一种新型干树式半潜平台设计

开发了一种新型的深吃水干树式半潜生产平台(TCDD-Semi),该平台可用于中国南海深水区域的油气田开发。它的一个显著特点是立柱的截面形状呈现为渐变形式,而非传统的等截面形式。立柱的底部最大,向上逐渐变小,再结合适当的下浮体设计,能够为平台在服役前期及在位状态时提供足够的浮力以及稳性。最重要的是这种新型立柱的设计能够明显地减小平台在恶劣海况时的垂向运动,从而使在平台上布置具有干式采油树的TTR立管系统成为可能。此外,这种渐变式的立柱设计也有利于减弱平台在流作用下的涡激诱导运动(VIM)。分析结果表明这种渐变式立柱半潜平台可以明显降低平台的垂向运动,也可以在码头组装时提供足够的浮力以及在平台下沉过程中提供足够的稳性。平台优越的垂向运动性能可以使顶部张紧式立管的行程范围限制在10.5 m之内(包括平台偏移、垂荡运动、潮汐影响、海床沉降、热膨胀等因素)。分析结果表明平台的垂荡范围、水平偏移、倾侧角度、上部模块重心处的加速度等可以满足设计要求,证明了这种新型干树式半潜平台的可行性。     

干树式深吃水半潜平台顶部张紧立管的设计与分析

用于深水油气开发的干树式顶部张紧立管(TTR)系统的载体平台是一种具有渐变式立柱的深吃水半潜钻井/生产平台(TCDD-Semi),该平台为中国南海的深水区域的气田开发而设计。文中介绍了该立管系统的设计与分析,提出了干树式采油立管设计方案,并进行了立管干涉、总体强度、疲劳、立管张紧器行程范围分析与核校。结果表明,立管在强海流中无碰撞,最大冯·米塞斯应力利用系数为0.88(规范要求不大于1.0),最小疲劳寿命89.4 a,大于20 a的设计服役期,张紧器最大行程33.1 ft,小于最大设计值35 ft。可见所述立管系统满足设计功能和工业规范要求,在具有恶劣海况条件的我国南海海域进行生产作业的深吃水半潜平台上设计安装干树式立管系统是可行的。     

Truss Spar平台在浮卸作业过程中结构强度分析

在桁架式深吃水立柱式平台(Truss Spar)运输作业的浮卸过程中,半潜驳船不断压载下潜直到Truss Spar平台自浮后拖离驳船。针对浮卸作业的双浮体状态,提出Truss Spar平台在与半潜驳船发生接触情况下的载荷计算方案并进行结构应力水平评估。基于三维势流理论及SESAM软件,考虑平台及半潜驳船双浮体之间的水动力相互影响,首先对双浮体系统进行频域下求解,得到波浪诱导载荷;然后在时域下求解波浪中双浮体的运动方程及产生的接触力;最后将这两种载荷下的结构强度分析结果进行线性叠加,得到Truss Spar平台在波浪诱导载荷及接触力联合作用下结构应力水平。对比不同波浪方向及周期下的接触力结果,研究Spar平台结构整体应力水平及高应力区域位置特点,对总体强度水平进行评估。     

海上风电半潜式基础初步选型Pareto-Optimal评价

针对半潜漂浮式风电基础初步选型,采用Pareto-Optimal评价方法对不同吃水、平台立柱直径、立柱间距和垂荡板直径四个参数的不同组合进行分析比较。基于浮体动力学频域计算方法,采用我国阳江某海域极限波浪条件计算得到叶轮中心水平加速度,同时考虑完整稳性的计算结果。对比分析表明平台吃水和立柱直径宜选择适中的取值,较大的排水量和立柱总体积并不会显著减小叶轮中心水平加速度。垂荡板对于改善平台整体性能是较为敏感的,垂荡板与立柱的直径比存在一定的最佳范围。平台立柱间距是影响平台运动性能最大的因素,增大立柱间距可以有效地降低叶轮中心水平加速度,但立柱间距的增大对立柱间的撑杆结构强度以及平台整体的建造和下水提出了较大的挑战。     

