鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系碳酸盐储层的胶结作用

鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系马家沟组主要由原始沉积的碳酸盐岩和岩溶角砾岩组成。储集空间以次生孔隙为主。中奥陶世沉积作用之后不久,即发生了溶解作用、白云石沉淀、干化脱水作用、机械压实作用、岩溶作用和胶结作用。胶结作用很普遍,主要发生在中石炭世之后的埋藏条件下,是对储层重要的破坏作用。充填于硬石膏结核溶模孔和非组构选择性溶蚀孔、洞、缝的方解石和白云石是最常见的胶结物。这些方解石和白云石胶结物具泥晶、嵌晶状或粒状晶粒结构。泥晶白云石基质的δ18O值-10.98‰~-0.8‰,平均-5.54‰;δ13C值-4.76‰~5.77‰,平均1.51‰。充填于溶蚀孔、缝中的白云石的δ18O值-12.54‰~-2.67‰,平均-7.34‰;δ13C值-5.56
‰~3.48‰,平均0.28‰。充填于溶蚀孔、缝方解石的δ18O值-15.42‰~-6.02‰,平均-9.51‰;δ13C值-12.44‰~1.33‰,平均-3.20‰。总的来说,白云石和方解石胶结物的δ18O和δ13C值低于泥晶白云石基质的,原因是形成晚,受淡水淋滤、埋藏作用和有机质影响较大。泥晶白云石基质的Na含量0~350 μg/g,平均59 μg/g; Sr含量0~380 μg/g,平均10 μg/g;Fe含量0~14 570 μg/g,平均1 040 μg/g;Mn含量0~4 670 μg/g,平均183 μg/g。充填于次生孔隙中的胶结物的Na、Sr、Mn含量与泥晶白云石基质的差别不大,因这些元素含量均低。充填于次生孔隙的碳酸盐胶结物较泥晶白云石基质有明显高的Fe含量。胶结物包裹体的均一温度在90℃~140℃范围内。胶结物沉淀于埋藏较深,温度较高的还原条件下。流体包裹体的气相成分以CH4最为普遍,液相成分以H2O占绝大多数。早期胶结物形成于天然气形成前,晚期胶结物形成于天然气形成之后。岩溶洼地是胶结作用最发育的地带。     

湖南茶陵盆地晚白垩世古降水氧同位素

在岩相、阴极发光分析基础上,对湖南茶陵盆地戴家坪组成壤钙质结核进行了碳、氧同位素测试,重建了该区晚白垩世古降水的氧同位素。分析结果显示,戴家坪组发育钙质古土壤,背景岩性以洪积扇环境下形成的副砾岩为特征;钙质结核主要由棕红色微晶方解石基质和浅红色方解石脉构成,前者的阴极发光呈微弱橘红色或不发光,后者发光呈明亮橘黄色;钙质结核的δ18O值（VPDB）介于-7.96‰~-11.35‰之间,δ13C值（VPDB）为-7.30‰~-8.24‰。综合方解石构成、阴极发光和氧同位素表明,钙质结核存在两期方解石沉淀作用。依据氧同位素分布特征,在样品CL-11C4的δ18O值（VPDB）中识别出2条大气方解石线（MCLs）,分别为（-9.04±0.18）‰和（-8.03±0.11）‰。进一步根据古纬度和地表温度,估算出茶陵地区晚白垩世晚期的大气降水δ18O_w值（VSMOW）为-5.76‰~-6.80‰,与北美近似纬度地区同期的降水一致,为白垩纪水文循环模型及古大气环流模拟提供了基础参考数据。     

渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷沙河街组白云岩成因机理

为了研究渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷沙河街组白云岩成因机理,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、阴极发光、X衍射、扫描电镜、背散射、碳氧同位素等方法,分析白云石岩石学、形貌学和同位素地球化学特征.结果表明,白云岩呈黄棕色,发育大量溶蚀孔和高岭石、燧石等矿物,δ13C值为-0.50‰~4.58‰,δ18O值为-14.58‰~-2.19‰,总体具有δ13C低正值,δ18O负值的特点.泥晶白云石,由微米级球状白云石和白云石化蓝细菌组成,亚微米级孔隙发育,见薄片状细菌丝和草莓状黄铁矿;纤维状白云石环边胶结物充填在溶蚀孔洞或围绕颗粒表面生长;菱形白云石,漂浮状分散在孔隙中.准同生期,硫酸盐还原菌的催化作用形成球形白云石;随后,受大气淡水淋滤,在湖底成岩环境微生物影响下形成纤维状白云石环边胶结物;浅埋藏期,由于埋藏白云岩化形成菱形白云石.这为古老湖相白云岩微生物成因提供具体实例,且对该地区勘探提供参考.      

白云岩成岩相与地球化学特征--以鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟组马五5-马五1亚段为例

白云岩成岩相研究对恢复其成岩环境具有重要意义。以鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟组马五₅-马五₁亚段为例,利用岩芯及岩石薄片研究了白云岩的成岩相类型及岩相特征,并根据氧、碳稳定同位素、锶同位素以及主、微量元素等分析了各类成岩相的地球化学特征。结果显示,鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马五₅-马五₁亚段白云岩成岩相主要包括近地表环境下的膏盐溶蚀角砾相、活跃回流渗透云化相和隐伏回流渗透云化相,以及表生淡水环境下的风化岩溶角砾相等四类,其中受淡水或混合水影响的近地表环境下的膏盐溶蚀角砾相、活跃回流渗透云化相及隐伏回流渗透云化相白云岩样品具有相对奥陶纪海水"负偏"的δ18O和δ13C值,相对高Mn或低Fe含量,中等-强阴极发光,高于同期海水的87Sr/86Sr值以及相对较低的Al和Ti含量;而表生淡水环境下的风化岩溶角砾相白云岩样品因受表生期淡水以及大量陆源碎屑物的影响,呈现出低于同期海水的δ18O和δ13C值,相对高Mn和过高Fe含量,弱或无阴极发光,明显高于同期海水的87Sr/86Sr值以及明显较高Al和Ti含量。研究结果表明,氧、碳稳定同位素、锶同位素及主、微量元素等地化数据是识别白云岩成岩相的有效指标。     

饶阳凹陷沙河街组碎屑岩储层碳酸盐胶结物形成机制及其对储层质量的影响

通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜和阴极发光观察对饶阳凹陷沙河街组碎屑岩储层的22口探井864个薄片样品的碳酸盐胶结物进行期次划分,再据各期胶结物的共生矿物研究、碳氧同位素分析、流体包裹体测温等对其形成机制进行研究。研究结果表明研究区共发育3期碳酸盐胶结物:第一期以粒状方解石为主,其形成于岩石充分压实之前的早成岩阶段,伴生少量的黄铁矿胶结;第二期以粒状细晶级为主,多发育方解石、白云石,以斑块状以及嵌晶式连生方式赋存,与前期的胶结物之间常形成一层黏土薄膜;第三期以柱状或粒状细晶级形式存在,以方解石、白云石、铁方解石以及铁白云石成分为主,充填长石等易溶性颗粒溶孔及交代早期碳酸盐胶结物。据胶结物碳氧同位素分析恢复古盐度Z值及测算古地温判断早期胶结物来源于古盐度较高的淡水成因流体;再根据胶结物流体包裹体均一温度判断方解石胶结物形成于中成岩A期,为有机酸脱羧基生成大量CO_2,使化学平衡向着生成碳酸盐的方向移动,表示其"碳"来源为有机碳。对储层质量影响方面,早期碳酸盐胶结物增加了砂体的抗压实能力,对研究区储层质量的影响是正面的,而中后期碳酸盐胶结物充填长石及岩屑溶蚀作用形成的孔隙,对储层质量的影响是负面的。     

