大孔隙对径流过程影响的研究进展

大孔隙流是土壤优先流的一种,在植被发育区土壤大孔隙比较常见,对径流形成过程产生重要的影响。介绍了大孔隙流的研究方法,系统总结了近50年植被发育区土壤大孔隙对降雨入渗过程及径流形成过程的影响:从水分入渗的角度,大孔隙可以加快降雨入渗过程;由土壤大孔隙流与山坡产流的关系,大孔隙促进了边坡雨水的运动进而引起了快速产流;世界范围内的研究都表明土壤管流或大孔隙流是径流组分重要贡献者。     

Effect of macropore tortuosity and morphology on preferential flow through saturated soil: A Lattice Boltzmann study

Unlike micropores where water moves upward or downward based on hydraulic gradient, in macropores, water flows predominantly downward due to the gravity. Therefore, models based on capillary flow are not capable of simulating macropore flow. There are attempts to model the macropore flow using two domains, one for capillary flow and another one for macropores. These models use Richard’s equation for capillary flow and Poiseuille’s law for macropores in which the macropore is approximated to be cylindrical or planar. This study quantifies the magnitudes of the errors induced by this assumption. Influence of macropore shapes and tortuosity was quantified by using a 3D Lattice Boltzmann model, which is capable of simulating fluid flow in micropores as well as macropores of cracked clays. Artificial macropores of constant sectional area and volume, but different shapes were generated in 3D and the influence of macropore shapes, shape related parameters, and tortuosity were systematically investigated. Macropore flow rate decreases with different shapes compared to cylindrical macropores and increase in aspect ratio of sectional shape leads to decrease in macropore flow rate. The maximum effect of bends/turnings along the tortuous macropore was about 25% on overall decrease of flow rate due to tortuosity. However, more detailed study is required on the influence of bends on macropore flow rate. The macropore flow rate reduces by about 70% for tortuosity of 1.41. A prediction equation is verified to predict the flow rate of different shapes and tortuous macropores based on straight cylindrical macropore using aspect ratio and tortuosity factor.     

崇陵流域土石山区坡面优先流发育路径研究

大孔隙优先流对山坡产汇流过程有重要影响。为摸清太行山土石山坡不同坡位点(坡顶、坡中上、坡中、坡中下、坡脚)的大孔隙优先流发育路径规律,以崇陵流域的典型山坡为研究对象,采用亮蓝染色剂开展了野外双环入渗染色剂示踪试验,并从水平方向与垂直方向对比分析大孔隙优先流发育路径。结果表明:(1)从坡顶到坡脚,垂直方向优先流发育减弱,水平方向优先流增强。(2)坡中以下,大孔隙优先流水平发育明显;而坡中以上,垂直方向优先流发育明显,水平方向大孔隙优先流鲜有发育。(3)崇陵流域土山区坡面表层深度20 cm以上很少出现水平方向的优先流侧向补给,为垂直向下的活塞式下渗方式。20 cm以下开始出现水平方向的大孔隙优先流,30～70 cm为优先流发育显著区。以上结论可以为基于优先流的山坡产汇流模拟提供参考。     

山坡表层关键带结构与水文连通性研究进展

山丘区是洪水的"策源地",山丘区坡地、沟谷及间歇性河道为洪水的形成提供了通道,同时也是水文连通时空变化最为强烈的地带。然而,对流域表层关键带结构特征及其水文连通机制等的认识尚存不足,限制了产汇流理论及模型方法的发展和应用。通过对比国内外山坡水文实验,发现山坡物理结构连通性控制并深刻影响着水流的连通过程,现有水文连通实验侧重孔隙等微观尺度的规律研究,与水文模型理论存在尺度上的巨大偏差。为此,提出水文连通性应侧重揭示水流在山坡地表、地下的宏观表象通道及分布特征,探索径流连通的动力学机制,即山坡水文连通性研究重在剖析其结构特征的水文累积效应,应保持关键带结构特征合理概化与产汇流理论适度复杂之间的平衡。     

Preferential water and solute transport through sandy soil containing artificial macropores