一种非对称无横撑半潜式平台的整体强度评估

本文基于设计波法对某新型半潜式平台的整体强度进行了研究分析。不同于传统半潜式平台结构形式,该新型半潜式平台的浮筒一大一小,对应的两组立柱也是一大一小,因此结构关于中纵剖面是非对称的;此外该半潜式平台没有横撑结构。本文首先确定了作业吃水和自存吃水情况下新型半潜式平台四种典型危险工况对应的设计波参数,然后研究分析了不同危险工况下半潜式平台的整体强度,并对新型半潜式平台与传统半潜式平台在整体强度方面的差异进行了比较。研究结果表明,该新型平台的最大应力最易出现在大立柱内侧与甲板连接拐角区域,而传统有横撑半潜式平台的最大应力多发生在横撑与立柱连接区域。此外,浮筒与甲板之间的大倒角设计有助于提高新型半潜式平台的整体强度。     

深吃水半潜式平台参数共振研究

深吃水半潜式平台(deep draft semi-submersible,DDS)作为一种新型海洋结构物,既继承了传统半潜式平台的优点,又改善了传统半潜式平台垂荡运动性能差的不足。但随着吃水的增加,DDS纵摇运动参数共振也成为一个不容忽视的问题。当DDS纵摇运动固有周期和垂荡运动周期满足一定关系时,纵摇运动将发生参数共振,纵摇角度将会显著增大。研究推导了DDS纵摇运动方程,并简化为标准的马修方程,运用希尔无穷行列式法求解马修方程,得到了含阻尼的马修稳定性图谱,并结合具体算例讨论了不同参数对DDS纵摇运动参数共振问题的影响。研究表明:深吃水半潜式平台的参数共振,是设计人员在设计之初必须考虑的问题;通过合理选取平台的系统参数,可以有效避免纵摇运动参数共振现象的发生。     

深吃水多立柱平台稳性与水动力分析

在深水平台的设计与分析中,调整某一结构参数提高某一性能的同时,常常受到其他功能或性能上的约束,因此引起了平台各项功能及性能之间的相互竞争。以一种创新的深吃水多立柱平台(Deep Draft Multi-Spar)为目标,探讨平台结构特征参数如立柱直径、立柱高度、立柱间距和压载舱位置与平台稳定性能、水动力及运动性能、结构要求和功能要求之间的关系。水动力分析和响应计算结果显示,随着DDMS平台吃水深度的降低,垂荡、纵摇和纵荡RAOs均逐渐增大,运动性能降低,并与典型的Spar和半潜平台的RAOs进行了比较。     

均匀流作用下三立柱轻型半潜式生产平台涡激运动特性数值研究

三立柱轻型半潜式生产平台是一种新型多功能高效平台,可广泛用于中等水深及深水边际油气田开发。但在一定的来流条件下,立柱后方会产生漩涡脱落,导致平台发生涡激运动现象,从而影响平台的海上作业。基于分离涡模拟(detached eddy simulation,简称DES)方法,对具有三立柱和深吃水特点的非传统型半潜式生产平台的涡激运动响应特性开展数值模拟研究,从运动响应幅值和频率、运动轨迹及水动力系数等多个角度分析其在不同流向角和不同折合速度下涡激运动响应的关键特征和锁定范围。研究表明,三立柱轻型半潜式生产平台的横向运动响应由其受到的脉动升力主导,在折合速度7.0≤Ur≤10.0区间内发生锁定现象,且在180°流向角时幅值达到最大,约为立柱直径的59%;首摇运动在0°流向角时达到最大响应幅值4.9°,且锁定区内的响应频率接近其首摇运动固有频率;其运动轨迹主要表现为沿着横向的直线往复运动。     

“南海挑战号”半潜式平台原型测量系统

深水海洋平台的现场原型监测是对其最直接的研究方法和安全保障措施,是我国深水油气开发研究中的必要技术。为了改变我国缺乏南海半潜式浮体实测经验的现状,为半潜式浮体设计与安全保障提供实测数据支持,在南海LH11-1油田"南海挑战号"半潜式平台上进行了台风期的原型测量工作。原型测量工作采用针对南海浮式平台应用所研发的原型测量系统,对平台工作海域的环境参数、平台姿态以及水下系泊和立管系统进行了监测,获得了跨台风期中大量的实测数据,最终对所获得的数据进行了初步的分析。分析结果显示原型测量系统在海洋平台上使用具有很高的稳定性,捕获了台风期中所有过境平台的台风数据,获得的数据能够为平台性能评价和新平台设计提供第一手资料。     

