重庆市主城区城市路网演变分析及与城市扩张耦合性研究

研究结合重庆市主城区2011-2017年高分辨率遥感影像和相关地形图、规划资料及交通专题资料信息等,提取城市路网和城市建设用地数据,基于GIS操作平台,采用空间核密度方法分析主城区城市路网时空演变特征,探索城市路网空间分布规律,以街道(镇)为研究单元分析城市道路与城市用地扩张之间的耦合关系,为合理规划交通道路布局,促进城市扩张与道路网络的协调发展提供了重要参考依据。结果表明,主城区城市路网分布具有空间不均衡性特征,路网演变有明显的方向性,以东西两翼带状区域变化为主,路网密度变化集中在低密度区。与城市用地扩张相关性研究中发现,城市路网是城市扩张的主要驱动力之一,路网中密度区域对城市扩张的驱动效应最明显。     

城市公共交通覆盖度空间统计分析研究

为了合理分析城市公共交通发展现状并对其发展提供可参考的依据,本文利用地理信息系统空间分析和统计方法,在确立多个评价指标的基础上,对城市公共交通覆盖度情况进行不同角度、不同方面的评价。以沈阳市内部分区域为研究对象,提取研究区域基础地理数据,结合人口数据以及公共交通线网缓冲区,选取城市主次干道为边界划分分析单元,将人口密度与道路数据相结合,将评价体系与数据进行对比分析。根据评价指标,得到研究范围内城市公交资源的分布状况。实验结果表明,该方法能够较好地分析城市公共交通分布特征,为城市交通规划设计提供思路。     

应用GIS的城市中心区定界方法

城市中心区等空间范围是城市研究中必须面对的基本问题。由于社会经济要素集聚的相对性和过渡性,城市中心区的位置和界线范围通常是不明确的,只有一个大致的范围,缺乏一个简单的确定方法。依据市政公用设施、地价、交通量等统计数据及其空间分布确定城市范围的传统方法工作量大、欠缺可比性。本研究以广州市城市道路网为数据基础,利用ArcGIS空间分析的密度分析方法圈定并验证了广州市城市中心区的边界范围。     

基于高分辨率影像的道路交通可达性分析

基于完善的交通规划理论和模型,以某市为例,借助RS技术的空间数据获取能力和GIS技术的空间分析能力,综合考虑最短出行距离、最短出行时间以及网络节点人口密度3个因素,研究分析某市的道路交通可达性,并对现有的道路交通网络进行评价,为未来城市道路交通规划以及城市建设提供科学可靠的参考依据。     

Morphological similarities between DBM and a microeconomic model of sprawl

We present a model that simulates the growth of a metropolitan area on a 2D lattice. The model is dynamic and based on microeconomics. Households show preferences for nearby open spaces and neighbourhood density. They compete on the land market. They travel along a road network to access the CBD. A planner ensures the connectedness and maintenance of the road network. The spatial pattern of houses, green spaces and road network self-organises, emerging from agents individualistic decisions. We perform several simulations and vary residential preferences. Our results show morphologies and transition phases that are similar to Dieletric Breakdown Models (DBM). Such similarities were observed earlier by other authors, but we show here that it can be deducted from the functioning of the land market and thus explicitly connected to urban economic theory.     

基于GIS的兰州市主城区牛肉面馆空间分布特征及趋向性分析

研究兰州市主城区牛肉面馆空间分布特征及趋向性,对今后兰州市城市规划、牛肉面行业投资等有重要的指导意义。本文基于GeoSharp V1.0提取的牛肉面馆和学校的点数据和兰州市主城区路网数据,运用核密度和缓冲区分析方法,研究牛肉面馆空间分布特征及趋向性。研究结果表明:从空间分布来看,兰州市牛肉面馆整体的分布格局呈现中心-外围结构,即中心城区为高聚集区,向外依次呈梯度递减的圈层状空间格局,对牛肉面馆与学校、道路的空间趋向性研究发现,牛肉面馆的分布对学校、道路有较强的趋向性。研究结果以期为兰州市主城区牛肉面产业发展提出决策建议、改善投资环境等提供科学依据。     

Network Density Estimation: A GIS Approach for Analysing Point Patterns in a Network Space