Macropores resulting from soil pedogenesis and biological activity play important roles in soil water and chemical transport. Numerous studies have examined individual macropores and the effects of their size on solute transport, but few have assessed the effects of macropore continuity and of neighboring macropores. This paper describes a laboratory investigation of the effects of macropores, with varying degrees and types of continuity, on the transport and distribution of solutes in a sandy soil from the northern Loess Plateau, China. Breakthrough curves were obtained from 60 cm tall, 2-D columns containing standardized artificial macropores using an input solution of 1,190 mg/L KBr and 100 mg/L FD&C Blue #1 under a constant hydraulic head of 8 cm. The types of macropore were: open at both the surface and bottom of the soil column (O–O); open at the surface, closed at the bottom (O–C); and closed at the surface, open at the bottom (C–O). Columns with no macropores served as a control. In the O–O columns the solution reached the bottom 10–50 times faster than in any other treatment, bypassing most of the soil matrix. The presence of an O–C macropore resulted in weak retardation and much deeper penetration of the bromide and FD&C Blue #1 solution than in the control columns. However, the C–O macropore had little effect on either breakthrough curves or solute distributions. In further experiments that considered neighboring macropores effects, an inclined macropore strongly affected solute concentrations in the profile around a nearby vertical macropore. It was concluded that the length, type and position of single macropores, and the presence of neighboring macropores, all affect soil water flow and solute infiltration parameters in a sandy loam soil.     

土壤大孔隙流研究中分形几何的应用进展

土壤中普遍存在的大孔隙使水及溶质快速穿过土壤，污染地下水，确定土壤大孔隙流性质需要大量的野外和室内实验。本文在对分形几何概念进行简要阐述的基础上，介绍了分形几何在土壤大孔隙流研究中所取得的成果，结果表明应用分形几何确定土壤大孔隙流性质是一种省时、省力和具有广泛代表性的方法，最后对分形几何在土壤在大孔隙流研究中应用前景作了展望。     

上方来水对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的影响

在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下,利用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了上方来水对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移以及土壤水分再分布的影响。结果表明:对于初始含水量很低的土壤,与上方无来水相比,上方来水时降雨入渗过程中入渗率有一个上升的阶段,但平均入渗率反而降低;在降雨入渗初期,由于上方来水的沿程入渗,上方来水对坡面湿润锋运移的影响较大,但随后几乎没有影响,湿润锋的运移主要与基质势梯度有关;土壤水分沿坡面呈"波浪形"分布是坡面径流的波动性、上方来水(径流)的沿程入渗以及侧向沿坡向下流等综合作用的结果。     

Effects of hillslope geometry on surface and subsurface flows

Dividing a catchment to subcatchment or hillslope scales allows for better scrutiny of the changes in spatial distribution of rainfall, soil attributes and plant cover across the catchment. An instantaneous unit hydrograph model is suggested for simulating runoff hydrographs for complex hillslopes. This model is able to estimate surface and subsurface flows of the catchment based on the Dunne-Black mechanism. For this purpose, a saturation model is used to separate the saturated and unsaturated zones in complex hillslopes. The profile curvatures (concave, straight and convex) and plan shapes (convergent, parallel and divergent) of complex hillslopes are considered, in order to compute the travel time of surface and subsurface flows. The model was used for prediction of the direct runoff hydrograph and subsurface flow hydrograph of Walnut Gulch No. 125 catchment in Arizona (USA). Based on results, the geometry of hillslopes can change the peak of the direct runoff hydrograph up to two-fold, either higher or lower. The divergent hillslopes show higher peaks in comparison with the parallel and convergent hillslopes. The highest and lowest peak flows correspond to divergent-concave and convergent-straight hillslopes, respectively.     