新型干树半潜式海洋平台垂荡运动性能研究

在深海油气田开发中,干式采油树比湿式采油树具有更多优势。为减小半潜平台的垂荡运动,使其能够采用干式采油树,对一种深吃水且具有大面积下浮箱的新型半潜平台的运动性能进行了探究。基于势流理论,采用频域和时域相结合的分析方法,计算了平台在多种海况下的运动响应,为新型平台的运动分析和设计提供指导。同时,开展了水池模型试验,将计算结果与试验结果相比较,验证了数值模拟结果的准确性。为进一步探究新型平台的运动性能,研究了下浮箱放置深度对平台运动性能的影响,并进行相应的模型试验。研究表明:下浮箱的存在可大幅改善新型干树半潜平台的垂荡运动性能。综合考虑平台运动性能和工程实际应用条件,确定了最合适的下浮箱放置深度值。     

An inverse hull design approach in minimizing the ship wave

The Levenberg–Marquardt Method (LMM) and a panel code for solving the wave-making problem are utilized in an inverse hull design problem for minimizing the wave of ships. A typical catamaran is selected as the example ship for the present study. The hull form of the catamaran is described by the B-spline surface method so that the shape of the hull can be completely specified using only a small number of parameters (i.e. control points). The technique of parameter estimation for the inverse design problem is thus chosen. The LMM of parameter estimation, which is the combination of steepest descent and Newton’s methods, has been proven to be a powerful tool for the inverse shape design problem. For this reason it is adopted in the present study.In the present studies, the inverse hull design method can not only be applied to estimate the hull form based on the known wave data of the target ship but can also be applied to estimate the unknown hull form based on the reduced wave height. The optimal hull forms of minimizing wave for a typical catamaran in deep water at service speed and at the critical speed of shallow water are estimated, respectively. Moreover, a new hull form with the combining feature of the optimal hull forms for deep water and shallow water is performing well under both conditions. The numerical simulation indicates that the hull form designed by inverse hull design method can reduce the ship wave significantly in comparison with the original hull form.     

Multiple criteria optimization applied to high speed catamaran preliminary design

The demand for high-speed craft (mainly catamarans) used as passenger vessel has increased significantly in the recent years. Looking towards the future and trying to respond to the increasing requirement, high-speed crafts international market is passing through deep changes. Different types of high-speed crafts are being used for passenger transport. However, catamarans and monohulls have been the main choice not only for passenger vessel but also as ferryboat.Generally speaking, the efficient hydrodynamic hull shapes, engine improvements, and lighter hull structures using aluminum and composite materials make possible the increase in cruising speed.The high demand for catamarans are due to its proven performance in calm waters, large deck area compared to monohull crafts and higher speed efficiency using less power. Although the advantages aforementioned, the performance of catamaran vessels in wave conditions still needs to be improved.The high-speed crafts (HSC) market is demanding different HSC designs and a wide range of dimensions focusing on lower resistance and power for higher speed. Therefore, the hull resistance optimization is a key element for a high-speed hull success.In addition to that, trade-off high-speed catamaran (HSCat) design has been improved to achieve main characteristics and hull geometry. This paper presents a contribution to HSCat preliminary design phase. The HSCat preliminary design problem is raised and one solution is attained by multiple criteria optimization technique.The mathematical model was developed considering: hull arrangement (area and volume), lightweight material application (aluminum hull), hull resistance evaluation (using a slender body theory), as well as wave interference effect between hulls, calculated with 3D theory application. Goal programming optimization system was applied to solve the HSCat preliminary design.Finally this paper includes an illustrative example showing the mathematical model and the optimization solution. An HSCat passenger inland transport in Amazon area preliminary design was used as case study. The problem is presented, the main constrains analyzed and the optimum solution shown. Trade off graphs was also included to highlight the mathematical model convergence process.     

Prediction of impact pressure induced by breaking waves on vertical cylinders in random seas

This paper presents a method to statistically predict the magnitude of impact pressure (including extreme values) produced by deep water waves breaking on a circular cylinder representing a column of an ocean structure. Breaking waves defined here are not those whose tops are blown off by the wind but those whose breaking is associated with steepness. The probability density function of wave period associated with breaking waves is derived for a specified wave spectrum, and then converted to the probability density function of impact pressure. Impacts caused by two different breaking conditions are considered; one is the impact associated with waves breaking in close proximity to the column, the other is an impact caused by waves approaching the column after they have broken. As an example of the application of the present method, numerical computations are carried out for a wave spectrum obtained from measured data in the North Atlantic.     

