耦合水库群参数化方案的区域陆面水文模拟

中国水库数目众多,密集的水库运行和调蓄影响着陆地水循环和陆气间的水分能量交换过程,给高强度开发地区水文规律认知和水文模拟及预报带来了挑战。围绕这一问题,本研究以鄱阳湖流域及流域内千余座水库为研究对象,从水库水量平衡方程、水库蓄泄规则、多阻断扩散波汇流等方面构建了水库群参数化方案,并从地表水、地下水、蒸散发、能量通量等角度实现了其与陆面水文双向耦合模式（CLHMS）的动态耦合。结果表明:所构建的水库群参数化方案可以较好地模拟水库的蓄泄过程,提高了耦合模式在鄱阳湖流域的径流模拟精度;水库群可以使赣江、信江、抚河丰水期径流减少3.7%~6.0%,枯水期径流增加5.9%~12.6%,多年平均径流减少0.6%~1.5%;在空间分布上,水库群对流域中部和北部径流的调蓄作用相对显著。本研究所改进的陆面水文模式可以为高强度人类活动影响下气象、水文、水资源交叉领域的研究提供分析工具和模型基础,从而支撑变化环境下区域水资源的可持续利用。     

水中自然电场法探测病态水库岩溶渗漏通道———以金鸡河水库一级水电站为例

在岩溶区修建的水库或矿山尾矿库等建筑物,常因库区岩溶地质条件复杂而出现库水或污水渗漏等问题,岩溶渗漏通道勘察中常用的物探方法多布置在库区的大坝、坝肩等库岸陆地一带,未能对库内的库底岩溶塌陷等岩溶渗漏通道直接进行探测与评价,致使探测与治理效果往往不佳。本文以桂北金鸡河水库一级水电站放水涵管旁岩溶渗漏通道探测为例,研究水上自然电场法探测水库岩溶渗漏通道的原理、现场工作方法及探测效果。研究区出露地层主要由泥盆系榴江组（D3l）石灰岩夹白云岩、白云质灰岩,泥盆系东岗岭阶（D2d）白云岩、石灰岩、泥质灰岩组成,隐伏岩溶中等发育。区内一级水电站放水管入水口放水可引起强烈水上自然电位负心区域场,经采用圆周平均法划分水上自然电位区域场与剩余局部异常计算,分离出6个被强烈区域场淹盖了的次级似等轴状或似椭圆状负心水上自然电位剩余局部异常。经潜水员潜水入库内查看,这6个负心剩余局部异常区在库底均有岩溶塌陷或岩溶开口或库底渗漏天窗一一对应,其中,16线46-48号测点附近出现的似等轴状负心剩余局部异常对应的库底岩溶塌陷规模最大,塌陷坑直径约1.8 m,塌陷坑深约2.5 m,其余异常区对应的库底渗漏天窗或岩溶开口规模次之。经库内外水的简易连通实验及工程地质钻探,物探异常查证效果好。水上自然电场法可用于岩溶病态库区水上应急、快速圈定浅层岩溶渗漏通道范围等岩溶地质问题调查。      

Geostatistical approach for the assessment of the water reservoir capacity in arid regions: a case study of the Akdarya reservoir,Uzbekistan