分形理论在描述土壤大孔隙结构中的应用研究

土壤大孔隙结构对土壤中水流及溶质运移以及地下水环境有着深刻影响。确定土壤大孔隙结构,可以很好地理解和预测水及溶质在有大孔隙土壤中的运移,保护地下水环境。由于土壤大孔隙的分布呈现分形规律,因此可以采用分形理论研究土壤大孔隙结构。根据CT对原状土柱各断面的扫描图像,得到了各断面土壤大孔隙的分形维数,为进一步研究土壤大孔隙的水力性质奠定了基础。     

Estimation of mean water residence times and runoff generation by0 measurements in a Pre-Alpine catchment (Rietholzbach, Eastern Switzerland)

Stable isotopes (¹⁸0) are used to investigate hydrological processes in the small Pre-Alpine research catchment Rietholzbach in NE Switzerland. The catchment covers an area of 3.18 km² and ranges from 680 to 960 m a.s.l. The¹⁸0 concentration in rainfall and in runoff at various sites, including a lysimeter installed within the catchment, over a 2-a period are investigated. First, conceptual flow models are applied to determine the mean water residence times of different systems of the basin and their storage properties. As a second approach, the separation of runoff components using¹⁸O and Mg ions as tracer during some storm flow events was carried out. The following flow mechanisms can be identified from the modelling results: (i) lateral hillslope fluxes, which are faster in the part of the Tertiary Molasse sediments and slower in the part of the Quaternary deposits, and (ii) relatively slow vertical infiltration processes through the soil layer within the lysimeter. Mean residence times of 12.5 months result for the total catchment baseflow component and 24.5 months for the baseflow from the upper part of the catchment, respectively. For the lysimeter seepage water, a mean residence time of about 200 days was obtained. During the intensive storm events, a fast reaction of the stored subsurface water due to heavy precipitation and an expulsion of this storage water amounting to a considerable portion of the total basin runoff can be detected.     

植被与斜坡非饱和带大空隙

在气候温湿的滑坡灾害易发区,根系通道、动物通道、干裂缝及团聚体间的结构性孔隙等大空隙普遍存在于斜坡非饱和带中。植被是控制大空隙形成、规模及寿命的决定性因素。除形成根系通道外,细小根系及与植被相关的菌丝还可网捕土体颗粒形成团聚体,而来自根系、枯枝落叶及真菌的腐殖化有机质不仅是重要的团聚体胶结物,也是打洞的土体动物的食物来源。枯枝落叶层是大空隙抵御环境因素扰动的重要屏障。大空隙系统可以显著优化地下水的补给环境,促进斜坡水循环,引起地下水径流模数持续增大及岩体综合质量的渐进性衰退。对于重要的工程高边坡,不宜植树种草;对发育次生植被的非稳定斜坡,可通过调整利用方式来遏制大空隙的发育。     

Catchment-scale soil erosion and sediment yield simulation using a spatially distributed erosion model

Increasing rainfall intensity and frequency due to extreme climate change and haphazard land development are aggravating soil erosion problems in Korea. A quantitative estimate of the amount of sediment from the catchment is essential for soil and water conservation planning and management. Essential to catchment-scale soil erosion modeling is the ability to represent the fluvial transport system associated with the processes of detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles due to rainfall and surface flow. This study applied a spatially distributed hydrologic model of rainfall–runoff–sediment yield simulation for flood events due to typhoons and then assessed the impact of topographic and climatic factors on erosion and deposition at a catchment scale. Measured versus predicted values of runoff and sediment discharge were acceptable in terms of applied model performance measures despite underestimation of simulated sediment loads near peak concentrations. Erosion occurred widely throughout the catchment, whereas deposition appeared near the channel network grid cells with a short hillslope flow path distance and gentle slope; the critical values of both topographic factors, providing only deposition, were observed at 3.5 (km) (hillslope flow path distance) and 0.2 (m/m) (local slope), respectively. In addition, spatially heterogeneous rainfall intensity, dependent on Thiessen polygons, led to spatially distinct net-erosion patterns; erosion increased gradually as rainfall amount increased, whereas deposition responded irregularly to variations in rainfall.     

