOW. The model was used to quantitatively evaluate the impact of an IBWTP located in the upstream portion of Nalenggele River (the biggest river in the Qaidam basin, Northwest China). The impact involved decrease in spring flow, drawdown of groundwater, reduction in oasis area, and an increase in species replacement of oasis vegetation in the midstream and downstream of the river. Results show that the emergence sites of springs at the front of the oasis will move 2–5 km downstream, and the outflow of springs will decrease by 42 million m³/a. The maximum drawdown of groundwater level at the front of the oasis will be 3.6 m and the area across which groundwater drawdown exceeds 2.0 m will be about 59.02 km², accounting for 2.71% of the total area of the oasis. Under such conditions, reeds will gradually be replaced by Tamarix, shrubs, and other alternative plant species. These findings have important implications for the optimization of water resource allocation and protection of the eco-environment in arid regions.     

珠江流域地下水资源评价及问题分析

本文在梳理流域地下水资源评价现状及历史的基础上,讨论了水资源评价方法和分区原则,将珠江流域划分为129个四级地下水系统,以地下水系统为评价单元,在充分考虑不同水文地质参数的基础上,分析评价地下水资源量及存在的问题,讨论珠江流域三级阶地不同水流运动特征,阐述了评价的精度以及水利工程对地下水循环的影响。通过本次评价,珠江流域地下水天然资源量1374.16亿m~3,可开采量为578.7亿m~3,开发利用率仅10.01%。珠江流域跨度较大,水动力特征迥异:上游云贵高原深切峡谷区、中游桂中峰丛洼地区、下游冲洪积平原区,据不完全统计,珠江流域蓄水量大于100万m~3的水库32座,水利工程的修建以及水库对水资源调蓄和分配给地下水资源评价带来一定困难,不同部委对地表水和地下水概念上的分歧导致二者间流域边界不一致以及流域水资源评价结果的差异,为此提出了解决问题的建议,以期为地下水开发利用与治理保护服务。     

长江流域地下水资源特征与开发利用现状

为提升对长江流域水文地质和地下水资源的认知程度,突破以往单独从地表水或地下水角度进行评价的局限性,长江流域水文地质调查工程以地球系统科学理论和水循环理论为指导,充分考虑地表水与地下水的转化关系,将水文地质单元和地表水流域有机结合,划分长江流域地下水评价单元,建立典型地下水资源评价模型,开展了新一轮长江流域地下水资源评价。评价结果表明:(1)长江流域水循环要素时空分布不均,降水以中游最多,并由东南向西北递减;地表径流主要集中在夏季,且长江北岸比南岸集中程度更高;蒸散发量总体上呈现东部高于西部的特征,最大值集中在长江中游一带;长江流域地下水位总体保持稳定,丰枯季水位变化总体不大,一般小于2 m;长三角超采区的地下水漏斗面积已明显减小,相关环境地质问题得到了有效控制。(2)2020年长江流域的地下水资源总量2421.70亿m~3/a,其中山丘区地下水资源量2092.79亿m~3/a,平原区地下水资源量331.35亿m~3/a;地下水储存量较2019年整体略有增加趋势,其中四川盆地最为明显,共增加23.72亿m~3。(3)长江流域的水质上游优于下游,优质地下水主要分布在赣南地区和大别山南麓一带,部分地区水质较差的主要原因是原生劣质水的广泛分布。长江流域地下水开发利用水平整体很低,局部地区由于过往不合理的开发所引发的环境地质问题已得到缓解,岩溶塌陷、地面沉降等问题得到了较好控制。建议适当开发利用赣南地区和大别山南麓一带优质的基岩裂隙水。     

古堆泉岩溶地下水系统特征及系统圈划

古堆泉是汾河流域内唯一的中低温地热泉,研究其水文地质特征、划定岩溶地下水系统边界是进行岩溶地下水资源评价和地热水成因研究的基础。通过对古堆泉岩溶地下水系统的地质结构特征、水文地质结构特征和岩溶地下水循环演化规律分析,初步圈划了古堆泉岩溶地下水系统及其子系统。研究结果表明：系统内地质结构复杂、火成岩侵入和隐伏断裂发育,总体上可以将其概括为南北和东西向均"三隆三陷"的地质格局;古堆泉岩溶地下水主要接受塔儿山、二峰山及中条山碳酸盐岩裸露区的降水入渗补给,南梁泉和海头泉是系统内2个岩溶地下水的局部排泄点,古堆泉是最终排泄点。根据水文地质结构特征和岩溶地下水循环特征确定了古堆泉岩溶地下水系统边界及其水文地质性质,圈定的古堆泉岩溶地下水系统面积为2 942 km²,并进一步将其划分为4个相对独立的岩溶地下水子系统：塔儿山-九原山古堆泉岩溶水子系统、佛岭山-高显海头泉岩溶水子系统、中条山南梁泉岩溶水子系统、侯马盆地深循环岩溶水子系统。     

