卫星热红外增温机制的实验研究

不同比例的混合气体(CO2和CH4等)在瞬变电场的作用下可引起增温约6℃，太阳辐照上述混合气体可引起增温约3℃．以本实验研究结果为基础阐述了低空大气卫星热红外增温的机制:地壳突发性放气和低空静电场突变作用引起低空大气热红外增温的关系．初步认为在中强地震前热红外增温异常需要满足气体突发释放与静电场突变同时出现的条件．      

墨西哥下加利福尼亚地震前后的C0异常

地震是地球系统复杂变化过程中的一种突变现象,具有高度的复杂性和不确定性。在大地震前后的活动断裂带常会有大量地下气体（Rn、Hg、CO2、CH4、CO、H2O、He、H2、O2等）向上逸出到大气中,引起大气中气体组分和浓度的变化。近年来随着高光谱分辨率卫星遥感技术的发展,人们逐渐开始应用具有探测大气成分的高光谱分辨率传感器对地震前后的气体地球化学异常开展新的探索研究。如郭广猛等利用MOPITT数据监测到2002年3月31日台湾Ms7．5地震前1天震中区附近的圆形CO异常区;Singh等（2010）同样用MOPITT监测到2001年Gujarat地震前大气不同高度的CO含量明显升高,震后急剧下降。这些资料都说明可以利用遥感数据获取气体地球化学异常,进行地震监测。     

卫星热红外图像亮温异常——短临震兆

震前亮温升温时在震中附近采集气体样品 ,经过化验分析证明CH4和CO2等温室气体含量成倍或成数量级地增加 .实验研究也同样证明CH4和CO2 等气体在瞬变电场中可获得能量 ,并释放能量 ,形成 2～ 6℃增温 .在 40次的地震短临预报中 ,而三要素较准确的有 9次预报 ,较好的预报有 1 2次 ,合计为 2 1次 ,其中含 3次 7级或 7级以上 ,4次 6级或 6级以上 ,其余为 5级左右 .最后详细介绍 1 996年 2月 3日丽江及 1 998年 4月 1 4日唐山地震前的卫星热红外亮温增温演化特征 .     

墨西哥下加利福尼亚地震前后的CO异常

地震是地球系统复杂变化过程中的一种突变现象,具有高度的复杂性和不确定性.在大地震前后的活动断裂带常会有大量地下气体(Rn、Hg、 CO2、 CH4、CO、H2O、He、H2、O2等)向上逸出到大气中,引起大气中气体组分和浓度的变化.     

高光谱气体背景场特征及震情跟踪应用前景

基于2004—2017年华北地区高光谱数据,计算CH4、CO、O3总量背景场,发现不同气体在时间尺度上受温度、湿度、高空辐射等影响有较明显的周期性特征,在空间尺度上CH4、CO总量平原高于山区,O3总体呈现随纬度升高而降低的特征;利用RST算法对华北地区5.0级以上地震进行震例总结发现,震前62.5%的地震震中附近出现气体高值异常,异常气体主要为CH4、CO,而O3异常不明显。研究结果表明,RST算法对高光谱气体CH4、CO进行异常提取可作为地震预报的辅助依据,服务于震情跟踪判定。     

天津近海大气中CH_4,N_2O和CO_2季节变化分析

为研究渤海天津近海海域温室气体污染状况,分别于2006年8月、12月和2007年4月、11月在渤海天津近海对CH4,N2O和CO2三种主要温室气体进行了观测,并采用后轨迹模型对其来源进行了分析,得到结果认为采样期间区域大气受到天津沿海地区影响较大,表现出城市温室气体分布特征,同时可能受到海洋自身的影响.样品分析结果发现渤海天津近海大气中CH4浓度最大值出现在夏季为2.61μL/L,最小值在冬季为1.87μL/L.N2O的浓度范围为319.33～347.67nL/L,且各点位浓度值的分布为冬季>秋季>夏季>春季.CO2浓度的变化范围是375.4～648.4μL/L,采暖期高出非采暖期.渤海天津近海海域3种主要温室气体的浓度都已超过2005年全球平均本底浓度,应引起足够重视.三者在一定程度上受共同的源影响,尤其是CO2和N2O,自相关性显著且与气象因子的相关性一致.     