泥石流源地坡面土体活动随机性规律实验

坡面土体的崩塌活动是泥石流形成的初始过程。为了研究降雨条件下该过程中蕴含的随机性,选择典型泥石流源地坡面进行人工降雨实验,观测坡面径流和坡面土体活动特征。结果表明：坡面径流的产生与坡面土体的供给是2个相对独立的过程;坡面产流过程在时间上具有连续性,空间上具有均匀性,规模上具有稳定性;即使是在恒定的降雨强度条件下,泥石流的源地土体活动也表现为一个离散的土体崩塌序列,具有时间上的间歇性、空间上的聚集性、规模上的随机性,且在时间上服从泊松分布,在规模上服从规模-频率的幂率关系;坡面的水土过程是不完全同步的,泥石流的形成依赖于坡面土体补给的时间、空间和规模分布,这也决定了泥石流阵流的多变和流量的涨落。建立基于土体活动特征的随机性补给模型,结合分布式水文模型,是建立科学的泥石流预报模型的有效方法。     

An experimental investigation to characterise soil macroporosity under different land use and land covers of northeast India

Saturated macropore flow is the dominant hydrological process in tropical and subtropical hilly watersheds of northeast India. The process of infiltration into saturated macroporous soils is primarily controlled by size, network, density, connectivity, saturation of surrounding soil matrix, and depthwise distribution of macropores. To understand the effects of local land use, land cover and management practices on soil macroporosity, colour dye infiltration experiments were conducted with ten soil columns (25 × 25 × 50 cm) collected from different watersheds of the region under similar soil and agro-climatic zones. The sampling sites included two undisturbed forested hillslopes, two conventionally cultivated paddy fields, two forest lands abandoned after Jhum cultivation, and two paddy fields, one pineapple plot and one banana plot presently under active cultivation stage of the Jhum cycle. Digital image analyses of the obtained dye patterns showed that the infiltration patterns differed significantly for different sites with varying land use, land cover, and cultivation practices. Undisturbed forest soils showed high degree of soil macroporosity throughout the soil profile, paddy fields revealed sealing of macropores at the topsoil due to hard pan formation, and Jhum cultivated plots showed disconnected subsoil macropores. The important parameters related to soil macropores such as maximum and average size of macropores, number of active macropores, and depthwise distribution of macropores were estimated to characterise the soil macroporosity for the sites. These experimentally derived quantitative data of soil macroporosity can have wide range of applications in the region such as water quality monitoring and groundwater pollution assessment due to preferential leaching of solutes and pesticides, study of soil structural properties and infiltration behaviour of soils, investigation of flash floods in rivers, and hydrological modelling of the watersheds.     

Numerical model and flume experiments of single- and two-layered hillslope flow related to slope failure

A hillslope flow model is developed considering 3D saturated and unsaturated flow of water during rainfall events. A finite difference-based numerical model of hillslope flow processes is developed. Four different experiments are done to see the effects of a single- and double-layered soil in pore-water pressure dynamics and slope failure. Results from the numerical model are verified with experimental results. The numerical and experimental values of the pore-water pressure and moisture contents are in good agreement. The results show that the hillslope heterogeneity caused by multiple layers of soil has greater influence on hillslope pore-pressure dynamics and slope failure patterns. The depth of slope failure shows high dependency on layering characteristics of the soil slope and pattern of rainfall. The proposed model provides a perspective on failure mechanism of a single- or double-layered slope under rainfall infiltration.     

黄河数字流域模型的建立和应用

黄河数字流域模型是“数字黄河”的重要组成部分,在数字流域模型框架下,以坡面为基本单元,建立了包括植被截留、融雪、地表蓄滞、表层土蓄滞、中层土蓄滞和深层土蓄滞共6层的产流模型.模型在垂向上考虑3层出流:地表超渗产流、表层土侧向渗流和中层土侧向渗流,既反映当前的降水过程,又体现前期降水过程和土壤前期含水量的影响,比较适合黄河流域的产流特点.在坡面产流的基础上,还给出了坡面单元侵蚀产沙公式,用于建立流域产沙数学模型.应用建立的模型,给出了3个计算实例:黄河全流域水量计算、小花区间汛期洪水模拟和多沙粗沙区产沙计算.实践表明:建立的模型基本具备了在黄河全流域进行降雨-径流模拟、侵蚀产沙计算的功能,辅以降雨预报模块则可进行洪水预报.     

CT扫描确定土壤大孔隙分布

对含有各种大孔隙的原状土柱和已知直径大孔隙的填充土柱进行CT扫描实验,阐明CT扫描原理和过程,对CT图像进行处理,得到大孔隙数目、大小、形状和连通性在土柱横断面和纵断面上的分布.采用图像处理软件Photoshop、地理信息系统软件ARC/INFO和Mapinfo分析结果表明:CT扫描是一种有发展前景的、非破坏性的确定土壤大孔隙分布的方法.     