The paper presents the results of a new geostatistical approach to generate bathymetric surface models from point measurement converted into continuous contour surfaces of reservoir bottoms in Uzbekistan. Sedimentation of reservoirs raises engineering, environmental and economical issues for the communities around the world in areas affected by a strong water deficit. Because of Uzbekistan’s arid climatic conditions, and uneven spatial and temporal water resources distribution, responsive and innovative water availability assessment surveys of all major water reservoirs are required. Bathymetric surveying is a traditional method that is carried out for the estimation of reservoir volumes and surface areas of the corresponding reservoir stages in order to assess the water availability. Volume and surface area differences derived from multiple surveys of a reservoir provide storage loss estimates over time due to sedimentation. However, two main factors, such as intensive field data measurement and post data-processing, often limit the frequency of these surveys. Alternatively, innovative depth measurement technologies coupled with contouring and surface mapping programs provide automated reservoir volume and surface area calculations. This significantly reduces time, workload and financial burdens for reservoir sedimentation projects. This research proposes the use of geostatistical approach to assess the reservoir sedimentation in the Akdarya reservoir of Uzbekistan. The geostatistical approach includes (semi-) variogram analysis and interpolation (kriging and simulations—turning bands) techniques predicting values at unsampled locations for generating digital bathymetric surface models of reservoir bottom conditions in order to calculate the volume and surface area at a given water elevation. The simulation enables to have range of reservoir volumes and surface areas with the same probability, in comparison to the kriging and traditional methods. This gives a real estimation of the resource availability for water operators to manage natural resources and hydraulic infrastructure in a sustainable manner.     

王府断陷断裂特征及其对深层火山岩气藏的控制作用研究

松辽盆地深层火山岩天然气藏勘探获突破进展,表明火山岩成藏条件良好。在火山岩天然气成藏研究方面前人做了很多工作,但对于断层在成藏控制作用方面研究较少。本文以松辽盆地东南部王府断陷为研究对象,利用地震资料进行构造、断裂精细解释,总结了断裂发育特征,并系统分析了断裂体系对成藏的控制作用,认为该区断裂体系是火山岩气藏最为根本和关键的控制因素,具体表现在不同级别、不同期次的断层对油气成藏的控制作用不同。王府西断裂为铲式断裂,是控制洼陷形成的边界大断层。王府1东基底断裂与城深2东基底断裂控制了山东屯与小城子两个二级构造带的形成,还直接控制火山岩储集体的分布。本区火山口大多发育于两条或多条断裂的交汇处,其四周依次发育爆发相、溢流相、火山通道相、火山沉积相,其中最有利的火山岩储集体主要发育于爆发相与溢流相。利用地震技术能够对火山岩储集体进行有效识别。储层研究表明,山东屯构造带火山岩储集体发育,西邻沉积中心与烃源岩构成良好的生储盖组合,是王府断陷深层天然气成藏最为有利的地区。断裂体系对火山口与火山岩相及储集体的分布具有重要的控制作用,对研究区火山岩成藏至关重要。这些认识对类似地区的勘探有一定指导作用。     

The paleoecology and archaeology of long‐term water storage in a Hohokam reservoir,southwestern Arizona,U.S.A.

Water storage reservoirs were an important feature of economic organization among ancient societies in the North American Southwest. Analyses of reservoir sediments from a Hohokam archaeological site in the Sonoran Desert yielded taxonomic species of ostracodes (microscopic crustaceans) and pollen grains that are indicative of a past water‐rich environment. The discovery that this reservoir was capable of storing water on a long‐term basis indicates that archaeological models for the region, which have relied on direct historic analogy, must be reexamined. In contrast to the local ethnographic record, paleoecological data generated by this study imply that the Hohokam could establish permanent desert settlements with water storage reservoirs away from perennial rivers and streams. Moreover, residents of these areas were geographically positioned to facilitate the circulation of marine resources (i.e., salt and shell) from the Gulf of California to territories within and beyond the Hohokam region. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

隐蔽油气藏研究的难点和前沿

隐蔽油气藏已成为中国油气勘探的主要领域之一。随着勘探程度的提高,隐蔽油气藏勘探向复杂条件拓展,深层隐蔽油气藏发育与保存、不整合面结构与隐蔽油气藏分布、调整改造型隐蔽油气藏形成和保存机理成为隐蔽油气藏勘探和成藏机理研究的难点和前沿。深部存在活跃源岩和具有较高孔隙度和渗透率的储层是深层隐蔽油气藏成藏的基础。超压环境生烃作用动力学的研究进展提高了预测深层源岩生烃潜力的能力,已知的深层高孔隙度储层保存机理可成为预测深部储层孔渗条件的基础。不整合面结构特别是古土壤层的厚度及封闭能力、古土壤层之下半风化岩层的厚度及渗透率是研究与不整合面有关的隐蔽油气藏的关键。由于多期构造叠加、多期生烃和多期成藏,叠合盆地很多隐蔽油气藏经历了不同程度的调整改造,形成有成因联系的一系列调整改造型隐蔽油气藏,研究晚期构造与早期构造的叠加方式是预测调整改造型隐蔽油气藏的基础。准噶尔盆地中部,隐蔽油气藏同时具有埋藏深、不整合面结构复杂、多期成藏多期调整改造的特点,是建立复杂隐蔽油气藏成藏与勘探理论的天然实验室。     