梨树断陷营城组砂岩方解石胶结物碳、氧同位素特征

梨树断陷深层砂岩中广泛分布着方解石胶结物,方解石胶结作用对梨树断陷深部储层的致密化有着重要影响。以苏家屯-皮家地区砂岩储层中方解石胶结物为研究对象,结合岩相学特征,包裹体测试和碳、氧同位素分析,查明了方解石胶结物碳、氧同位素及其成因。研究表明,储层砂岩类型为岩屑质长石砂岩、长石质岩屑砂岩、长石砂岩。方解石胶结物碳同位素δ13 CPDB为-16‰~-0.4‰,平均值为-6.67‰。氧同位素δ18 OPDB为-23.2‰~-13.2‰,平均值为-20.1‰。通过对碳、氧同位素数据计算分析,得到碳酸盐的相对古盐度值(Z)介于83.48~117.61之间,表明其形成时的古流体具有淡水的特征。方解石的形成温度为94.06~179.43℃。方解石胶结物碳氧同位素特征分析结果表明,其形成与有机酸脱羧作用有关,可能来源于有机碳。     

柴达木盆地新生代湖相碳酸盐岩岩石学及碳氧同位素特征

在岩石学分析基础上,结合碳氧同位素分析方法对柴达木盆地大红沟和鄂博梁剖面上、下干柴沟组湖相碳酸盐岩样品进行系统研究,试图阐述不同类型湖相碳酸盐岩的古气候特征,研究该时期柴达木盆地古气候演化历史。结果显示:该地区湖相碳酸盐岩可以分为生屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩、藻灰岩、鲕粒灰岩、泥晶灰岩5大类。不同类型的碳酸盐岩样品的碳、氧同位素组成特征存在明显区别,鲕粒灰岩δ18O和δ13C偏高,且都为正值,形成于炎热干燥的古气候和咸水沉积环境中;藻灰岩类明显富集13C的特点与藻类等水生生物活动密切相关,反映沉积于温暖干燥气候背景下的一个水体盐度偏高的稳定水体之中;生屑灰岩和砂屑灰岩类δ18O和δ13C都比较集中,且表现出明显的低值,反映形成于温暖湿润气候条件下且具淡水补给的开放性湖泊环境;泥晶灰岩类样品的δ18O和δ13C之间具有一定的正相关性,反映发育在水体停滞、蒸发作用明显的咸水型湖泊体系。     

四川甘溪泥盆系观雾山组白云岩特征与其形成条件的关系(英文)

本文通过沉积环境分析,X射线衍射、扫描电镜、同位素及阴极发光分析,讨论了甘溪泥盆系观雾山组白云石的晶体形态及大小、有序度、碳酸钙克分子含量,同位素特征及阴极发光特征与形成条件的关系。中晶白云岩及细晶白云岩分别产于生物层及潮坪环境,为成岩早期地下淡水与海水混合白云岩化作用的产物。低的碳酸钙克分子含量,中-弱的阴极发光强度及低的δ18O、δ13C值。微晶白云岩形成于泻湖环境。白云石具他形粒状晶,差的有序度,高的碳酸钙克分子含量,强的阴极发光强度及高的δ18O、δ13C值,为准同生期高Mg2+/Ca2+值卤水交代碳酸钙软泥形成。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系碳酸盐储层的胶结作用

鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系马家沟组主要由原始沉积的碳酸盐岩和岩溶角砾岩组成.储集空间以次生孔隙为主.中奥陶世沉积作用之后不久,即发生了溶解作用、白云石沉淀、干化脱水作用、机械压实作用、岩溶作用和胶结作用.胶结作用很普遍,主要发生在中石炭世之后的埋藏条件下,是对储层重要的破坏作用.充填于硬石膏结核溶模孔和非组构选择性溶蚀孔、洞、缝的方解石和白云石是最常见的胶结物.这些方解石和白云石胶结物具泥晶、嵌晶状或粒状晶粒结构.泥晶白云石基质的δ18O值-10.98‰～-0.8‰,平均-5.54‰;δ13C值-4.76‰～5.77‰,平均1.51‰.充填于溶蚀孔、缝中的白云石的δ18O值-12.54‰ ～-2.67‰,平均-7.34‰; δ13C值-5.56‰～3.48‰,平均0.28‰.充填于溶蚀孔、缝方解石的δ18O值-15.42‰ ～-6.02‰,平均-9.51‰;δ13C值-12.44‰～1.33‰,平均-3.20‰.总的来说,白云石和方解石胶结物的δ18O和δ13C值低于泥晶白云石基质的,原因是形成晚,受淡水淋滤、埋藏作用和有机质影响较大.泥晶白云石基质的Na含量0～ 350 μg/g,平均59μg/g; Sr含量0～380 μg/g,平均10 μg/g;Fe含量0～ 14 570 μg/g,平均1 040 μg/g; Mn含量0～4 670 μg/g,平均183 μg/g.充填于次生孔隙中的胶结物的Na、Sr、Mn含量与泥晶白云石基质的差别不大,因这些元素含量均低.充填于次生孔隙的碳酸盐胶结物较泥晶白云石基质有明显高的Fe含量.胶结物包裹体的均一温度在90℃ ～ 140C范围内.胶结物沉淀于埋藏较深,温度较高的还原条件下.流体包裹体的气相成分以CH4最为普遍,液相成分以H2O占绝大多数.早期胶结物形成于天然气形成前,晚期胶结物形成于天然气形成之后.岩溶洼地是胶结作用最发育的地带.     

白云鄂博富稀土元素碳酸岩墙的 碳和氧同位素特征

重点解剖了一条距白云鄂博超大型REE-Nb-Fe矿床东矿北东方向2 k m、切割白云鄂 博群H1及H3岩性段的细粒方解石碳酸岩岩墙的碳和氧同位素地球化学特征。结果表明,碳酸 岩的碳同位素组成变化范围较小(δ13C值为－6.6‰ ～ －4.6‰),与正常地幔碳δ 13C值－5±2‰一致;而氧同位素组成变化范围较大(δ18O值为11.9‰～17.7‰ ),显著高于地幔的δ18O值5.7±1.0‰,表明碳酸岩浆在结晶过程中或之后曾与 低 温热液流体发生了同位素交换。碳酸岩墙中白云石与方解石之间的碳和氧同位素分馏均小于 0‰,处于不平衡状态,说明该碳酸岩墙中的白云石与方解石并非同成因矿物,白云石可能 为次生成因的。     

Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Signatures in Albian-Danian Limestones of Cauvery Basin, Southeastern India

The Albian-Danian limestones of Cauvery Basin show a wide range of d¹³C and d¹⁸O values (–13.2 to +1.1% and –9.0 to –2.5%, respectively). The cement samples show negative carbon and oxygen isotope values (–18.9 to –3.9% and –9.0 to –4.3%, respectively). The petrographic study reveals the presence of algae, molluscs, bryozoans, foraminifers and ostracods as major framework constituents. The limestones have microspar and equant sparry calcite cements. The pore spaces and vugs are filled with sparry calcite cement. The bivariate plot of d¹³C and d¹⁸O suggests that most of the samples fall in the freshwater limestone and meteoric field, while few samples fall in the marine limestone and soil calcite fields. The presence of sparry calcite cement, together with negative carbon and oxygen isotope values, indicates that these limestones have undergone meteoric diagenesis.     

中国南方泥盆系瘤状灰岩的成因

本文从碳、氧同位素、化学成分、矿物组成及岩石的结构、构造等特点出发,探讨了广东凡口和广西大厂两类不同类型的瘤状灰岩的成因。广西大厂地区的瘤状灰岩是在较深的水体中沉积,并在周期性的海底底流的溶解作用下形成的。而凡口地区的瘤状灰岩则可能是在比较浅的水体中快速堆积,在重力作用的挤压流动以及成岩作用期间的溶解作用下形成的。     

