海水鱼类必需脂肪酸的合成能力

海水鱼类必需脂肪酸(Essential Fatty Acid,EFA)包括C20:4n-6(Arachidonic Acid,ARA)、C20:5n-3(Eicosapen-taenoic Acid,EPA)和C22:6n-3(Docosahexaenoic Acid,DHA)等高不饱和脂肪酸。EFA的合成需要一系列脂肪酸去饱和酶(Fatty Acid Desaturase,FAD)和延长酶的共同作用。海水鱼类可以以C18:2n-6、C18:3n-3为底物在Δ6FAD、Δ5FAD和延长酶的作用下合成少量的ARA、EPA和DHA等EFA。Δ5FAD活性低是导致海水鱼类合成C20不饱和脂肪酸能力低的主要原因。延长酶对C22不饱和脂肪酸亲和力弱是造成EFA合成效率低的重要原因。本文综述了海水鱼类EFA(ARA、EPA和DHA)合成能力较差的原因,以期为提高海水鱼类有效利用富含C18不饱和脂肪酸的植物油的能力提供指导。     

海水仔稚鱼对于n—3高度不饱和脂肪酸需求量的研究现状

提供能量和必需脂肪酸（EFA）对于鱼类营养有着重要的作用。n－3高度不饱和脂肪酸（n－3HUFA）是海水仔稚色的必需脂肪酸，它主要包括二十碳五烯酸（EPA：205n－3）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA：22：6n－3）。这些脂肪酸对于确保细胞膜渗透性和可塑性、前列腺素的产生和其它功能是必要的。Yone和Fujii报导：补充亚麻酸（18：3n－3）（淡水鱼的必需脂肪酸），对于改善真绸仔稚鱼的生长状况并没有效用，而只有n－3YIUFA作为EFA（必需脂肪酸），对于这种鱼的生长才有用。现在对许多种海水仔稚鱼的研究普遍认为：具有n－3HUFA的饵料对海水…     

条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)发育早期的脂肪酸组成变化研究

采用GC/MS法分析了条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)的未受精卵、胚胎、仔鱼、稚鱼及幼鱼各阶段的脂肪酸组成特点及含量变动,旨在研究条石鲷发育早期脂肪酸的组成和变化规律。共检测到28种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)13种,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)7种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)8种。结果表明:(1)鱼卵中主要脂肪酸依次为C16:0、C22:6(n-3)(DHA)、C20:5(n-3)(EPA)和C18:1(n-9)(油酸);(2)胚胎及内源性营养阶段,主要利用C16:0、C18:0以及C18:1作为能量来源,EPA和DHA被优先保存下来;(3)摄食轮虫和桡足类AA、EPA、DHA含量显著提高,摄食卤虫则C18:1(n-9)、C18:2(n-6)及C18:3(n-3)含量迅速增加;(4)在稚鱼期必需脂肪酸AA、DHA含量不足,而EPA过高,可能引起细胞膜磷脂中DHA与EPA比例失衡,出现稚鱼"死亡高峰"。     

海水仔稚鱼必需脂肪酸--n-6系列高度不饱和脂肪酸研究概况

近些年来,国内外的研究证实,n3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3HUFA)是海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸,它们是海水仔惟鱼正常生长和成活所必需的,尤其是廿碳五烯酸(EPA,20：5 n-3)和廿二碳六烯酸(DHA,22：6n-3)业已进行了大量的研究。这些脂肪酸的重要作用与它们在细胞膜磷脂结构中的特殊位置有关。此外,海水鱼不能把亚麻酸(18：3n-3)自身生物合成为EPA和DHA,所需要的EPA和DHA只能从饲料中摄取。     

中国黄、渤海常见大型海藻的脂肪酸组成

对中国黄、渤海沿岸的17种红藻、12种褐藻、7种绿藻的脂肪酸组成进行了分析研究，结果表明，黄海和渤海的绝大多数红都富含二十碳高度不饱和脂肪酸（主要是二十碳五烯酸，EPA和二十碳四烯酸，AA），一般都占总脂肪酸的40％以上；仙菜目的松节藻、细枝软骨藻，隐丝藻目的亮管藻、海萝、海膜、蜈蚣藻中的EPA含量均超过40％，其中海萝达到58％；杉藻目扁江蓠中EPA含量很低，但花生四烯酸含量达到58％。裸藻中16：0、18：1（n-9)、20：4（n-6)和20：5（n-3)含量占绝对优势，十八碳高度不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs)和二十碳PUFAs是主要的脂肪酸。在每种褐藻中还含有一定量的14：0、18：2（n-6)和18：4（n-3)。褐藻中的十八碳PUFAs含量比红藻高，而二十碳PUFAs比红藻低。绿藻中的主要脂肪酸是16：0、十六碳高度不饱和脂肪酸（主要是：16：4（n-3)和16：3（n-3)、18：1以及C18PUFAs（主要包括18：2（n-6),18:3(n-3)和18：4（n-3)，绿藻的C16、C18PUFAs含量较高。     