梯级水库水温影响的极限

水库的修建给防洪、发电、灌溉、供水等带来巨大经济效益的同时,也对环境产生一定的影响,尤其是水库泄流对下游河道水温的改变,扰乱下游动、植物繁殖与生长的自然节律,而梯级水库无疑将这一影响进行了放大。为研究水库梯级修建对水温的极限影响,构建了虚拟水库Alpha,并使Alpha水库首尾相连无限叠加,采用宽度平均的立面二维数学模型CE-QUAL-W2对梯级水库水温进行模拟。结果表明:河流梯级开发带来的水温累积影响存在极限,梯级开发使水温分层现象极大地弱化,但库区分层结构不会消失;经过22个梯级调节,水库下泄水温相对来流水温不再变化,在同一时刻、同一位置无论是表层水温还是库底水温均与上游梯级相同,库区流场也与上游流场相同;水库水温累积影响达到极限表明入流热量、出流热量完全达到平衡。     

Hydro-mechanically coupled finite-element analysis of the stability of a fractured-rock slope using the equivalent continuum approach: a case study of planned reservoir banks in Blaubeuren,Germany

Construction works associated with the building of reservoirs in mountain areas can damage the stability of adjacent valley slopes. Seepage processes caused by the filling and drawdown operations of reservoirs also affect the stability of the reservoir banks over time. The presented study investigates the stability of a fractured-rock slope subjected to seepage forces in the lower basin of a planned pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) plant in Blaubeuren, Germany. The investigation uses a hydro-mechanically coupled finite-element analyses. For this purpose, an equivalent continuum model is developed by using a representative elementary volume (REV) approach. To determine the minimum required REV size, a large number of discrete fracture networks are generated using Monte Carlo simulations. These analyses give a REV size of 28?×?28 m, which is sufficient to represent the equivalent hydraulic and mechanical properties of the investigated fractured-rock mass. The hydro-mechanically coupled analyses performed using this REV size show that the reservoir operations in the examined PSH plant have negligible effect on the adjacent valley slope.     

黔中隆起及周缘地区灯影组古岩溶储层 发育特征和控制因素

黔中隆起及周缘地区的上震旦统灯影组经历了震旦纪末的桐湾运动,发生了古风化壳岩溶作用,形成了一系列的岩溶储集空间。通过样品物性测试、薄片分析、野外观测等手段,从岩性、沉积相、白云岩化、构造等内外控制因素对岩溶储集空间的成因进行了分析。虽然灯影组属于低孔低渗储层,但较强的水动力环境形成的藻(屑)白云岩仍具有较高的孔隙度。白云岩化作用使储层的孔隙度增大,增加了岩石的可溶性;沉积间断使岩石经历了大气淡水的风化淋滤,形成了以裂缝及孔洞为主的储集空间。灯影组古岩溶储层在研究区内具有良好的发育条件,将为中国南方寻找深部油气资源提供极为重要的场所。     

Seismicity changes associated with reservoir loading

Changes in seismic activity have been related to the filling of large reservoirs in over thirty cases. These changes range from variations in the level of micro-earthquake activity detectable only with instruments of high sensitivity to destructive earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6. On the other hand, the filling of many other large reservoirs has not been accompanied by increased seismicity.