Wildfire impacts on the processes that generate debris flows in burned watersheds

Every year, and in many countries worldwide, wildfires cause significant damage and economic losses due to both the direct effects of the fires and the subsequent accelerated runoff, erosion, and debris flow. Wildfires can have profound effects on the hydrologic response of watersheds by changing the infiltration characteristics and erodibility of the soil, which leads to decreased rainfall infiltration, significantly increased overland flow and runoff in channels, and movement of soil. Debris-flow activity is among the most destructive consequences of these changes, often causing extensive damage to human infrastructure. Data from the Mediterranean area and Western United States of America help identify the primary processes that result in debris flows in recently burned areas. Two primary processes for the initiation of fire-related debris flows have been so far identified: (1) runoff-dominated erosion by surface overland flow; and (2) infiltration-triggered failure and mobilization of a discrete landslide mass. The first process is frequently documented immediately post-fire and leads to the generation of debris flows through progressive bulking of storm runoff with sediment eroded from the hillslopes and channels. As sediment is incorporated into water, runoff can convert to debris flow. The conversion to debris flow may be observed at a position within a drainage network that appears to be controlled by threshold values of upslope contributing area and its gradient. At these locations, sufficient eroded material has been incorporated, relative to the volume of contributing surface runoff, to generate debris flows. Debris flows have also been generated from burned basins in response to increased runoff by water cascading over a steep, bedrock cliff, and incorporating material from readily erodible colluvium or channel bed. Post-fire debris flows have also been generated by infiltration-triggered landslide failures which then mobilize into debris flows. However, only 12% of documented cases exhibited this process. When they do occur, the landslide failures range in thickness from a few tens of centimeters to more than 6 m, and generally involve the soil and colluvium-mantled hillslopes. Surficial landslide failures in burned areas most frequently occur in response to prolonged periods of storm rainfall, or prolonged rainfall in combination with rapid snowmelt or rain-on-snow events.     

疏松砂岩油藏大孔道流体-砂粒两相运移的机理分析

油藏中大孔道的存在不仅导致套损和井壁失稳等,而且大大降低了油田注水和注化学剂的驱油效率。因此,研究大孔道形成及大孔道内流体-砂粒两相运移机理十分重要。根据多相流体力学的理论,考虑流体-砂粒之间的相互作用关系以及砂粒的沉降等,建立了大孔道内流体-砂粒两相运移的数学模型,并根据有限元方法探讨了数值求解的方法。从而为疏松砂岩油藏大孔道形成预测提供理论参考。     

Numerical analysis of soil pipe effects on hillslope water dynamics

Soil pipes are considered to drain off water from a hillslope and play an important role in the subsurface runoff generation process, thus reducing the slope failure susceptibility. However, soil pipes are also often detected on the collapsed slope suggesting that they might act to induce slope instability. To examine how the soil pipes act on pore-water pressure generation and on a slope failure processes, a numerical model was developed. The model was used to test the response of pore-water pressure in a hillslope with soil pipes of different cross-sectional areas, lengths, distances from the impermeable bed, roughness, and hillslope angles. The model was also tested to find the response of open soil pipe if blocked. The study reveals that pipes reduce pore-water pressure (measured closed to bed) around its upstream end and increase around its downstream end if compared with no pipe case. Pore-water pressure at downstream end is increased with increase in hillslope angle, pipe cross-sectional area, pipe length, or depth of soil pipe. Soil pipe, even if it is ended within the hillslope, increases the total discharge from hillslope. Location of rough soil also affects the discharge and pressure within the hillslope. If the less rough pipe is close to the source of water, discharge from hillslope matrix is greater regardless of its downstream pipe roughness. Blockage of small portion of open soil pipe increases the soil pressure around the region but not beyond the case if there is no soil pipe. However, complete collapse of soil pipe from a point to all along the downstream end of hillslope increases the pore-water pressure beyond the pressure if there were no soil pipes. Therefore, the position and type of soil pipe collapse might play an important role in shallow landslide initiation.