十四株海洋微藻脂肪酸组成的研究

对 4个门的 14株 (红藻门 8株 ,甲藻门 1株 ,隐藻门 2株 ,绿藻门 3株 )海洋微藻进行了脂肪酸含量测定 ,微藻在确定的条件下生长 ,指数生长末期收获。结果表明 ,各门的微藻都有其独特的脂肪酸特征 :红藻中含有大量的 2 0 :4 n- 6和 2 0 :5n- 3,其中紫球藻 R2 5含量最高 ,占总脂肪酸的4 9.8% (AA占总脂肪酸的 2 0 .5% ,EPA占总脂肪酸的 2 9.3% )。隐藻的主要脂肪酸是 16 :0、18:1n- 9、18:3n- 3、18:4 n- 3、2 0 :5n- 3、2 2 :5n- 3。与其它甲藻有别的虫黄藻 ,18:4 n- 3含量很少并且不含EPA,其主要合成的是 16 :0、18:1n- 9和 2 2 :6 n- 3。 C16和 C18的不饱和脂肪酸是本实验研究的 3株绿藻的主要脂肪酸     

饲料脂肪水平对红罗非鱼稚鱼生长及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

以红罗非鱼(red tilapia)稚鱼为实验对象,在基础饲料中分别添加0%、2%、3%、4%、5%的豆油-鱼油混合物,根据油脂添加量的不同,将试验鱼分为5组,研究饲料脂肪水平对其生长及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:3%、4%组红罗非鱼末均重和增重率显著高于其它各组(P0.05);0%组饲料系数显著高于2%、3%、4%组(P0.05);各组试验鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成和饲料有较大的相关性,随着饲料脂肪水平的提高,各组鱼体肌肉与各组饲料中的PUFA和HUFA相对含量均迅速提升;红罗非鱼肌肉组织和饲料中脂肪酸组成亦存在差异性;各组鱼体肌肉组织中的SFA、n-3PUFA(0%组除外)及HUFA相对含量高于相应饲料中同类脂肪酸,而MUFA、PUFA则低于饲料;各组肌肉n-3/n-6高于相应饲料(0%组除外);C18:2n6相对含量以5%组最高(24.24%),C18:3n3相对含量0%、2%组显著低于其他三组(P0.05);C20:4n6以4%组(0.81%)最高;5%组鱼体肌肉C20:5n3(3.04%)及C22:6n3(14.90%)相对含量最高,显著高于其他各组(P0.05);综合各项生长指标,3%、4%组红罗非鱼稚鱼生长性能最好。     

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)成熟蟹、抱卵蟹、流产蟹肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的比较研究

采用气相色谱仪测定中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)不同生理阶段(成熟、抱卵、流产)肝胰腺内的脂肪酸组成。结果表明，中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中含有22种脂肪酸，其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)5种，单烯酸(MUFA)5种，多烯酸(PUFA)12种；MUFA的含量最高，占52．47％—58．56％。SFA次之，为23．17％—29．20％，PUFA的含量较低，为8．92％—21．11％。SFA、MUFA、PUFA的含量和cn-3／cn-6值在不同生理阶段的中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中差异极显著，油酸(c18：1)、棕榈酸(C16：0)、棕榈油酸(C16：1)是肝胰腺中的主要脂肪酸，其含量分别为35．2l％—40．49％、17．97％—21．97％和11．69％—14．90％，不同生理阶段的中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中各脂肪酸的百分含量差异显著。比较研究温州本地抱卵蟹和太湖抱卵蟹肝胰腺中的脂肪酸，发现脂肪酸中SFA、MUFA、PUFA的含量和Cn-3／Cn-6值差异极显著，除C14：1、C18：1、C20：1及C20：5外，其它脂肪酸的百分含量存在极显著的差异。     

海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸--n-3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸研究概况

本文从海鱼鱼卵的脂肪酸组成及各种脂肪酸被利用的顺序、n- 3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸 (n-3HUFA)对海水仔稚鱼生长和存活的影响、乳化油强化轮虫和卤虫饵料的重要性、几种海水仔稚鱼对n- 3HUFA的需要量、DHA和 EPA对海水仔稚鱼不同的生理作用、海水仔稚鱼活饵料和微粒饲料中DHA与 EPA比例的重要性、n- 3HUFA含量与海水比目鱼非正常色素沉着的关系、乳化油和微粒饲料中 n- 3HUFA不同的分子结构形式等方面系统综述了海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸—— n- 3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸的国内外研究进展。旨在学习、借鉴国外的研究成果和经验 ,深入开展我国海水仔稚鱼的营养研究。     

30株海洋绿藻的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成

对 11属 (小球藻属、绿囊藻属、微绿球藻属、海绿球藻属、卵胞藻属、原球藻属、咸胞藻属、杜氏藻属、裂丝藻属、塔胞藻属和衣藻属 )的 30株海洋绿藻进行特定条件下的一次性培养 ,在指数生长末期收获 ,进行了总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的分析。 2 1株海洋绿藻的总脂含量超过干重的10 % ,达 11.6 1%～ 34.4 9% ,其它 9株在 4 .2 5%～ 9.4 8%之间 ,绿藻的 16碳和 18碳脂肪酸最为丰富 ,有着含量较高的 16∶ 0、16∶ (n- 3)、18∶ 2 (n- 6 )和 18∶ 3(n- 3)脂肪酸。两株小球藻 (C95,C97)的2 0∶ 5(n- 3)脂肪酸含量较高 ,分别为 2 0 .8%和 2 6 .1%。另一株小球藻 (C10 2 )和两株裂丝藻 (C19和C2 0 ) EPA含量居中 ,分别为 8.0 % ,6 .0 %和 8.1%。其它藻株一般只含有少量的 2 0∶ 5(n- 3)和 2 2∶ 6 (n- 3)或不含 2 2∶ 6 (n- 3)     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,