A number of factors may contribute to the generation or absence of post-impounding seismicity. Increased vertical stress due to the load of the reservoir and decreased effective stress due to increased pore pressure can modify the stress regime in the reservoir region. Whether or not these stress changes are sufficient to generate earthquake activity will depend on a complex interaction of the induced stress with the state of pre-existing stress near the reservoir, and on the geologic and hydrologic conditions at the site. The combined effect of increased vertical load and increased pore pressure will have the greatest tendency to increase activity in regions where the maximum compressive stress is vertical (normal faulting). In regions where the minimum compressive stress is vertical (thrust faulting) increased stress due to a vertical load should have a minimum effect. For all of the larger reservoir-induced earthquakes the stress system determined from fault plane solutions is in agreement with the pre-existing stress field in the region of the reservoir. These earthquakes are all of strike-slip or normal type, there being no reported cases of large induced earthquakes with thrusting mechanisms.

The potential for major changes in seismicity may be highest in regions of moderate strain accumulation (low to moderate natural seismicity). In areas of high strain accumulation and high levels of natural seismicity, the stress changes induced by the reservoir will be small compared to natural variations. In aseismic areas, with low strain accumulation, the reservoir-induced stresses may be insufficient to raise the stress level to a state of failure.     

Controlling factors of reservoir quality in low-permeability reservoir within a sequence stratigraphic framework: a case study of the lower Jurassic sandstones in the Northern margin of the Qaidam Basin,China

The Qaidam Basin, one of China’s most prolific petroliferous basins, is located in the northeastern corner of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Using analytical data from cores, thin-sections and seismic data, and combined with the previous sequence stratigraphy research results, research on the reservoir characteristics was undertaken. The main controlling factors of reservoir quality in the sequence stratigraphy framework in the Lenghu area are discussed. The Lower Jurassic includes lowstand system tract (LST) and transitional systems tract (TST); the highstand systems tract are missing owing to tectonic uplift. The Lower Jurassic sandstones are composed of moderately to poorly sorted, subrounded sandstone representing several representative environments, including fan-delta and lacustrine facies. The main types of the Lower Jurassic sandstones are mostly feldspathic litharenite and lithic sandstone. The pore types of the Lower Jurassic sandstones are mainly secondary dissolution pores with few fracture types. The Lower Jurassic sandstones have experienced strong compaction that resulted in the loss of primary porosity. Carbonate cementation of the LST sandstones is greater than in the TST sandstones. Dissolution, which has an important role in reservoir development, is mainly caused by acidic fluids from the matured source rocks in the LST and meteoric water ingression from the top sequence boundary in the TST. Distributary channel sandstones adjacent to coal and mudstones are favourable reservoirs with turbidite sandstones adjacent to the sequence boundary less favourable reservoirs.     

四川盆地上三叠统须家河组气藏类型与富集高产主控因素

四川盆地上三叠统须家河组,由于强烈的成岩作用,砂岩厚而致密,储层非均质性强,多类型天然气藏发育。其主要发育八种常规气藏与两种非常规气藏。其中岩性气藏、构造—岩性复合气藏等规模大,储量丰富,是重要气藏类型,主要发育于川中地区;水溶气藏也很发育,产量高,潜力大,广泛分布于川中—川西的平缓斜坡区与坳陷区,是四川盆地未来重要发展方向。须家河组天然气藏大多具有近源、高压、含凝析油、含水,分布广、规模大,气、水关系复杂等特点。由于不同地区的沉积、成岩、构造等方面的不同,其天然气成藏的主控因素差异较大。如川中地区主要控制因素是岩性,川西冲断带则主要是构造与裂缝,川北主要是裂缝与岩性。因此,储集体、构造与裂缝等是须家河组天然气聚集成藏的三大主控因素,这三大要素的有效组合也是天然气富集高产区形成的关键。     

