探地雷达FDTD数值模拟中不分裂卷积完全匹配层对倏逝波的吸收效果研究

介绍了CPML边界条件的原理,推导了CPML的GPR正演FDTD差分公式,对比分析了Berenger PML、UPML、CPML三种PML对倏逝波的吸收性能.开展了PML边界中关键参数κ和α的选取实验,确定了参数的取值范围与选取原则.然后,以二维TM波为例,研究了倏逝波产生的机理,分析了决定逝波性吸收性能的影响因素.均匀介质的波场快照、检测点的反射误差及全局反射误差对比,说明了3种边界条件对传输波都具有较好的吸收能力,而对低频倏逝波的吸收表现迥异,其中CPML因为引入了参数α,对倏逝波的吸收效果最佳,但离散化造成的全域误差也最大.最后,应用加载UPML和CPML边界条件的FDTD程序,开展了GPR二维剖面法、宽角法矩状地电模型及三维复杂模型的正演,展示了倏逝波反射对雷达正演剖面及波场快照的影响.进一步对比了UPML与CPML对倏逝波的吸收表现优劣,结果显示,CPML可有效减少边界反射误差,并能取得满意的精度,综合考虑对倏逝波的吸收、全域误差、编程难易程度等因素,在GPR正演中推荐使用CPML.     

基于PML边界条件的二阶电磁波动方程GPR时域有限元模拟

完全匹配层(PML)作为一种稳定高效的吸收边界条件,广泛应用于基于一阶电磁波动方程的探地雷达(GPR)数值模拟中.为解决基于二阶电磁波动方程的GPR数值模拟的吸收边界问题,本文借鉴二阶弹性波动方程的PML边界条件构建思想,提出了一种适合二阶电磁波动方程GPR时域有限元模拟的PML边界条件.从二阶电磁波动方程出发,基于复拉伸坐标变换,推导了PML算法的频域表达式;通过合理构造辅助微分方程,得到了PML算法的时域表达式,并以变分形式(弱形式)加载到GPR时域有限元方程中,实现了PML边界条件在二阶电磁波动方程GPR时域有限元模拟中的应用.在此基础上,对比了无边界条件、Sarma边界条件和PML边界条件下均匀模型的波场快照、单道波形、时域反射误差和能量衰减曲线,结果表明:PML边界条件的吸收效果要远优于Sarma边界条件,具有近似零反射系数.一个复杂介质模型的正演模拟验证了PML边界条件在非均匀地电结构中电磁波传播模拟的良好吸收效果.     

基于UPML边界条件的交替方向隐式有限差分法GPR全波场数值模拟

交替方向隐式差分(ADI-FDTD)法突破了Courand-Friedrich-Levy(CFL)条件的约束,具有无条件稳定的特点;而单轴各向异性完全匹配层(UPML)边界条件具有宽频带吸收特性,不需要对电场和磁场进行分裂,迭代公式简单,便于编程的特点.综合两者优势,本文提出了基于UPML边界条件的ADI-FDTD探地雷达数值模拟算法,通过对3个二维Maxwell方程进行离散化,推导了GPR波的ADI-FDTD及其UPML边界条件的两个子时间步的迭代差分公式,并分别给出了详细计算步骤.在此基础上,开发了相应的模拟程序,应用该程序对两个GPR模型进行了正演模拟,得到了两个正演模型的wiggle图、扫描图与全波场快照.通过分析这些雷达剖面图与波场快照,可以了解雷达波形在空间中的传播过程及变化规律,有助于雷达资料更可靠、更准确的解释.模拟结果表明,基于UPML边界条件的ADI-FDTD算法可取较大的时间步长,消除了截断边界处的强反射,能对简单与复杂GPR模型进行快速、高效模拟.     

二阶声波方程非分裂式CPML实施新方法

完全匹配层(PML)是处理波动方程数值模拟中模型边界反射问题的常用方法,在时间域有限差分(FD)波场数值模拟中得到了广泛的应用.早期的PML技术存在对于近切入射和低频反射吸收效果较差的问题,由此产生了复频移PML(CFS-PML)模型边界反射压制法,其中基于递归卷积技术的复频移PML(CPML),由于其算法在时间域的高效性,被广泛应用于时间域一阶方程的数值模拟.一阶波动方程CPML边界条件是非常成熟的方法,但是二阶方程, CPML方法还需要进一步发展研究.目前,二阶方程的CPML处理方法需要引入辅助方程或者辅助变量,导致计算量增加,从而对数值模拟效率产生一定的影响.本文提出了一种分区域两步法CPML实施策略,简称为TS-CPML. TS-CPML通过对二阶CPML控制方程进行两步有限差分进行数值模拟,从而避免计算引入辅助变量的新二阶偏微分方程或其他辅助方程,具有计算效率高、编程易于实现等特点.我们将该方法应用于二阶声波方程和TTI介质二阶拟声波方程组,数值模拟显示,在相同参数下,由模型边界产生的反射波振幅约为传统二阶方程CPML方法的50%以上,验证了TSCMPL技术的优越性.     

