Scientists Discuss the Genetic Relationship between Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Indian Monsoon

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the third pole towering high in the world,has always been the object of extreme climate research.This is the most extensive high altitude area in the world,with an average altitude of 4000 meters.Such a wide mountainous area absorbs more solar energy than one at sea level,so the winter here is cold and summer is broiling hot.In the 1950s,the Chinese atmospheric scientist Ye Duzheng and German meteorologist Hermann Flohn both suggested that the air layer of the summer plateau was warmer than the sea and the air layer with the same altitude over land located at sea level,so that the temperature difference generated winds,which blow moist air from the ocean into the interior of the subcontinent of India,becoming a driving engine of the rainy season,the Monsoon.     

CO2 emission from Dianshan Lake in summer, East China

Shallow fresh water bodies in peat areas could be an important contributor to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.In this study,the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water of the Dianshan Lake was investigated insitu in August 2011.The average pCO2 in the study area was 2300μatm and fluctuated within the range of 989–5000μatm.pCO2 showed a reverse trend to the variations of pH and DO in the surface water of the Dianshan Lake.The water to air diffusion flux of CO2 of the upstream,middle lake and downstream were respectively 63,33 and 14mmol/m2/d.On average,the diffusion flux of CO2 of the whole lake was 31 mmol/m2/d.Consequently,our results show that during the sampling season,the Dianshan Lake appears to be a great source of CO2.It is also demonstrated that respiration could be the dominant biochemical reaction in the Dianshan Lake in summer.     

挪威山地冰川上雪和粒雪中δ18O的解释及对区域气候的指示意义

Variations of δ18O in the snow which accumulates at a Nordic temperate glacier during the win-ter are not entirely eliminated after a few months of ablation in the following summer. Survive of isotopicsignals closely relates to the re-freezing capacity of snow accumulated in winter when its temperature wasbelow 0 ℃. The melt-water re-freezing ice layers formed in winter hindered subsequent melt-water percolation in summer when snow temperature was at melting point and, therefore, varied isotopic record wasreserved between these ice layers. The isotopic record in snow pack can provide an estimate of the ap-proximate trend of the most recent winter season temperatures. The relationship between regional tem-perature changes and δ18O values in the snow pack is affected by many natural factors, but 1989-1990 (aglacier balance year) winter air temperatures were reflected in the snow which remained on the glacierAustre Okstindbreen at an altitude of 1 350 m in July 1990. There was larger amplitude of variations ofδ18O values in the 4. 1 m of snow above the 1989 summer surface, but variations in the underlying firnwere relatively small. Melt water percolation modifies the initial variations of δ18O values in the snowpack. At a site below the mean equilibrium line altitude on Austre Okstindbreen, increased isotopic bom-ogenization within a ten-day period in July accompanied an increase of the mean δ18O value. Although theisotopic record at a temperate glacier is likely to be influenced by more factors than is that at polar glac-iers, it can provide an estimate of the approximate trend of recent local temperature variations.     

Precipitation Effects on Temperature-A Case Study in China

To discover the mechanism of the continuous summer temperature decline in certain regions against significant global warming,456 national meteorological observational stations with long term of observed daily temperature and precipitation data were applied to analyze the relationship between precipitation and temperature.Results show that there is a significant negative correlation between precipitation and temperature,indicating that precipitation influences temperature signifi-cantly:the more the precipit...     

Soil carbon stock of the Central-East Asia in the climate warming

Water samples from the Wujiang River, a typical karst river system, were analyzed for major ion concentrations and δ^34S values of dissolved sulfate in order to identify the sources of sulfate, quantify the sulfate export flux and understand the role of sulfur cycling in chemical weathering rate of carbonate. Spatial variations in sulfate concentration and sulfur isotopic composition of tributaries over the catchment area are obvious, allowing to decipher S sources between rocks and atmosphere. According to the variations in sulfate concentration and isotopic composition, it is inferred that sulfate ions in the upper-reach river waters may have three sources, rain water, sulfate resultant from oxidation of pyrite in coal, and sulfate from sulfide deposits. In the lower reaches, the S isotopic composition of the samples lies mainly on a mixing trend between evaporite sulfate and rainwater sulfate, the contribution of sulfate from oxidation of pyrite being lesser. A pronounced seasonal variation in both content and isotopic composition of sulfate characterizes the Wujiang River. The average sulfate concentration of the waters is 0.65 mmol/L in winter, 0.17 mmol/L higher than that in summer. River water δ^34S values range from -15.7‰ to 18.9‰ in winter, while the δ^34S values of river waters in summer vary to a lesser extent than in winter, from -11.5‰ to 8.3‰. The δ^34S values of the main stream range from -6.7‰ to -3.9‰ in summer, averaging 3‰ lower than in winter. This indicates that in summer, when the discharge increases, the contribution of a source enriched in light isotopes to the atmosphere or the oxidation of pyrite in coal is more important.     