淮南采煤沉陷区积水来源的氢氧稳定同位素证据

淮南是我国东部重要的能源基地,由于长期地下采煤,地表形成大面积的采煤沉陷区并积水,造成严重地质灾害。针对于此,部分学者提出利用采煤沉陷区建立"平原水库"解决周边地区干旱年份农田缺水问题的设想。然而,一方面,由于煤层上覆几百米厚的新生代沉积,采煤塌陷形成的沉陷裂隙是否沟通了不同含水层之间的水力联系,并因此改变了这个地区的地下水系统,成为区域水资源评价需要了解的一个重要科学问题;另一方面,建立"平原水库"需要有稳定的补给水源,采煤形成的沉陷裂隙如果沟通了地下不同深度含水层的水力联系,是否使地下水成为塌陷区除降雨外的重要补给来源,这就成为评价"平原水库"水资源潜力的重要参考依据。氢氧稳定同位素是示踪天然水体水来源的重要手段,笔者在淮南矿区采集了旱季和雨季的浅层地下水、河水、雨水、沉陷区的积水等不同水体的水样23件,分析了其氢氧稳定同位素组成并与深层地下水进行对比。结果表明:雨季和旱季,该地区采煤沉陷区积水的氢氧稳定同位素组成都非常接近大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素组成,而与深层地下水的氢氧稳定同位素组成相差较大,说明采煤沉陷区的积水来源主要是大气降水补给。采煤沉陷区的沉陷裂隙贯穿了整个新生代地层,使地表水发生下渗与在深部与深层地下水发生不同程度的混合,而深层地下水尚不是"平原水库"的稳定补给源。     

中国高效天然气藏形成的基础理论研究进展与意义

介绍了国家重点基础项目(2001CB209100)关于高效天然气藏形成的研究进展,提出气源灶有效性、成藏过程有效性以及要素组合有效性是高效气藏形成的核心研究内容。在两年多研究中,提出了“有机质接力成气演化模式”、“高效气源灶概念与评价方法”、“高效成藏过程的评价指标”、“叠合盆地深层优质储层形成的机理与模式”以及“高效气藏形成的三大要素组合”等认识上的进展。这些进展,不仅丰富和完善了中国天然气地质理论,而且对指导高效气藏的勘探、拓展天然气勘探领域都有十分重要的意义。     

西安地区水库供水调度研究

针对西安市严重缺水问题,首先采用月流量延时曲线和月流量超越几率曲线分析了西安地区地表水源的水文特性;其次通过水库群联合仿真调度和无水库调度两种方式为西安市供水,以供水保证率和缺水指数为评价指标,评价西安市供水水平,结果显示:①无水库调节是无法满足西安市的现状用水;②三库联合仿真调度在2030年时,年平均弃水量仍高达2亿m3,说明该区水资源开发还有一定的潜力.     

火山岩储层储集空间及影响因素研究

火山岩储层已成为油气勘探的一个新领域。由于火山岩储层的复杂性和特殊性,对其的研究还比较薄弱。在总结国内外火山岩储层研究成果的基础上,通过对准噶尔盆地与松辽等盆地的火山岩储层的分析,本文认为火山岩储层的储集空间主要有孔洞和裂缝,而裂缝连通了孤立的孔洞。当孔、洞、缝相互交织在一起时,才可形成有效的火山岩储集空间。在火山岩储层储集空间的演化过程中,由于受自身因素和外部条件的影响,火山岩储层的内部结构比较复杂。岩性岩相、成岩作用、风化淋滤作用、构造作用等在对火山岩储集空间的改造中起着关键作用。     