Three-dimensional wave patterns in long air cavities on a horizontal plane

Significant drag reduction of large displacement vessels can be achieved by applying multi-wave air cavities arranged on the hull bottom. Waves generated on the air–water interface of air cavities impose requirements on the dimensions of a hull recess that accommodates the air cavity. An approximate model for calculating wave patterns in the critical upstream part of long air cavities in a simplified, horizontal-plane geometry is presented in this paper. The influence of the recess planform boundaries and other factors on the wave patterns is studied parametrically. Some hydrodynamic aspects of multi-wave air cavities are discussed.     

Computation of wave-making resistance of a catamaran in deep water using a potential-based panel method

This paper presents a potential-based boundary element method for solving a nonlinear free-surface flow problem for a Wigley catamaran moving with a uniform speed in deep water. Since the interior flow of each monohull of the catamaran is different from the exterior flow, both monohulls must be considered as lifting bodies. The pressure Kutta condition is imposed at the trailing-edge of the lifting body by determining the dipole distribution, which generates required circulation on the lifting part. The effects of wave interference and hull separation on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the catamaran hull are analyzed and the validity of the computer scheme is examined by comparing the wave resistance with the numerical results of others. The present method could be a useful design tool for screening the suitable combinations of hull parameters and hull spacing at the preliminary design stage of catamaran hull.     

半球形多向波聚合波道振荡水柱气室优化设计

为了解决振动水柱式波浪能转换装置收集多向波浪问题,本文设计了半球形多向聚合波道振荡水柱气室结构,以适合远海单点波浪能采集和发电。在规则波正向入射条件下,基于流体仿真分析软件(FLUENT)、流体动力学连续性假设和粘性不可压缩流体动量守恒的运动方程(Navier-Stokes方程)建立半球形振荡气室和三维数值波浪水槽模型。仿真结果表明:增设气室后壁,合理设计波道开口角度实现多向迎波捕获波浪能,优化前壁形状可降低波浪触底反射带来的能量耗散,同时提高了气室内空气压强和出气口速度,有效提升波浪能俘获效率,为后续发电的二次能量转换提供高效的空气动力。     

Computation of wet deck bow slam loads for catamaran arched cross sections

A computational model for catamaran wet deck slamming is developed on the basis of the variation of added mass as the hulls enter the water. In the case of a wave-piercing catamaran the bow cross section has a double arch cross section and slamming occurs when the arches fill. Residual air is entrained at the top of the arch due to bubble formation by turbulent mixing and this modifies the effect of the water added mass on the hull. The computational model therefore introduces a soft connection between the water added mass associated with the slam and the hull. The method has been evaluated by comparison with two-dimensional model drop tests in terms of the maximum forces and acceleration imposed on the hull, the variation of velocity during the slam event and the depth of penetration into the water. It is concluded that the added mass computation is adequate for slam modelling in global motions and loads calculations since it gives a good representation of the maximum total forces on the section and their duration.     

设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构拓扑优化

常规耐压结构拓扑优化设计研究主要集中于静水压条件下的设计相关载荷拓扑优化理论及方法。但是,在深海环境下,耐压结构可能面临内爆所产生的冲击载荷,其载荷呈现高频率的周期性变化。为研究载荷变化对耐压结构优化设计的影响,在BILE模型的基础上,结合修正的SIMP插值模型,开展不同频率、设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构拓扑优化理论及方法研究。设计相关动载荷的难点在于不仅载荷的作用位置和方向在优化过程中发生变化,且其大小也随优化过程进行而发生变化,这是与常规设计相关静载荷本质的不同。通过经典的拱形结构优化算例验证BILE模型在动力学拓扑优化中的可行性,进而研究设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构的最佳拓扑形式。研究表明,在低频时,圆环型耐压结构无明显变化,但多球交接耐压结构在交接处会出现明显材料聚集;高频时,两者均发生明显变化,得到耐压结构新形式。关于设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构拓扑优化研究,将对新型水下耐压结构的探索具有一定的工程应用价值。