Thermal Characteristics of the Embankment with Crushed Rock Side Slope to Mitigate Thaw Settlement Hazards of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Abstract: Permafrost (perennially frozen ground) appears widely in the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and is characterized by high ground temperature (≥ ?1°C) and massive ground ice. Under the scenarios of global warming and human activity, the permafrost under the railway will gradually thaw and the massive ground ice will slowly melt, resulting in some thaw settlement hazards, which mainly include longitudinal and lateral cracks, and slope failure. The crushed rock layer has a thermal semiconductor effect under the periodic fluctuation of natural air. It can be used to lower the temperature of the underlying permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and mitigate the thaw settlement hazards of the subgrade. In the present paper, the daily and annual changes in the thermal characteristics of the embankment with crushed rock side slope (ECRSS) were quantitatively simulated using the numerical method to study the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer and its mitigative ability. The results showed that the ECRSS absorbed some heat in the daytime in summer, but part of it was released at night, which accounted for approximately 20% of that absorbed. Within a year, it removed more heat from the railway subgrade in winter than that absorbed in summer. It can store approximately 20% of the “cold” energy in subgrade. Therefore, ECRSS is a better measure to mitigate thaw settlement hazards to the railway.     

南极海冰变化异常与全球海平面变化(英)

In this paper, the long-term variation trend of the Antarctic sea ice in 1973～1994 and the inter-decade variation rule of the global sea level are analyzed. It is foundthat, the Antarctic sea ice area in 1980's was significantly less than in 1970's but with regional difference:decreasing in Regions Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ, and increasing in Region Ⅳ, the average global sea levelheightvalue in 1980's was also significantly higher than in 1970's but also with very large regional difference.Connecting variation of both to analyze their physical mechanism, it is pointed that, the accumulated seaice anomaly value in 1980's less than in 1970's means a global climate warming, the sea watertemperature and air temperature rising, sea water volume expanding, and more icebergs transportingfrom the ice cover on the Antarctic continent to ocean in the warmer years. As a result, the global sealevel raised significantly with the global average sea level value in 1980's was 22 mm higher than in 1970's. The Sea Level Raising (SLR) distributed uneven. It is especially true in the Pacific Ocean andAtlantic. This kind of uneven SLR distribution closely relates to, or is introduced by the uneven sea ice change of the Antarctic Regions.     

应用等效纬度-海拔模型进行地温及多年冻土制图

This research presents a method for permafrost mapping in discontinuous permafrost regions based on equivalent latitude/elevation concept in interior Alaska. In winter months, study site has a strong temperature inversion in air up to 700 m elevation. Air temperature data and the effects of slope, aspect and elevation were used to create an equivalent latitude/elevation model. This model was well correlated with mean annual surface temperature (0.79). In this watershed, the thawing index (It≈1 400 ℃*days) at the ground surface and snow depth do not vary greatly from south facing to north facing slopes. The primary controlled factor that determines the mean annual surface temperature was the winter surface temperature. The permafrost stability is effectively controlled by the freezing index. We determined 37.5% of Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed has unstable or thawing permafrost. At least 2.1% of the permafrost in this watershed may have disappeared in the last 90 years due to climate warming. This method makes it possible to evaluate the permafrost stability in the present, past and future.     

多年冻土地区砂砾路面路堤临界高度数值分析

In permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the critical embankment height must be considered in the process of the construction of highway, especially for the global climatic warming. In this paper, the two-dimensional numerical analysis for the critical embankment height (for gravel road surface and coarse-grained soil) has been performed by using thefinite element method. In the calculation, we think that the service life of the construction is at least 50 years. The mean annual air temperatures applied to the calculation model are -6.5 ℃, -6.0 ℃, -5.5 ℃, -5.0 ℃, -4.5 ℃ and -4.0 ℃, respectively, and the value of temperature rise are taken as 1.10℃ in the coming 50 years. The minimum embankment heights derived from the analysis are 0.85 m, 0.92 m, 1.01 m, 1.18 m, 1.60 m and 2.66 m for the different mean annual air temperatures and the maximum embankment heights are 7.68 m,7.55 m, 7.34 m, 7.00 m, 6.45 m and 5.85m, accordingly. On condition that the service life of embankment is 50 years, the critical value of the mean annual air temperature is -3.5 ℃. Namely, in the areas where the mean annual air temperature is higher than -3.5 ℃, the critical embankment height does not exist.     