瓦里关大气CH4浓度变化及其潜在源区分析

利用尺度校正和更新的2002～2006年瓦里关多年大气CH4浓度资料,进行了其浓度时空变化及其潜在源区分析研究.局部近似回归法筛分的大气CH4浓度本底数据百分比为～58%,表明其受到较强的区域源和汇的影响.CH4本底浓度中值为1831.8ppb,10%和90%的CH4浓度数据百分位值分别为1820.7和1843.5ppb.未经筛分的大气CH4浓度波动大,达到了200ppb;本底浓度波动小（约38ppb）,反映了瓦里关大气CH4浓度受到较强的区域源汇影响.2002～2006年期间不同季节大气CH4浓度日变化规律明显,其变化特征是源汇强度变化和对流层大气扩散输送条件相互作用的结果.大气CH4多年平均季节变化呈夏季高（6～8月达到最大值）,冬春低的特征,与美国莫纳罗亚山和Niwot岭呈反相位,一方面可能是夏季瓦里关地区排放源增强（居民放牧增多）和以来自西宁和兰州地区的气流为主导的污染物输送而导致其浓度抬升,另一方面瓦里关光化学作用较弱,与美国莫纳罗亚山和Niwot岭相比,CH4的汇较弱.轨迹聚类和潜在源区分析表明,大气CH4浓度高值与来自青海西北部（尤其是格尔木地区）和瓦里关东南或东部（西宁和兰州一带）的空气团轨迹关系密切,是CH4潜在的源区;其浓度低值则对应于来自西藏西北部、青海和新疆南部地区的空气团,反映了该方向的气流相对清洁.注意到夏季来自甘肃或宁夏黄河沿岸的农业区（如水稻种植区）空气团使CH4浓度抬升明显,显示了其农业排放源.本文的研究将对准确估算CH4区域源汇强度、全面理解温室效应的尺度及预测未来全球变化具有重要意义.     

富营养化湖泊沉积物有机质矿化过程中碳、氮、磷的迁移特征

采用室内培养的方法,以富营养化湖泊太湖为例,研究了沉积物有机质矿化过程中碳、氮、磷的迁移特征.结果表明,在沉积物中的有机质矿化过程中,碳以溶解性无机碳释放至水中,同时以CH4和CO2形式释放至大气中,培养结束时,CH4和CO2累积排放含量分别为1492.21和498.96 mg/g(dw),其中CH4占气态碳的89.16%(以C质量计);此外,大量的氮、磷营养盐释放至上覆水体,水中总氮、总磷和铵态氮的最高浓度分别是初始浓度的62.16、28.16和139.45倍,而硝态氮浓度在整个培养过程中逐渐下降,培养末期浓度是初期的0.21倍;厌氧条件下,沉积物有机质的矿化,不仅可以生成大量的CH4、CO2气体,还能够促使沉积物中铵态氮和磷的释放;而沉积物有机质矿化释放的碳、氮、磷营养元素又能加剧湖泊富营养化程度,促进湖泊水体的初级生产力,从而增加湖泊沉积物有机质输入.这样的循环方式可能是湖泊富营养化自维持的重要机制之一.     

二氧化碳:温室气体“主犯”

正温室效应导致全球变暖,二氧化碳是最主要的温室气体。二氧化碳能改变大气的热平衡。它能够吸收地球的红外辐射,引起近地面大气温度的增高。二氧化碳是自然界一种普遍存在气体,对植物的光合作用必不可少,在空气中的含量通常相对稳定的。但随着全球工业化进程,大量温室气体,     

层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿流体地质作用的基本特点

通过对国内典型砂岩型铀矿—吐哈盆地十红滩矿床、伊犁盆地512矿床、鄂尔多斯盆地东胜矿床流体地质及其地球化学的研究,揭示了层间氧化带型铀矿流体作用的组成、成分、成因以及各主要蚀变流体的温度、PH,Eh,盐度、压力等物理化学性质.由流体包裹体分析认为流体的基本组成可分为两部分:一是为由包裹体氢、氧同位素特征可确认其为常温表生作用的大气降水,二为含CH4等烃类气体、CO2及少量H2S,CO,H2,N2等组分的天然气,在含油气盆地中往往含有少量的液态烃.氧化蚀变带流体性质往往是氧化碱性的,矿化作用阶段流体性质为中性或弱酸-弱碱及还原性,而在2次还原或还原作用带流体是强还原碱性的.流体中的含氧地下水是铀元素活化迁移的介质,而天然气中的CH4等烃类气体以及H2,H2S,CO等则是铀矿物沉淀的重要还原剂;流体环境的PH,Eh性质的转变是铀矿化形成的主要原因.     

温泉逸出气体常规成分快速测定

通过对腾冲火山地球化学观测站中用气相色谱仪对火山区温泉逸出气体成分的观测实践的理论总结,系统介绍了用气相色谱仪对温泉逸出气体常规成分的快速测定方法.结果表明,SP3400型气相色谱仪具有一系列优点.通过合理的仪器配置、参数设置、规范的运行维护和分析操作,SP3400型气相色谱仪可以快速准确地分析温泉逸出气体中He、H_2、O_2、N_2、CH_4、CO_2等常规组分的含量.对这些组份总量分析的相对偏差只有1.89%,对CO_2组份分析的相对偏差只有2.18%,对He、H_2等ppm级含量的组份分析的相对偏差分别只有10.24%和11.44%,说明SP3400的型气相色谱仪的测试结果有相当高的可靠性和准确性.SP3400型气相色谱仪为温泉逸出气体常规组分快速测定的理想仪器,可以在火山和地震监测台站推广使用.     