基于递归积分的复频移PML弹性波方程交错网格高阶差分法

常规完全匹配吸收边界(PML)对以近掠射角入射到界面上的波以及低频波、损耗波都会产生虚假边界反射.基于递归积分的不分裂复频移PML算法,利用复频移拉伸函数,极大地改善了PML边界条件的性能,我们进一步推导出基于递归积分的不分裂复频移PML弹性波方程交错网格高阶差分法,对长条形介质模型进行数值模拟,与常规PML算法进行比较说明该算法对以掠射角入射到PML界面的波以及PML层内损耗波的吸收效果.     

适于弹性波方程无网格有限差分数值解的PML与CFS-PML吸收边界条件（英文）

无网格有限差分法能有效提高数值模拟的几何灵活性,且无需网格映射或复杂的网格生成过程。RBF-FD (基于径向基函数的有限差分)是最常用的无网格有限差分法之一,可以准确模拟地震波在非矩形计算域中的传播。本文提出适于弹性波方程无网格有限差分数值解的PML (完全匹配层)吸收边界条件,可以应用于非矩形速度模型的边界。但是PML吸收边界对近掠射波、低频波的吸收效果不好。为此,我们继续提出适于弹性波方程无网格有限差分数值解的CFS-PML(复频移完全匹配层)吸收边界条件。本文所提两种边界条件均是通过构造辅助微分方程,得到不分裂时域表达式,具有存储量小、便于编程实现的特点。模拟结果表明,两种PML吸收边界条件都能有效地消除无网格有限差分数值模拟的人工边界反射。此外,本文所提CFS-PML相较PML对近掠射波和损耗波的吸收效果更好。     

基于双二次插值的探地雷达有限元数值模拟

从探地雷达(GPR)满足的波动方程出发,详细介绍了二维GPR模型单元剖分、二次插值、数值积分和有限元刚度矩阵总体合成的GPR有限元求解过程.为解决数值模拟时截断边界处的超强反射,采用Clay Bout透射边界条件对雷达波进行衰减,进而压制了来自截断边界处的反射波.在满足时间步长与空间网格差分稳定性前提下,采用中心差分法对GPR有限元方程进行离散,并用不完全LU分解预处理的BICGSTAB算法求解系数方程组,然后编制了基于双二次插值的GPR有限元正演模拟matlab程序.运用该程序分别对矩形和"V"字形两个典型地电模型进行正演计算,得到了正演剖面图,将该正演剖面图与基于线性插值的FEM算法的正演剖面图做了对比分析.结果表明基于双二次插值FEM算法相比基于双线性插值FEM算法异常响应更明显,具有更高的模拟精度,更有利于指导雷达剖面的数据解译.     

基于无单元Galerkin法探地雷达正演模拟

无单元Galerkin法采用滑动最小二乘法拟合场函数,只需节点无需单元,具有前处理简单、精度高、解高次连续等优点,被用于求解探地雷达(GPR)正问题.本文从Maxwell方程出发,推导了GPR正演需满足的波动方程;详细介绍了滑动最小二乘法形函数的构造方法.针对EFGM不满足插值条件导致强加边界条件的处理变复杂的特性,采用罚因子法对强加边界条件进行了处理;同时为了消除EFGM进行GPR正演模拟时来自截断边界处的超强反射,采用透射边界条件把GPR波在截断边界处的反射波透射出去,进而压制了来自截断边界处的反射波.然后,编制了EFGM的GPR正演模拟Matlab程序,应用该程序对典型GPR地电模型进行了正演模拟,并把该正演剖面图与基于线性插值FEM正演剖面图进行了对比,结果表明了EFGM用于GPR正演计算的正确性及有效性,并且在相同节点数条件下,EFGM比矩形剖分的FEM的精度要高,更有利于指导雷达剖面的数据解译.     

弹性波正演模拟中改进的非分裂式PML实现方法(英文)

在弹性波有限差分正演模拟中,吸收边界条件常用来吸收截断边界处引入的不期望边界反射,其中完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件被认为是目前最理想的吸收边界条件。但是PML吸收边界条件的传统实现却存在着很大不足:全局分裂式PML吸收边界条件实现简单但是需要占用太多内存;局部分裂式PML吸收边界条件需要考虑多个边界和角点区域,编程实现非常复杂;非分裂式PML吸收边界条件由于涉及卷积运算,计算量很大。本文基于非分裂式PML吸收边界条件,结合复频移伸展函数,提出了一种新的数值实现方法,其计算方程简单、占用内存小、编程实现容易,是对PML介质理论数值实现的改进和完善。     