Human activities and more generally the phenomena related to human behaviour take place in a network‐constrained subset of the geographical space. These phenomena can be expressed as locations having their positions configured by a road network, as address points with street numbers. Although these events are considered as points on a network, point pattern analysis and the techniques implemented in a GIS environment generally consider events as taking place in a uniform space, with distance expressed as Euclidean and over a homogeneous and isotropic space. Network‐spatial analysis has developed as a research agenda where the attention is drawn towards point pattern analytical techniques applied to a space constrained by a road network. Little attention has been put on first order properties of a point pattern (i.e. density) in a network space, while mainly second order analysis such as nearest neighbour and K‐functions have been implemented for network configurations of the geographical space. In this article, a method for examining clusters of human‐related events on a network, called Network Density Estimation (NDE), is implemented using spatial statistical tools and GIS packages. The method is presented and compared to conventional first order spatial analytical techniques such as Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). Network Density Estimation is tested using the locations of a sample of central, urban activities associated with bank and insurance company branches in the central areas of two midsize European cities, Trieste (Italy) and Swindon (UK).     

基于GIS的青岛市中心城区道路网络可达性研究

针对青岛市中心城区交通网络建设不完善的问题,研究了该区域路网的综合可达性,并提出了相应的解决方案。基于GIS平台,建立了青岛市中心城区路网模型;选取最小阻抗(时间和距离)、交叉口服务指数、路网密度和路网连通度作为关键评价指标,分别从路网距离关系、路网结构合理性、路网密度和路网发育程度4个方面分析了该区域的路网可达性;在此基础上,建立了青岛市中心城区路网综合评价模型。研究结果表明,该区域的路网以多中心多圈层形式分布,整体可达性良好;西南区域路网密度低,南部外围区域机动性差,南部地区可达性较差,应不断加强该地区的基础设施与路网建设。     

不同医疗资源空间配置及影响因素的地理探测——以贵阳主城区为例

医疗资源空间配置关系居民的健康福祉,以往研究更多关注医院,忽略了药店、诊所等社会卫生资源的系统配置。本文以贵阳市主城区为例,实地调查各级医疗机构、民间医疗、药店等不同医药类型体系,运用核密度、地理探测器等空间分析工具,探究引起城市医疗资源空间配置差异性的因素。结果表明,贵阳市主城区医药卫生服务空间布局呈内密外疏的特点,形成整体上“一心一带多点”的空间结构。其中,“一心一带”呈现了公立医疗资源,尤其是不同等级（三级、二级）的公立医院在空间分布上的等级性;“多点”则体现在社区医院、诊所及药店在空间上的均衡性。医疗资源空间配置整体受居住用地、道路密度、人口密度等因素影响明显,但不同类型医疗资源的影响因素存在差异。     

Extracting spatial patterns in bicycle routes from crowdsourced data

Much is done nowadays to provide cyclists with safe and sustainable road infrastructure. Its development requires the investigation of road usage and interactions between traffic commuters. This article is focused on exploiting crowdsourced user‐generated data, namely GPS trajectories collected by cyclists and road network infrastructure generated by citizens, to extract and analyze spatial patterns and road‐type use of cyclists in urban environments. Since user‐generated data shows data‐deficiencies, we introduce tailored spatial data‐handling processes for which several algorithms are developed and implemented. These include data filtering and segmentation, map‐matching and spatial arrangement of GPS trajectories with the road network. A spatial analysis and a characterization of road‐type use are then carried out to investigate and identify specific spatial patterns of cycle routes. The proposed analysis was applied to the cities of Amsterdam (The Netherlands) and Osnabrück (Germany), proving its feasibility and reliability in mining road‐type use and extracting pattern information and preferences. This information can help users who wish to explore friendlier and more interesting cycle patterns, based on collective usage, as well as city planners and transportation experts wishing to pinpoint areas most in need of further development and planning.     

Incorporating GIS data into an agent-based model to support planning policy making for the development of creative industries

This paper presents an extension to the agent-based model “Creative Industries Development–Urban Spatial Structure Transformation” by incorporating GIS data. Three agent classes, creative firms, creative workers and urban government, are considered in the model, and the spatial environment represents a set of GIS data layers (i.e. road network, key housing areas, land use). With the goal to facilitate urban policy makers to draw up policies locally and optimise the land use assignment in order to support the development of creative industries, the improved model exhibited its capacity to assist the policy makers conducting experiments and simulating different policy scenarios to see the corresponding dynamics of the spatial distributions of creative firms and creative workers across time within a city/district. The spatiotemporal graphs and maps record the simulation results and can be used as a reference by the policy makers to adjust land use plans adaptively at different stages of the creative industries’ development process.     