长白山天池火山近期气体地球化学的异常变化

气体地球化学监测结果显示,2002—2003年地幔来源CO2、He和CH4的含量出现明显的异常变化;2003年火山区深断裂型泉群逸出气体He的3He/4He比值都出现了异常升高,2004年该比值明显降低。热储型长白聚龙泉群逸出He中3He/4He比值2003年上升缓慢,2004年持续上升,其中逸出He中幔源He含量在2004年明显增加。2002—2004年天池火山区逸出气体及其He同位素异常变化与该区地震活动呈一定的对应关系,其中锦江泉群在2004年下半年地震活动趋势减弱后,异常明显减弱;而长白聚龙泉群在地震活动减弱后,异常反而明显增加,显示热储型泉群岩浆来源气体异常释放明显滞后于深断裂型泉点。上述异常特征对识别和判定火山区深部岩浆异常活动及预测未来火山地震可能有重要意义     

Recent Geochemical Variation of the Hot-Spring Gases from the Tianchi Volcano, Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

Recent fluid monitoring work shows that the contents of mantle-derived CO_2,He and CH_4 increased anomalously in 2002 and 2003. The 3He/4He ratio of the deep-fault-type Jinjiang hot springs increased highly anomalously in 2003, and then decreased in 2004. The 3He/4He ratio from the thermal-reservoir-type Changbaijulong hot springs increased slowly in 2003, and the increase continued in 2004. The mantle-derived He content of the He released from the Changbaijulong springs increased obviously in 2004. The anomaly of the released gases and the isotopic He was consistent with the trends of seismic activities in the Tianchi volcanic area between 2002 and 2004. The abnormal release of the Jinjiang hot springs apparently decreased after the seismic activities ceased in the second half of 2004, while the abnormal release from the Changbaijulong increased significantly after these seismic activities. It shows that the abnormal release of magmas-derived gases from the thermal-reservoir-type springs lags behind that of the deep-fault-type springs. These characteristics may be of great significance for identifying deep magmatic activity and predicting volcanic earthquakes in the future.     

The scientific connotation of oil and gas formations under deep fluids and organic-inorganic interaction

As a relatively stable craton block in the earth system, the petroliferous basin is influenced by the evolution of the earth system from the early development environment of source rocks, hydrocarbon formation, and reservoir dissolution to hydrocarbon accumulation or destruction. As a link between the internal and external factors of the basin, deep fluids run through the whole process of hydrocarbon formation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interaction. The nutrients carried by deep fluids promote the bloom of hydrocarbon-generating organisms and extra addition of carbon and hydrogen source, which are beneficial to the development of high-quality source rock and enhancement of the hydrocarbon generation potential. The energy carried by the deep fluid promotes the early maturation of the source rock and facilitates the hydrocarbon generation by activation and hydrogenation in high-mature hydrocarbon sources. The dissolution alteration of carbonate rocks and clastic reservoirs by CO_2-rich deep fluids improves the deep reservoir space, thus extending the oil and gas reservoir space into greater depth. The extraction of deeply retained crude oil by deep supercritical CO_2 and the displacement of CH_4 in shale have both improved the hydrocarbon fluidity in deep and tight reservoirs. Simultaneously, the energy and material carried by deep fluids(C, H, and catalytic substances) not only induce inorganic CH_4 formation by Fischer-Tropsch(F-T) synthesis and "hydrothermal petroleum" generation from organic matter by thermal activity but also cause the hydrothermal alteration of crude oil from organic sources. Therefore, from the perspective of the interaction of the earth's sphere, deep fluids not only input a significant amount of exogenous C and H into sedimentary basins but also improve the reservoir space for oil and gas, as well as their enrichment and accumulation efficiencies.     

Genesis and evolution of the fumaroles of vulcano (Aeolian Islands,Italy): a geochemical model

A geochemical model explaining the presence of fumaroles having different gas composition and temperature at the top of the crater and along the northeastern coast of Vulcano island is proposed. A pressurized biphase (liquid-vapor) reservoir at the depth of about 2 km is hypothesized. Energy and mass balance sheets controlP-T conditions in the system.P-T must vary along a boiling curve of brine as liquid is present. The CO₂ content in the steam is governed by the thermodynamic properties of the fluids in the H₂-NaCl-CO₂ system. On the assumption that oxygen fugacity in the system is between the HM-FMQ oxygen buffers, observed SO₂/H₂S, CO₂/CO, CO/CH₄ ratios in the fumarolic gases at the Fossa crater appear in equilibrium with a temperature higher than that observed, such as may exist at depth. The more reduced gas phases present on the sea-side may result from re-equilibrium processes in shallower aquifers. The suggested model would help in monitoring changes in volcanic activity by analyzing fumarolic gases.     