复频率参数完全匹配层吸收边界在瞬变电磁法正演中的应用

本文将复频率参数完全匹配层（Complex Frequency Shifted Perfectly Matched Layer,CFS-PML）吸收边界应用到瞬变电磁法（Transient Electromagnetic,TEM）三维正演中,以替代传统的狄利克雷边界条件,使用时域有限差分法（Finite-difference time-domain,FDTD）进行空间离散和时间步进.本文给出了扩散场在CFS-PML内部的平面波解,分析了常规PML在TEM正演中失效的原因,并给出了CFS-PML在TEM正演中参数设置准则.最后分别使用全空间和半空间模型进行有效性检验.全空间检验结果表明,使用CFS-PML的解在我们正演的所有延迟时间内均与理论解吻合得非常好,而使用狄利克雷边界的解可与理论解偏离一个量级以上.半空间检验结果表明,CFS-PML亦明显优于狄利克雷边界,然而CFS-PML对空气中的场吸收甚微,相对误差依然会随着延迟时间缓慢增加,正演时需要根据误差容忍度设计适当的模型.     

基于混合有限元格式的完美匹配层与多次透射公式人工边界比较研究

介绍了完美匹配层(PML)人工边界可以吸收不同频率和任意角度入射波的原理以及PML人工边界的构造方法. 在此基础上，将PML人工边界应用于地震波动数值模拟的速度应力混合有限元格式中，探讨了PML应用的可行性，并通过数值试验研究了PML人工边界的反射率，比较了PML人工边界与多次透射公式(MTF)人工边界应用于体波和面波模拟中数值反射的差异，对两种边界的透射效果进行了分析. 结果表明， 尽管数值离散后PML人工边界不再保持完美匹配特性，但PML人工边界在近场波动数值模拟中可获得比MTF人工边界更为理想的吸收效果，在角点透射、大角度掠射情形下尤为明显；PML人工边界在混合有限元格式的数值算法中，未见失稳等不良反应，比MTF人工边界有更好的稳定性；在合理选择参数的情况下，PML人工边界的运算量可接受.      

Comparison of perfectly matched layer and multi-transmitting formula artificial boundary condition based on hybrid finite element formulation

The theory of perfectly matched layer (PML) artificial boundary condition (ABC), which is characterized by absorption any wave motions with arbitrary frequency and arbitrarily incident angle, is introduced. The construc- tion process of PML boundary based on elastodynamic partial differential equation (PDE) system is developed. Combining with velocity-stress hybrid finite element formulation, the applicability of PML boundary is investi- gated and the numerical reflection of PML boundary is estimated. The reflectivity of PML and multi-transmitting formula (MTF) boundary is then compared based on body wave and surface wave simulations. The results show that although PML boundary yields some reflection, its absorption performance is superior to MTF boundary in the numerical simulations of near-fault wave propagation, especially in corner and large angle grazing incidence situations. The PML boundary does not arise any unstable phenomenon and the stability of PML boundary is better than MTF boundary in hybrid finite element method. For a specified problem and analysis tolerance, the computa- tional efficiency of PML boundary is only a little lower than MTF boundary.     

THE APPLICATION OF PML BOUNDARY CODITIONS IN THE SIMULATION OF SEISMIC WAVE BY THE HIGH-ORDER STAGGERED-GRID FINITE DIFFERENCES AT THE TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MEDIA

