五指山台DSQ水管倾斜仪和VP垂直摆观测数据质量对比分析

通过对五指山台DSQ水管倾斜仪和VP垂直摆的观测数据统计,精度内在质量以及同震形变波分析,认为连续率、漂移量、内精度资料质量指标均符合形变要求规范。水管倾斜仪和VP垂直摆对不同震中距的地震记录存在较大差异:①当震中距较小时,水管仪无同震响应,VP垂直摆同震记录清晰;②当震中距＞6000 km时,两种仪器记录能力相当。      

特大远震引起的形变观测变化图像

利用定点长水管倾斜仪、石英伸缩仪、金属摆倾斜仪、石英摆倾斜仪连续观测资料对特大远震引起的震时和震后形变效应进行了分析.分析结果表明定点连续形变观测台网能记录到不同方位地震的震时脉冲信号,其持续时间半小时到4小时;同时还能记录到一些地震的阶跃信号.水平摆倾斜仪（金属摆、石英摆）观测值的震后效应表现为大幅漂移,持续时间几天到一个月.对由特大远震引起的形变观测变化图像出现差异的原因进行了讨论.另外对震时阶跃变化图像、定点形变观测仪器长趋势的漂移项、观测台站所处的地质构造三者之间的关系进行了讨论.     

临汾地震台体应变观测资料映震能力分析

利用小波分析方法,通过对临汾地震台体应变记录的国内外典型震例进行分析,总结临汾地震台体应变中强地震前异常变化特征及映震能力.发现体应变在大多数远震前没有出现明显的短临异常图像,而在近震方面有一定映震能力.     

乌加河地震台水平摆、水管倾斜仪同震响应对比分析

选取2013—2015年乌加河地震台水平摆和水管仪记录的13个地震资料,对比分析同震响应特征。分析认为:对于同一地震,水平摆最大响应幅度大于水管仪,且响应延迟时间略小;水管仪和水平摆同震响应持续时间与震级成正比。结果表明,该地震台水平摆和水管仪记录同一地震的最大响应幅度、延迟和持续时间,对远震和近震均具有不同程度的响应。     

安西地震台洞体长短基线倾斜仪同震响应对比分析

基于安西地震台洞体倾斜形变观测所用长基线DSQ型水管倾斜仪和短基线VP型垂直摆倾斜仪的数据产出资料,根据仪器记录的地震事件的最大响应幅度、响应延迟时间和响应持续时间等,对两套仪器的同震响应特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:两套仪器的响应延迟时间与震中距成正比、响应持续时间与震级成正比;水管倾斜仪最大响应幅度与震级成正比;垂直摆倾斜仪最大响应幅度与震级、震中距有关。     

数字倾斜仪资料质量跟踪与映震效能研究

通过跟踪分析湖州地震台数字化水管倾斜仪和垂直摆倾斜仪连续2年的资料质量,发现水管倾斜仪观测精度高于垂直摆倾斜仪,并且资料稳定性逐年提高。从映震效能看,水管倾斜仪同震响应幅度远大于垂直摆,水管倾斜仪的自振周期远大于垂直摆倾斜仪而接近远震面波的周期,形成谐振,但两者的同震响应时间相当。     

云龙地震台水管倾斜仪与水平摆倾斜仪同震响应对比分析

对用水管仪与水平摆仪记录到的同一地震所激发的地倾斜响应进行对比分析,结果表明:水管仪与水平摆仪这两种观测系统对远震、近震及地方震都具有不同程度的同震响应;对于同一地震,一般水平摆倾斜仪的响应幅度大于水管倾斜仪;同一观测系统的响应幅度与震级成正比,震荡时间与震中距、震级有关。     

哈萨克斯坦MS6．1地震前新疆形变异常

研究2013年1月29日哈萨克斯坦6．1级地震前新疆境内形变资料异常。结果表明：震前乌什水管仪两分量、伸缩仪北南分量、体应变和克孜尔水准、基线存在趋势性转折异常;乌什水管倾斜仪北南分量、体应变、分量式应变与柯坪垂直摆倾斜仪北南分量、拜城地倾斜两分量和库车东风煤矿地倾斜北南分量存在不同程度的中短期异常,趋势异常和中短期异常显著。     

河北形变观测资料映震能力浅析

采取Nakai拟合、振幅因子、调和分析和相对均方差等方法,对河北省数字化形变台站的形变观测进行计算和分析。结果表明,河北省形变观测资料中,怀来、易县和宽城的VS垂直摆倾斜仪、DSQ水管倾斜仪和SS-Y伸缩仪观测资料对河北范围内的中强以上地震有中、短期映震能力。     

河北张家口及怀来台形变数字化观测资料的应用

为探索数字化观测资料的前兆异常特征,进一步认识其映震能力,使得数字化观测资料在今后的地震分析预报中得到充分的利用。收集2002年至2005年华北地区发生的M>5.0、张家口地区4.0级以上地震目录,对河北张家口、怀来台的形变数字化观测资料(水管倾斜仪、伸缩仪和体应变等)进行了研究。结果发现,在多次中强以上地震前几小时至几天,各个观测项目均记录到固体潮畸变、高频脉冲、抖动、转折等异常形态,并对其映震特征进行了分析。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.