青藏高原北部新生代湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及古环境意义

对青藏高原北部地区新生代陆相地层中湖相碳酸盐岩进行了系统采样分析，以碳氧同位素作为古环境和古气候变化的替代指标,试图从古湖泊演化的角度，阐明高原新生代早期环境演变历史和过程。研究结果表明，该区所有分析样品中生物碎屑灰岩类样品的δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C显示最低值，反映它们沉积在一个水体滞留时间短的开放性淡水湖泊系统中。泥晶灰岩类样品的δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C之间具有正相关关系，表明它们发育在蒸发作用明显的封闭性咸水湖泊体系中，而叠层石灰岩类明显富集13C可能与微生物活动有关。从始新世到渐新世至中新世，湖相碳酸盐岩δ¹⁸O值具有逐渐增大的趋势，δ¹³C则由古近纪的负值变为新近纪的正值，反映该区古湖泊系统经历了一个由开放到封闭的过程，预示古近纪到新近纪之交高原古气候格局发生了重大变革。     

从氧、碳同位素组成看蓟县元古宙碳酸盐岩特征

蓟县元古宙碳酸盐岩出露广袤，厚度巨大，产状稳定，化石丰富，沉积形象众多。其内赋含的氧、碳同位素组成及其数值变化对成岩机制及沉积环境仍然蕴含着较清楚的内函关系。依据其数值演化，探讨了蓟县碳酸盐岩的成岩作用、古盐度，进而结合其沉积环境特征，阐释了碳酸盐岩，更主要是白云岩为原生沉积所成。     

碳酸盐岩中氧、碳稳定同位素与古盐度、古水温的关系

一、概论 近年来,岩相古地理研究的意义已渐增大,进展甚速,其中用δ13C、δ18O值确定古盐度、古水温的方法引起了国内外学者的重视。事实证明,在一定条件下,这是恢复古环境的有效标志。     

The application of cathodoluminescence to interpreting the diagenesis of an ancient calcrete profile

A laterally extensive calcrete profile has been identified in the Late Asbian (Lower Carboniferous) shallow marine shelf limestones of the Llangollen area, North Wales. The upper surface of the profile is defined by a laterally discontinuous palaeokarstic surface and by laminated calcareous crusts which developed within the underlying limestone. The profile contains a unique series of early pore-filling vadose cements which only occur down to 1 m below the palaeokarstic surface. Cathodoluminescence reveals that these cements pre-date the late pore-filling meteoric phreatic cements which occur throughout local Asbian lithologies. A spar cement stratigraphy has been established for the calcrete profile. Subaerial vadose cements comprise two generations of non-luminescent cement, followed by a brightly luminescent generation which occasionally shows an acicular habit. This needle-fibre calcite represents the final stage of vadose cementation. Precipitation of vadose cements was contemporary with subaerial alteration and micritization of the limestone. Textures, visible only with cathodoluminescence, provide evidence of recurrent periods of fabric dissolution. The most extensive phase of dissolution occurred immediately after the precipitation of the non-luminescent subaerial vadose cements. Several different textures have been recorded, each reflecting the morphology of a partially dissolved substrate. Dissolution textures are generally confined to the walls of the larger pores and to early brecciation fractures. These probably acted as fluid pathways in the calcrete during early subaerial diagenesis. Much of the non-marine micrite in the calcrete profile appears as needle-fibre calcite under cathodoluminescence. This acicular calcite was probably formed in response to localized supersaturation of meteoric pore fluids caused by periods of near-surface evaporation. Since needle-fibre luminescence is strongly variable, these ambient conditions are not believed to have directly controlled the activator ion concentrations of cementing pore waters. Needle-fibre calcite is considered to be a cement precipitate which has almost completely recrystallized to micrite, probably during the late stages of subaerial diagenesis. Two generations of subaerial micrite which define a ‘micrite stratigraphy’, have been distinguished under cathodoluminescence. Reconstructing the diagenetic history of this ancient calcrete profile has revealed that subaerial alteration was multistaged, with many diagenetic processes acting simultaneously during a single phase of emergence.     