公路走廊带景观破碎度的空间分异研究

近年来,我国公路对自然生态环境的影响随着通车里程的增加而日益显著。在公路选线的过程中,全面分析拟建公路走廊带内景观破碎度的空间分异特征,可有效减少公路修建对生态环境的不利影响。本文利用遥感分类技术和GIS(地理信息系统)空间分析方法,以湖南长湘公路走廊带某段土地斑块和景观分类为基础,借助斑块密度指数、最大斑块指数和相似邻近比指数,在斑块类型水平和景观水平两个层面全面分析公路走廊带内自然林地景观、农业景观和城乡建设景观破碎度的空间分异特征。结果表明:长湘公路走廊带内景观破碎度高的地区主要分布在大型斑块边缘、平原地区以及公路沿线;自然林地景观和农业景观的破碎度较低,城乡建设景观的破碎度较高;城乡建设景观的破碎度与公路相关性最强,表现出顺应公路走向的条带状蔓延特征。该研究成果可为公路选线方案的制订和完善提供环境影响方面的参考。     

顾及道路网约束的商业设施空间点模式分析

基于社交网络点评数据, 考虑到城市的路网结构特征, 采用道路网约束下的核密度估计方法研究城市商业设施的空间分布模式。同时, 结合商业设施的顾客光临次数和评分对核密度估计进行加权, 发现了城市商业设施顾客光临和顾客满意度在空间上的差异性, 即在部分路段商业设施的分布、顾客光临分布以及顾客满意度分布不匹配。为了分析这种空间差异性, 针对城市的路网结构特征以及社交网络点评数据特征, 提出了道路网约束下的G统计量作为指标的空间自相关分析方法, 通过量化分析发现了高值聚集和低值聚集的路段, 反映了顾客光临和顾客满意度在空间上的分布模式, 揭示了顾客满意度高或低的商业设施在空间上的聚集分布。这些分析结果为城市规划、商业设施布局、选址问题等提供了定量化的参考依据。     

基于道路网络分析的Voronoi面域图构建算法

提出一种基于网络分析的Voronoi面域图和加权Voronoi面域图构建算法。鉴于道路网络在城市中心地、公共设施引力传导与功能覆盖上的重要作用,采用网络最短路径距离分析和最短路径时间分析构建的Voronoi面域图可以模拟出中心功能的辐射影响范围空间划分的实际情形,进而为空间分析和空间优化提供有力支持。算法过程主要包括:设施邻近道路结点检索和分界结点计算;基于网络最短路径分析Dijkstra算法和分界结点计算的网络Voronoi划分;基于空间离散化、邻近道路分析的空间Voronoi划分及其矢量化处理算法。计算实验结果表明本文提出算法可靠和高效,能够模拟出具有预期精度和形态复杂的网络Voronoi面域图形。     

基于高分辨率遥感数据的城市居住单元交通环境质量评价——以厦门市为例

居住单元是与人们生活密切相关的社区范围,其交通环境的优劣是衡量居住单元环境好坏的重要标准之一。高分辨遥感影像 的高空间分辨率特点为我们提供了研究居住单元交通环境的可能性。本文从区域交通环境、路网可达性出发,对城市居住单元交通 环境质量的遥感评价方法进行了研究,根据高分辨率遥感影像的特点构建了居住单元交通环境的多级指标评价体系,并对厦门市的 50个居住单元进行了评价分析。实验表明,利用高分辨率影像进行城市交通环境质量评价是一种成本较低,简便可行的方法。     

湖北省县域道路网络综合通达性及其空间特征

道路网络通达性是区域交通体系建设所要考虑的重要方面。本文以GIS为技术手段,通过重力度量模型、道路加权和密度模型计算得出经济联系指数和道路加权核密度指数,并构建综合通达性指数来分析湖北省县域道路网络综合通达性及其空间特征分布。结果表明:(1)湖北省103个县经济联系指数以武汉市主城区最高;(2)道路加权核密度指数以武汉市东西湖区最高;(3)道路网络综合通达性最高的5个县级行政单元为硚口区、汉阳区、江岸区、江汉区、东西湖区。本文填补了目前国内省级交通网络通达性方面的研究空白,为湖北省道路交通网络的建设和布局优化提供了参考依据。     