南极中国长城站空气微生物含量监测(英)

The outdoor air borne microbial content over Great Wall Station, Antarctica has been monitored, including its diurnal variations and states in fair or foul weather conditions.The results obtained show: the concentration averaged 161. 9 CFU. m-3. When the weather condition was fair, its range of variation is 0～1 336. 2 CFU. m-3, the average value was 1488. 3 CFU. m-3,when the weather was foul, the range of variation was 471. 4-4 296. 8 CFU. m-3. The average value of air borne microbial number in either fair or foul weather was 383. 0 CFU. m-3. This value is over than 21 times that obtained during 1986/1987.The results seem to show that the influence of human activities have been increasing on Antarctic ecosystem. The diurnal variation of the outdoor air borne microbes shows that the peak of content appeared at about 01: 00, and the trough at about 13: 00 in a whole day. Analyses were made of the relationships between the microbial concentration with its related indexes, i. e. relevant air temperature relative humidity or wind force.The results showed some particularities as compared with those from the areas outside Antarctica.     

近40a来江河源区生态环境变化的气候特征分析

利用月气象资料,对过去40a江河源气候变化特征进行分析,并与全球、全国、青藏高原进行了比较.结果表明:江河源区气温具有增暖趋势,近40a两地年平均气温分别增加约0.8℃和0.7℃,为高原异常变暖区.黄河源区变暖的主要特征是最低气温变暖,日照时数增加;最低、最高气温的显著变暖,以及较黄河源区增加更长的日照时数是长江源区变暖的主要特征.长江源区冬季变暖的作用不是主要的,春季、夏季和秋季的变暖作用比冬季还要大;黄河源区的变暖也并不主要是冬季变暖造成的,秋季变暖的作用与其相当,其它季节的变暖作用也不能忽视.近40a来江河源区降水量略有增加,主要体现在20世纪80年代中后期以来春季与冬季降水量的明显增加,夏季降水量虽然总体上没有明显变化,且局地夏季降水量呈持续减少趋势.与全球、全国以及高原区对比显示,江河源区对全球气候变暖的响应最敏感,变暖首先从长江源和整个高原发端,之后15a.黄河源和全国才进入显著温暖期.黄河源与长江源北部降水量的增加表明,气候变暖有利于高原增加降水量.     

1961-2015年山东省济宁市地温与气温变化的相关分析

土壤温度直接影响着作物的生长,在气候变暖的大背景下,研究地面浅层下温度的变化,对指导农业生产意义重大。利用1961-2015年济宁国家级气象站气温和0～20cm地温资料,采用气候倾向率、累积距平、信躁比、蒙特卡罗检验等统计方法,对气温和地温的年、季变化和气候突变及异常特征进行相关分析。结果表明：年、季平均气温和地温均呈极显著增温趋势,增幅为0.18～0.58℃·（10a）^-1,地温增幅小于气温,地温春季增幅最大,气温冬季增幅最大。年平均地温与气温呈极显著正相关,相关系数均在0.87以上,其中20cm地温与气温的相关系数最大为0.93,5cm最小为0.87,春季最大,冬季最小。气温极值的变化与地表温度极值的变化相关性极为显著,平均最低值的相关系数最高。年平均气温和15cm、20cm平均地温在1986年、0cm平均地温在1993年发生了突变,突变前为冷期,突变后为暖期,自20世纪80年代末以来,气温与20cm地温的变化规律最为接近。四季中,气温与0cm地温的异常年份具有较好的一致性;春、夏、秋三季地温和气温分别在2014年、2013年、1998年异常偏高,冬季地温异常年份受气温异常的影响最小。     