塔里木盆地富满大型碳酸盐岩油气聚集区走滑断裂控储模式

塔里木盆地台盆区深层海相油气勘探目标由层间岩溶向断控岩溶转变,并在处于坳陷区的富满地区发现了以走滑断裂为主控因素的断控型油田。富满地区储层特征与盆地内古隆起区、斜坡区均有不同,因此需要建立适合研究区的走滑断裂控储模式。本次研究通过高密度三维地震资料刻画了研究区走滑断裂的分布,利用岩心、测井、试井资料以及缝洞体识别技术明确了不同类型的储层分布,分析了研究区走滑断裂样式与差异变形对储层发育的影响,建立了走滑断裂控储模式。研究结果表明:(1)富满大型碳酸盐岩油气聚集区储集空间主要由多期走滑构造破裂作用与岩溶作用形成的洞穴型、裂缝-孔洞型、裂缝型与孔洞型空间组成;(2)走滑断裂活动性越强,断裂带宽度越大,储层发育规模越大,张扭段与压扭段断层破碎带型储层较平移段平面分布范围更广,纵向发育深度更大;(3)张扭段为汇水区,断裂联通性好,有利于大气流体下渗以及热流体上涌从而对储层进行溶蚀改造;压扭段为分流区,岩溶储层多发育于断裂带两侧,断裂开启程度低,受流体改造程度低于张扭段。     

Alam El Bueib reservoir characterization,Tut oil field,North Western Desert,Egypt

An integrated petrophysical well log and core data analysis of the Alam El Bueib-3D (AEB-3D) and Alam El Bueib-3E (AEB-3E) reservoirs, Tut oil field, North Western Desert, Egypt, allows the evaluation of those parameters critical to their reservoir characterization. The determined reservoir properties investigated are lithology, depositional paleoenvironments, shale volume, porosity, fluid saturation and net pay thickness. As the analysis of reservoir pressure is essential to specify the driving mechanisms that control the behavior of fluids within reservoirs, pressure analysis identified the Alam El Bueib-3D reservoir to be partial water drive and Alam El Bueib-3E to be an active water drive. In addition, the pressure analysis identified two additional hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in the Alam El Bueib-3D. Stacking patterns of the Alam El Bueib-3D reservoirs are generally fining upward sequences reflecting fluvial to braided fluvial paleoenvironments. The Alam El Bueib-3E channel shows blocky patterns with sharp bases and tops diagnostic of distributary channels. Statistical analysis of core permeability and porosity values of the Alam El Bueib reservoirs indicate very good reservoir quality. Scatter diagrams of porosity values derived from core analysis for the AEB-3D and AEB-3E reservoirs reveal correlation coefficient (r) values of 0.93 and 0.64, respectively, indicating strong linear relationships. Plots of porosity values against permeability values also show strong linear relationships in all the reservoirs indicating that the AEB-3D and the AEB-3E are permeable and with strong pore communication. The permeability measurements indicate restricted reservoir heterogeneity as plots of vertical permeability values against horizontal permeability values exhibit linear trends. Altogether, the reservoir characterization of the Alam El Bueib reservoirs demonstrates their excellent potential for hydrocarbon production.     

油藏中CO_2矿物捕获能力研究

利用TOUGHREACT软件,根据示范工程实验区大情字井的地层条件,针对含油及非含油储层哪一条件更适宜CO_2地质储存,设置了盐水组与含油组两组方案进行对比模拟。结果显示,含油组地层水中主要离子浓度及总矿化度低于盐水组,主要固碳矿物片钠铝石的生成量和CO_2的封存量明显小于盐水组。残余油的存在降低了矿物与水溶液进行离子交换的比表面积和储层的含水饱和度,并且占据矿物沉淀空间。尽管水岩作用受限,但油藏仍然可完成CO_2地质封存,且诸多优点表明油藏仍是CO_2地质封存的有利场所。     

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组储层研究

川东北地区开江—梁平海槽两侧的飞仙关组储层有着明显的差异。海槽东北侧储层主要由次生孔隙发育的鲕粒白云岩组成,厚度大、分布广和质量好;海槽西南侧储层主要由次生孔隙欠发育的鲕粒灰岩构成,虽然厚度大、分布广,但质量较差,仅局部分布有良好的透镜状白云岩储层。这些储层的形成与演化主要受到沉积和成岩作用的共同影响。其中沉积作用是储层形成的基础,决定了储层的大致分布范围,最有利于储层形成的沉积相带为台地边缘滩,多沿孤立台地边缘呈环带状或连陆台地呈带状分布;成岩作用是储层形成的关键,最有利于储层形成的成岩作用是混合水白云石化和埋藏溶解作用。