Spatio-temporal analysis for monitoring urban growth – a case study of Indore City

Urban sprawl is characterized by haphazard patchwork of development, which leads to an improper development in any city. To prevent this kind of sprawl in future, it is necessary to monitor the growth of the city. Hence, an attempt has been made in the present study to monitor the urban growth over a period of time by employing Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System techniques in conjunction with Shannon entropy. Shannon entropy is a measure to determine the compactness or dispersion of built-up land growth in the urban areas. The growth patterns of urban built-up land have been studied initially by dividing the area into four zones. The observations have been made with respect to each zone. Then, the study area has been divided into concentric circles of 1 km buffers and the growth patterns have been studied based on urban built-up density with respect to each circular buffer in all four zones. These observations have been integrated with road network to check the influence of infrastructure on haphazard urban growth. It has been found from the study that Shannon entropy is a good measure to determine the spatial concentration or dispersion of built-up land in the city. The study also proved the potential of RS and GIS techniques in the spatio-temporal analysis of urban growth trends and their consequences in the lands adjoining to urban areas.     

武汉市体育场馆空间分布分析与研究

以武汉市为研究区域,运用密度分析和空间自相关探索武汉市体育场馆空间分布的聚集性;利用空间二元相关性定量地分析体育场馆空间分布与经济要素、社会要素以及道路网的相关性。结果表明,武汉市体育场馆在中心城区呈聚集并向外围扩散;人口密度、生产总值以及道路网密度都在不同程度上影响着体育场馆的空间布局。武汉市体育场馆的空间分布受经济和交通情况的影响比较大。通过多元回归模型,预测随着武汉城市中心及以外地区经济的发展、道路的完善以及政府的大力支持,乡村郊区的体育场馆数量将不断增多,武汉市体育馆将向着中心城区密集一乡村郊区普及的分布模式转变。     

利用地理标签数据感知城市活力

高度活跃的城市是社会稳定发展的基础。基于地理标签感知的城市活力能够量化城市发展现状,探索城市活力的影响机制,为精细化城市治理提供技术支撑。传统城市活力研究依赖于街区的活力调查,时间长,费用高。本文研究利用兴趣点和社交媒体签到等地理标签数据,提出了城市活力度量指标,探索性分析城市活力的分布模式。基于土地利用、道路和建筑物等数据计算建成环境指标,构建城市活力和建成环境之间的普通线性回归与空间自回归模型,揭示了影响城市活力的建成环境因素。基于深圳市的试验结果表明:兴趣点和社交媒体签到数据能够较好地指示城市活力。深圳市的城市活力主要受商业用地、工业用地、土地混合利用以及路网密度、地铁站点密度的影响。住宅用地和建筑物占地密度对基于POI的城市活力具有显著影响。     

A graph-based approach for the structural analysis of road and building layouts

A better understanding of the relationship between the structure and functions of urban and suburban spaces is one of the avenues of research still open for geographical information science. The research presented in this paper develops several graph-based metrics whose objective is to characterize some local and global structural properties that reflect the way the overall building layout can be cross-related to the one of the road layout. Such structural properties are modeled as an aggregation of parcels, buildings, and road networks. We introduce several computational measures (Ratio Minimum Distance, Minimum Ratio Minimum Distance, and Metric Compactness) that respectively evaluate the capability for a given road to be connected with the whole road network. These measures reveal emerging sub-network structures and point out differences between less-connective and more-connective parts of the network. Based on these local and global properties derived from the topological and graph-based representation, and on building density metrics, this paper proposes an analysis of road and building layouts at different levels of granularity. The metrics developed are applied to a case study in which the derived properties reveal coherent as well as incoherent neighborhoods that illustrate the potential of the approach and the way buildings and roads can be relatively connected in a given urban environment. Overall, and by integrating the parcels and buildings layouts, this approach complements other previous and related works that mainly retain the configurational structure of the urban network as well as morphological studies whose focus is generally limited to the analysis of the building layout.