In the realm of the numerical simulation, finite difference method and finite element method are more intuitive and effective than other simulation methods. In the process of simulating seismic wave propagation, the finite differences method is widely used because of its high computational efficiency and the advantage of the algorithm is more efficient. With the demand of precision, more and more researchers have proposed more effective methods of finite differences, such as the high-order staggered-grid finite differences method, which can restore the actual process of wave propagation on the premise of ensuring accuracy and improving the efficiency of operation. In the past numerical simulation of seismic wave field, different models of isotropic medium are mostly used, but it is difficult to reflect the true layer situation. With the research demand of natural seismology and seismic exploration, the research on anisotropic media is more and more extensive. Transversely isotropic(TI)media can well simulate the seismic wave propagation in the formation medium, such as gas-bearing sandstone, mudstone, shale et al., the character of TI media is reflected by introducing the Thomsen parameters to reflect its weak anisotropy of vertical direction by using Thomson parameter. Therefore, studying the process of seismic wave propagation in TI media can restore the true information of the formation to the greatest extent, and provide a more reliable simulation basis for the numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation. In the geodynamic simulation and the numerical simulation of the seismic wave field, under the limited influence of the calculation area, if no boundary conditions are added, a strong artificial boundary reflection will be generated, which greatly reduces the validity of the simulation. In order to minimize the influence of model boundaries on the reflection of seismic waves, it is often necessary to introduce absorbing boundary conditions. At present, there are three types of absorption boundary conditions: one-way wave absorption boundary, attenuation absorption boundary, and perfectly matched layer(PML)absorption boundary. In terms of numerical simulation of seismic waves, the boundary absorption effect of PML is stronger than the first two, which is currently the most commonly used method, and it also represents the cutting-edge development direction of absorption boundary technology. The perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary is effectively applied to eliminating the reflective waves from model boundaries, but for transversely isotropic medium, the effect of the absorbing is not very well. For this reason, the elastic dynamic wave equations in transversely isotropic media are derived, and we describe a second-order accurate time, tenth-order accurate space, formulation of the Madariaga-Virieux staggered-grid finite difference methods with the perfectly matched layer(PML)are given. In addition, we have established vertical transversely isotropic(VTI)media and arbitrary inclined tilted transversely isotropic(TTI)media models, using a uniform half-space velocity model and a two-layer velocity model, respectively. By combining the actual geoscience background, we set the corresponding parameters and simulation conditions in order to make our model more research-oriented. When setting model parameters, different PML thickness, incident angle, source frequency and velocity layer models were transformed to verify the inhibition of boundary reflection effect by PML absorption boundary layer. The implementations of this simulation show that the formula is correct and for the transversely isotropic(TI)media of any angular symmetry axis, when the thickness of the PML layer reaches a certain value, the seismic wave reflection effect generated by the artificial boundary can be well suppressed, and the absorption effect of PML is not subject to changes in incident angle and wave frequency. Therefore, the results of our study indicate that our research method can be used to simulate the propagation process of seismic waves in the transversely isotropic(TI)media without being affected by the reflected waves at the model boundary to restore the actual formation information and more valuable geological research.     

探地雷达三维高阶时域有限差分法模拟研究

探地雷达数值模拟中,时域有限差分法在时间和空间上一般采用二阶精度的中心差分近似(FDTD(2,2)),其形式简单,但数值色散误差较大,在复杂模型模拟时不能很好地反映模型的精细变化.高阶时域有限差分法能很好地改善数值色散带来的误差,提高模拟精度.本文基于三维高阶时域有限差分法的基本原理实现了探地雷达正演模拟,采用单轴各向异性完全匹配层(UPML)作为吸收边界条件,可以有效地吸收外向传播的电磁波,在大大地提高计算效率的同时,也能很好地改善边界的吸收效果.分析对比正演模拟结果,通过三维高阶时域有限差分正演能获得目标体准确电磁响应信息,并能很好的提高模拟精度.     

基于Pade逼近的Cole-Cole频散介质GPR有限元正演

针对Cole-Cole频散介质中的复介电常数是jω的分数次幂函数,传统的时域有限元法难以离散及计算时间域分数阶导数,本文采用Pade逼近算法将含有时间分数阶导数的Cole-Cole频散介质电磁波方程推导为一组整数阶辅助微分方程,提出了一种适用于Cole-Cole频散介质的GPR有限元正演模拟算法.在复数伸展坐标系下,通过在频率域Cole-Cole频散介质电磁波方程中引入2个中间变量,并将其变换到时间域,从而以变分形式将PML边界条件加载到Cole-Cole频散介质GPR有限元方程组中,并给出了详细的求解公式.在此基础上,编制了基于Pade逼近的Cole-Cole频散介质GPR有限元正演程序,利用该程序对均匀模型进行计算,并与解析解进行对比,验证了本文构建的GPR有限元正演算法的正确性和有效性.设计了一个复杂Cole-Cole频散介质GPR模型,利用本文构建的GPR有限元正演算法进行模拟并与非频散介质模型的模拟结果进行对比,分析了电磁波在Cole-Cole频散介质中传播衰减增强、子波延伸,分辨率降低等传播规律,有助于实测雷达资料更可靠、更准确的解释.模拟结果表明,基于Pade逼近的GPR有限元正演算法可用于复杂Cole-Cole频散介质结构模拟,且具有较高的计算精度.     

Perfectly matched layer-absorbing boundary condition for finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equations

The perfectly matched layer (PML) is a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition used for the numerical modeling of seismic wave equation. The article focuses on the application of this technique to finite-element time-domain numerical modeling of elastic wave equation. However, the finite-element time-domain scheme is based on the second-order wave equation in displacement formulation. Thus, the first-order PML in velocity-stress formulation cannot be directly applied to this scheme. In this article, we derive the finite-element matrix equations of second-order PML in displacement formulation, and accomplish the implementation of PML in finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equation. The PML has an approximate zero reflection coefficients for bulk and surface waves in the finite-element modeling of P-SV and SH wave propagation in the 2D homogeneous elastic media. The numerical experiments using a two-layer model with irregular topography validate the efficiency of PML in the modeling of seismic wave propagation in geological models with complex structures and heterogeneous media.