辽宁省气温变化趋势中的城市化影响研究

利用1961 - 2017年逐日平均、 最低、 最高气温资料、 DMSP/OLS卫星夜晚灯光数据, 定量分析了城市化对辽宁省平均气温和极端气温指数趋势变化的影响。研究表明： 辽宁省气温呈显著增加趋势, 城市站增温速率明显快于乡村站; 平均最低气温增温率最快, 平均气温次之, 平均最高气温相对较慢; 四季增温速率依次为： 冬季>春季>秋季>夏季; 最低气温的城市化影响贡献率最大, 平均气温次之, 最高气温相对较小; 城市站最低气温的明显升高和最高气温增幅较小, 必将导致日较差明显减小和日较差城市化影响贡献率的增大。城市化加剧了辽宁省极端低温事件的显著减少和极端高温事件的明显增加, 城市化对极端气温事件影响显著。与冷事件有关的极端气温指数的城市化影响均为负值, 与暖事件有关的均为正值; 相对指数的城市化影响贡献率较大, 持续时间指数次之, 除气温日较差以外的绝对指数相对较小。基于最低气温的极端气温指数比基于最高气温的极端气温指数受城市化影响更显著, 其原因可能是城市热岛强度的非对称性以及城市站和乡村站气溶胶浓度之间的差异, 导致最高气温的增加没有最低气温的增加显著。     

西宁市逆温特征及其与空气污染物浓度的相关分析

根据2010-2012年西宁市基本探空气象站逐日07：00时和19：00时两个时次的逆温资料,及西宁市环境监测站监测的大气污染物（SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀）日均值数据,分析了西宁市逆温基本特征及其与空气污染物浓度之间的相关关系. 结果表明：西宁市2010-2012年07：00时逆温出现频率为69%,19：00时逆温出现频率为41%;近地逆温层厚度冬季最厚,夏季最薄. 07：00时和19：00时月平均逆温厚度变化趋势基本一致;西宁市逆温发生频率冬半年明显高于夏半年;秋、冬季产生的逆温强度明显比春、夏季强. 3 a来西宁市空气污染共出现148 d,逆温频率和空气污染物月平均浓度有较好的正相关性. 08：00时西宁市逐日空气污染物浓度与逆温厚度呈正相关,与逆温强度呈负相关关系. 冬、春季平均空气污染物浓度值与逆温厚度、强度均呈正相关关系.     

大兴安岭区域未来气候变化趋势及其对湿地的影响

基于未来2种排放情景下的RCM-PRECIS输出的大兴安岭区域气温与降水量预测数据,采用Mann-Kendall(简称M-K)非参数检验法和线性倾向率法,分析大兴安岭区域2015-2050年气候变化趋势及其对湿地的影响.结果表明,在未来2种情景下,2015-2050年的年平均气温升高显著,A2情景的增温速率(0.54℃·(10a)^-1)高于B2情景(0.41℃·(10a)^-1),与东北地区增温速率(0.56℃·(10a)^-1)一致,B2情景增温速率低于东北地区增温速率;大兴安岭区域自2032年气温开始出现增暖突变现象,增温幅度显著增大.2种情景下季节平均气温的增温速率大小依次为夏季、冬季、春季和秋季,A2情景夏、冬、春、秋季分别为0.59、0.56、0.56、0.52℃·(10a)^-1,B2情景分别为0.48、0.47、0.42、0.37℃·(10a)^-1;各季突变增温时间点和增温趋势显著时段存在差异.2种情景下2015-2050年的年降水量有微弱的减少趋势,M-K检测基本无显著变化;季节降水总体而言,大兴安岭区域未来36a降水量仍以夏季为主,占全年降水量的60%左右;春季和秋季次之,各占全年降水量的18%~19%.未来大兴安岭区域气候呈现暖干化趋势,其中21世纪20、40年代大兴安岭湿地受到气候暖干化的胁迫相应较强,未来气候暖干化趋势是大兴安岭湿地生态系统萎缩和退化的主要诱因之一,未来大兴安岭湿地生态系统仍将受到气候暖干化趋势的巨大威胁,面临萎缩和严重退化趋势.     

南极半岛近百年气温的年代际振荡

利用南极半岛及邻近地区(30°～70°W,50°S以南)气象观测资料较好的12个站,建立了该地区近百年的气温距平序列.结果表明:1)近百年南极半岛气温有3个跃变点,分别在1919-1923年1947-1953年和1976-1982年之间,两个跃变点之间的稳定气候阶段的平均长度约30a左右;2)各阶段平均气温成阶梯式的上升,近百年年气温增加了0.730℃,但增温幅度各季不同:冬季最大,夏季最小;3)南极半岛年冰密集度指数倾向率为-0.2053·(10a)^-1,而且夏半年(12～翌年5月)比冬半年(6～11月)大;4)南极半岛温度与它的冰密集度指数呈反相关,夏季、秋季和年的相关系数都超过了5%信度.     