不同生态系统CO2通量和浓度特征分析研究

本文利用1993～1994年日本国家农业环境研究所与中国科学院沙漠研究所合作在内蒙古奈曼地区实测的7种不同生态系统（沙丘、轻度放牧草原、中度放牧草原、重度放牧草原、无放牧草原、玉米田和大豆田）的净辐射、土壤热通量、两个高度的CO2浓度、温度、湿度和风速等资料，采用空气动力学方法，计算了CO2通量及其与环境和人为干扰因子的关系，并分析了不同下垫面的光合作用特征. 结果表明：各种下垫面CO2通量的共同特点是：在白天，CO2通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（11～13时）输送达到负的最大值； 在夜间，CO2通量和梯度输送方向与白天相反，是从植被向大气，在早晨（3～5时）达到正的最大值. 植被覆盖率及生物量不同的下垫面光合作用强度有明显差异，天气状况对光合作用也有一定影响.     

An experimental study on temperature increasing mechanism of satellitic thermo-infrared

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Improved method to determine the molar volume and compositions of the NaCl-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> system inclusion

On the basis of Parry’s method (1986), an improved method was established to determine the molar volume (Vm) and compositions (X) of the NaCl-H2O-CO2 (NHC) system inclusion. To use this method, the determination of Vm-X only requires three microthermometric data of a NHC inclusion: partial homog-enization temperature (Th ,CO2), salinity (S) and total homogenization temperature (Th). Theoretically, four associated equations are needed containing four unknown parameters: X CO2, XNaCl, Vm and F (volume fraction of CO2 phase in total inclusion when occurring partial homogenization). When they are released, the Vm-X are determined. The former three equations, only correlated with Th ,CO2, S and F, have simplified expressions:XCO2=f1(Th,CO2,S,F),XNaCl=f2(Th,CO2,S,F),Vm=f3(Th,CO2,S,F). The last one is the thermodynamic relationship of X CO2, XNaCl, Vm and Th:f4(XCO2,XNaCl,Vm,Th)=0.Since the above four associated equations are complicated, it is necessary to adopt iterative technique to release them. The technique can be described by:(i) Freely input a F value (0≤F≤1),with Th ,CO2 and S, into the former three equations. As a result,X CO 2,XNaCl and the molar volume value recorded as Vm1 are derived. (ii) Input the X CO2 and XNaCl gotten in the step above into the last equation, and another molar volume value recorded as Vm2 is determined. (iii) If Vm1 is unequal to Vm2, the calculation will be restarted from “(i)”. The iteration is completed until Vm1 is equal to Vm2, which means that the four associated equations are released. Compared to Parry’s (1986) solution method, the improved method is more convenient to use, as well as more accurate to determine X CO 2. It is available for a NHC inlusion whose partial homogenization temperature is higher than clatherate melting temperature and there are no solid salt crystals in the inclusion at parital homogenization.     

Simultaneous vertical profiles of condensation nuclei and ozone in the lower troposphere

Summary Eight vertical profiles compiled from simultaneous measurements of Aitken nuclei and ozone concentrations over Germany in different weather conditions are discussed. The position and shape of the profiles is shown to depend on the prevailing weather conditions and the type of air masses. High aerosol concentrations in smoke plumes correlate in some cases with lower ozone concentrations, indicating that ozone in such cases is destroyed in the presence of high concentrations of pollutants such as aerosols and gases. A layered structure in the profiles was found only in association with temperature inversions and where the air above 2 km was subsiding, and was not found in convective parts of the troposphere.     

Die Sonnenstrahlung und ihre Messung

Summary History and results of a 41/2-years-expedition to Argentine. A determination of the sun's «temperature» can only be given by the laws ofBoltzmann-Stefan andWien, because the temperature of the different layers is different. In the measurements of the sun's radiation the law ofBoltzmann-Stefan was introduced (T ⁴, where is a constant, andT the Kelvin-Temperature) while in the passed 100 years the difference between the sun's and the instruments radiation was taken as radiation, although this difference was arbitrariously variable with the instruments temperature. The effect of the vertical exchange of airmasses, on the radiation of the sun and the radiation of the air between the sun and the instrument was cleared. With these corrections one can not receive more as the difference between the so called solar constant and the albedo of the atmosphere. If the highest values are used (smallest albedo) the approximated value of the solar constant becomes 2.4, corresponding well to the value, derived from the supposed temperature of the sun.