松花江—辽河流域地下水资源及其生态环境问题

松花江—辽河流域(简称松辽流域)是中国重要的商品粮基地,地下水资源对维护中国粮食安全具有重要作用。2019年松辽流域地下水资源量为797.31×10~8m~3/a,地下水开发利用量为276.4×10~8m~3。松辽流域地下水面临着水资源局部短缺,局部水位持续下降,"三氮"污染加剧,以及湿地萎缩、土地荒漠化、盐渍化等资源、环境与生态问题。本文对这些问题进行驱动因素分析,主要是气温升高导致水稻适宜区扩大,土地利用方式改变,耕地面积特别是水田面积大幅增加,造成地下水过量开采、地下水面源污染加剧;水库的大量修建加剧干旱缺水地区河道径流减少,地下水补给来源不足,造成地下水供水能力下降,地下水位下降。针对这些问题,提出了加强水资源调查监测,开展水资源合理配置研究,实行地表水和地下水联合调度;加强水资源管理制度建设,强化制度刚性约束;调整农业种植结构,推进节水灌溉,提高水资源利用效率等建议措施。     

Groundwater resources and development in China

Since the establishment of new China, great attention has been paid by the government to the investigation of groundwater resources. On the basis of regional hydrogeological mapping covering most parts of the territory, an overall evaluation of groundwater resources in China is about 872 billion m³/a, in which the amounts of pore water, fissure water, and karst water are calculated separately, and the consumption of groundwater is also accounted for. Much prospecting work has been carried out for the development of well irrigation as well as the urban water supply of industrial cities. This extensive work has provided a scientific basis for the rational development and utilization of groundwater resources. According to statistics, 11.3 million ha of arable land are irrigated with water from wells, and the annual exploitation of underground water has reached 40 billion m³. In 27 cities of North China, the output of groundwater reached 6.86 million m³/d, which amounted to 87% of the total water consumed. The distribution and different hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater resources in various regions are discussed in this article, including some environmental hydrogeological problems related to the exploitation and utilization of groundwater. In short, it is evident that groundwater resources play a significant role in both urban and rural water supply, and promote the development of agriculture and industries in China.     

自然与人类活动叠加影响下晋祠泉域岩溶地下水动态特征

为了查明山西省晋祠泉泉水断流、泉口水位下降及近年来泉口水位回升的原因,为泉水复流工作提供理论参考,以长系列气象、水文、开采量、泉流量、地下水位等资料为基础,在详细分析了晋祠泉域不同水动力分区年内、年际动态特征的基础上,从自然气候与人类活动两方面出发,阐述了不同历史时期晋祠泉域岩溶水位变化的影响因素。结果表明：1956-1994年,因20世纪80、90年代人工开采量达到历史高峰期,一度超过2.4 m³/s,且80年代以后我国北方干旱化发展趋势较为严重,晋祠泉水流量逐渐减小直至断流;1994-2008年,人工开采量虽有一定程度减少,但仍维持在2.0 m³/s左右,且恰逢连续枯水年,降水量、河流径流量较多年平均值分别减小了11%和27%,此阶段泉口水位快速下降至历史最低值;2008年以后进入相对丰水期,在采取多项措施减少泉域岩溶水开采量的同时,汾河二库蓄水水位逐步抬高,其对岩溶水的渗漏补给量在经历了约2 a的滞后期后到达泉域排泄区,晋祠泉口水位近年来逐步回升。     

南方岩溶区地下水资源特征与水资源保障对策

【研究目的】中国南方岩溶地区干旱缺水等问题异常突出,岩溶地下水赋存和分布的复杂,开发利用率低,基于多年调查研究工作为基础,系统总结南方岩溶区地下水资源特征,研讨水资源保障对策。【研究方法】基于南方岩溶区地下水资源特点、地下水系统类型、地下水系统空间结构的叠置性和时空分布不均性分析,提出南方岩溶区水资源保障对策。【研究结果】南方岩溶区可从以下三方面充分发挥地下水资源安全保障作用,一是掌握地下水赋存分布规律,发挥分散供水和应急供水作用;二是加强调蓄工程建设,解决水资源时空分布不均问题;三是建立与生态重建和经济发展相结合的地下水资源可持续利用模式。【结论】南方岩溶区地下水赋存条件复杂,具有表层带岩溶水系统、岩溶地下河与管道流系统、岩溶大泉系统以及分散排泄地下水系统多种类型,规模大小不一,开发利用形式多样;在垂向上具有叠置性,水空分布严重不均;开发利用潜力较大。在地球科学系统论的指导下,查明岩溶水资源赋存分布规律,科学评价地下水资源量,因地制宜制定水资源开发利用和保护方案,为脱贫攻坚、生态文明建设和乡村振兴提供技术支撑。创新点：以系统水文地质环境地质综合调查和地下水开发利用示范工作为基础,系统总结南方岩溶区地下水资源特点;针对岩溶区水资源安全保障问题,分析其主要原因,提出了水资源保障对策。     