Diagenetic model of carbonate rocks of Guri Member of Mishan Formation (Lower to Middle Miocene) SE Zagros basin,Iran

In order to understand the post-depositional history of carbonate rocks of Guri Member (Lower to Middle Miocene), three stratigraphic sections were selected in north Bandar-Abbas in southeast of Iran. Sampling was carried out, analyzed for selective parameters such as oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) and interpreted in the present study. We recognized several diagenetic processes including micritization, cementation, neomorphism, compaction, dissolution, silicification, dolomitization, fracturing and vein filling. Some of the diagenetic processes occurred at different conditions, so in order to achieve precise interpretation, samples from different carbonate components such as, micrite, fracture cement, solution pore cement, intergranular cement, and some biotic allochems were analyzed. In this study micrite samples were subdivided into two groups including micro-spary and micrite. They were recognized under Cathodoluminescence microscope. In addition, micrite samples were classified into five groups based on their depositional environments: supratidal, lagoon, coral bar, open sea, and open basin. There were minor changes in stable isotope ratios based on the sedimentary environments, stratigraphy successions, and micro-spary or micrite properties. In this study, similar calcite cements in petrography studies were differentiated by stable isotope data. Those calcite cements have formed in different diagenetic environments such as meteoric and burial cements. Paragenetic sequence of carbonate rocks were interpreted by integration of petrographic and isotopic studies. We have reconstructed diagenetic models of Guri Member into four stages including marine, meteoric, burial, and uplifting.     

Evaluation of bulk carbonate δ13C data from Triassic hemipelagites and the initial composition of carbonate mud

Bulk carbonate samples of hemipelagic limestone–marl alternations from the Middle and Upper Triassic of Italy are analysed for their isotopic compositions. Middle Triassic samples are representative of the Livinallongo Formation of the Dolomites, while Upper Triassic hemipelagites were sampled in the Pignola 2 section, within the Calcari con Selce Formation of the Southern Apennines in Southern Italy. Triassic hemipelagites occur either as nodular limestones with chert nodules or as plane‐bedded limestone–marl alternations which are locally silicified. In the Middle Triassic Livinallongo Formation, diagenetic alteration primarily affected the stable isotopic composition of sediment surrounding carbonate nodules, whereas the latter show almost pristine compositions. Diagenesis lowered the carbon and oxygen isotope values of bulk carbonate and introduced a strong correlation between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. In the Middle Triassic successions of the Dolomites, bulk carbonate of nodular limestone facies is most commonly unaltered, whereas carbonate of the plane‐bedded facies is uniformly affected by diagenetic alteration. In contrast to carbonate nodules, plane‐bedded facies often show compaction features. Although both types of pelagic carbonate rocks show very similar petrographic characteristics, scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that nodular limestone consists of micrite (< 5 μm in diameter), whereas samples of the plane‐bedded facies are composed of calcite crystals ca 10 μm in size showing pitted, polished surfaces. These observations suggest that nodular and plane‐bedded facies underwent different diagenetic pathways determined by the prevailing mineralogy of the precursor sediment, i.e. probably high‐Mg calcite in the nodular facies and aragonite in the case of the plane‐bedded facies. Similar to Middle Triassic nodular facies, Upper Triassic nodular limestones of the Lagonegro Basin are also characterized by uncorrelated δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values and exhibit small, less than 5 μm size, crystals. The alternation of calcitic and aragonitic precursors in the Middle Triassic of the Dolomites is thought to mirror rapid changes in the type of carbonate production of adjacent platforms. Bioturbation and dissolution of metastable carbonate grains played a key role during early lithification of nodular limestone beds, whereby early stabilization recorded the carbon isotopic composition of sea water. The bulk carbonate δ¹³C values of Middle and Upper Triassic hemipelagites from Italy agree with those of Tethyan low‐Mg calcite shells of articulate brachiopods, confirming that Triassic hemipelagites retained the primary carbon isotopic composition of the bottom sea water. A trend of increasing δ¹³C from the Late Anisian to the Early Carnian, partly seen in the data set presented here, is also recognized in successions from tropical palaeolatitudes elsewhere. The carbon isotopic composition of Middle and Upper Triassic nodular hemipelagic limestones can thus be used for chemostratigraphic correlation and palaeoenvironmental studies.