近百年来贵州高原气温时空演变特征及趋势

在全球气候变暖背景下,气温变化具有显著的地域差异,认识区域气温变化特征,对于生态安全和可持续发展是非常重要的。本文基于CRU、MODIS遥感数据以及气象站观测数据,使用累积距平、一元线性回归、5a滑动平均、线性倾向率、R/S分析等方法,揭示了贵州高原气温的时空演变特征及对生态安全的影响。结果表明:（1）在空间上,贵州高原气温时空演变历史过程具有地域差异性和季节性,总体呈南高北低的空间分布格局,春季和冬季气温空间分布特征比较相似,夏季与春季、冬季特征近似相反,秋季空间分布不明显,主要受到海拔和纬度的影响;（2）1901以来,气温呈现出以-0.31 ℃/century的速率波动下降趋势,且以秋季为主;（3）1951年以来,气温呈现出以0.71 ℃/century的速率波动上升趋势,且以秋季为主;（4）2000年以来,气温呈现出以-5.43 ℃/century的速率波动下降趋势,且以冬季为主,具有一定的年际性和季节性。综上所述,贵州高原气温呈现下降趋势,且主要受到海拔和纬度的双重影响。本研究结果为研究区合理利用气候资源、区域产业结构调整、生态环境保护工程等提供决策支撑。      

区域气候模式对温室效应引起的中国西北地区气候变化的数值模拟

使用RegCM2区域气候模式,进行了CO₂加倍对中国区域气候影响的数值试验,对西北地区进行了重点分析.结果表明,在CO₂加倍的情况下,西北地区的气温将明显升高,年平均升高值为2.7℃,高于全国平均变化.同时降水也将明显增加,平均增加率达到25%,远高于全国平均,增加率的数值大小依次为冬季、春季、秋季和夏季.     

青海省极端气温事件的气候变化特征研究

选用青海省37个气象站点1961-2011年近51 a, 逐日气温(最高、 最低、 平均)资料, 采用国际通用的极端气温指数定义计算了9种极端气温指数, 并分析其主要气候特征.结果表明: 近51 a青海省极端气温呈明显上升趋势, 极端冷指标(霜冻、 结冰日数、 冷夜、 冷昼指数)呈下降趋势, 而极端暖指标(夏天日数、 暖夜、 暖昼指数)呈上升趋势, 且极端冷指标的减少幅度高于极端暖指标的增加幅度.空间分布上, 极端气温指数在全省呈一致的上升(下降)趋势分布.在近51 a的时间尺度上各种极端气温指数都存在多个较明显的周期, 如较短的3~8 a的准周期, 以及13 a、 17 a、 27 a的年代际周期特征.青海省年平均气温与极端气温指数有很高的相关性, 气候变暖突变前后极端气温指数表现出明显差异: 在变暖突变发生后, 霜冻日数、 冷夜指数、 冷昼指数、 结冰日数明显减少, 夏天日数、 暖夜指数及暖昼指数明显增加, 其中相对指数几乎呈倍数显著变化, 表明极端气温指数对气候变暖有很好的响应.     

东北地区地温和冻结深度时空特征的细化分析

根据东北地区144个国家气象站1951—2016年的地温和土壤冻结深度资料,采用实测资料统计及统计建模推算的方法,对东北地区地温和冻结深度时空特征进行了细化分析。结果表明：东北地区地温整体由南到北逐渐降低,冻结深度逐渐增大。各层年平均地温呈向北2个纬度降低1 ℃左右,年平均最大冻结深度为向北2~3个纬度加深30 cm左右,极端最大冻结深度为向北2个纬度加深30 cm左右。地温和冻结深度与纬度关系显著,与经度和海拔也有一定相关性,但在东北北部的多年冻土区基本不受后两者影响。不同深度的地温季节特征不同,地表温度季节特征与气温一致,160 cm以下深度四季温度从高到低为秋、夏、冬、春。地表夏季与冬季温差达到33.5 ℃,而320 cm深处最热季与最冷季的温差仅为7 ℃。气候变暖使得东北地区各层地温升高、冻结深度减小、冻结期缩短,尤其在多年冻土区及其临近的高纬度季节冻土区更为显著。相对于下层土壤,地表升温最大。伊春地表升温趋势达到1.16 ℃?（10a）^-1,40~320 cm土层升温趋势为0.60 ℃?（10a）^-1左右,冻结深度减小、冻结期缩短趋势分别达到 23 cm?（10a）^-1、8 d?（10a）^-1,大幅升温不利于多年冻土的存在。