忻州盆地边山岩溶水系统与盆地孔隙水补给分析

忻州盆地边山岩溶水与盆地孔隙水存在密切的水力联系,岩溶水系统的圈划与分析对盆地孔隙水资源评价十分重要。文章运用地下水系统分析理论,基于地理信息系统技术,定量提取区域地质(岩相古地理、地层与构造)和水文地质信息,绘制了基于区域隔水底板等高线图、典型剖面图、盆地-山区两壁投影图等信息的岩溶水系统图;运用岩溶水系统图分析得出下马圈泉岩溶水系统与盆地孔隙水存在间接汇水、潜流和河流(泉)渗漏等补给关系,并给出了补给量的计算方法,为忻州盆地地下水资源评价与定量模拟提供了新的水文地质依据与基础。     

辛安泉岩溶水系统研究分析

辛安泉是山西省第二岩溶大泉,该岩溶泉水是长治市除漳泽水库外的主要供水水源。泉域为一完整的岩溶地下水系统,具有独立的补给、径流、排泄关系,为全排型岩溶大泉。通过对泉域岩溶地下水水文地质特征、岩溶水天然资源量、可开采资源量及开发利用现状的分析研究,为区域水资源的优化配置提供了科学依据。     

Characteristics of karst groundwater system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area

Guided by the theory of groundwater system, based on the groundwater level data from the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area, the authors took into account factors such as the lithology, geological structure and topography to study the relationship between groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage in this area. It was concluded that the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation is the main source of groundwater supply in this area; the upper layer of the Spring area is distributed with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician karst water, and the lower layer is filled with the Jixian system karst water. The upper layer of karst water supplies to the lower layer of karst water or the pore water in loose strata through the fault while the lower layer of karst water runs to the three strong runoff belts from the east and west sides of the watershed, southwards into the basin, partially replenishing the pore water in loose strata, or forming fault Springs (e.g. Nanguan Spring, Beihai Spring) when dolomite movement encounters faults. Replenished by atmospheric precipitation and the upper and lower layers of karst waters, the pore water in loose strata joins the groundwater in the southern basin and then flows eastwards, in the end it flows out of the system in Shangfanpu. Through the analyses of groundwater level data and hydrogeological drilling data, based on groundwater D and 18O isotope test results, the karst groundwater circulation system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area is further verified, which provides hydrogeological basis for water resources development and utilization as well as protection in this area.     

海河流域地下水资源特征和开发利用潜力

海河流域水资源严重短缺,地下水长期超采是制约社会经济可持续发展的主要瓶颈。开展流域地下水资源及开发利用潜力研究,对支撑服务地下水超采治理、地下水资源可持续利用和生态环境保护都具有重要意义。经系统评价,海河流域天然资源量252.99×10~8m~3,生态水位约束条件下的浅层地下水开采资源量172.98×10~8m~3,可更新的深层水可利用量4.68×10~8m~3。海河流域山区地下水质量总体较好,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水占比40.83%,平原区浅层地下水质量较差,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水占比14.10%,深层地下水质量优于浅层地下水,Ⅰ～Ⅳ类水占比74.25%。海河流域山区地下水开采潜力总体较小,燕山和太行山北部山区,地下水资源禀赋较差,基本无开采潜力,太行中部山区地下水开采程度较高,无开采潜力或开采潜力较小,太行南部山区地下水资源禀赋良好,开采潜力较大;平原区浅层地下水在不同水文地质单元开采潜力差异较大,山前平原浅层地下水长期超采形成大范围降落漏斗,无开采潜力或潜力较小,中东部平原浅层地下水资源禀赋较差,以微咸水为主,开采潜力较小,山东省鲁北平原区浅层地下水开采程度较低,聊城—德州一带开采潜力较大;雄安新区地下水总体无开采潜力。平原区深层地下水基本无开采潜力。     

煤炭开采条件下三姑泉域岩溶含水层保护评价

三姑泉域是我国典型的北方岩溶区,同时位于国家规划的晋东大型煤炭基地,煤炭开采与水资源保护之间的问题较为突出。多年来区内煤炭资源的大规模开采造成了区域地下水位下降、水质恶化等现象。因此开展北方岩溶区煤炭基地含水层保护评价对水资源保护及经济可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。本文从含水层脆弱性、含水层功能和煤炭开采影响力三方面建立综合评价指标体系,采用APH法进行三姑泉域岩溶含水层综合保护评价。针对煤炭基地特征,采用增加了煤炭采空区指标的COP修正模型评价了含水层的脆弱性。含水层功能评价分别从供水能力与生态、大泉维持能力开展;煤炭开采影响力评价从开采活动及煤炭地质结构两方面开展。综合评价结果显示需要重点保护的区段为岩溶大泉、水源地及地表渗漏段,其次为岩溶强径流带及煤炭剧烈开采区,与实际情况相符。