人机结合做好自动站报表的预审

通过利用OSSMO 2004测报软件中"A、J文件审核"功能、浙江省气象局的地面气象资料质量控制软件、人工与自动站对比软件等,提高报表的审核质量,同时减少测报人员的预审工作量,为测报的预审工作提高效率和质量.     

用OSSMO软件制作机制地面年报表

地面气象测报业务软件(Operational Soltware for Surface Meteorological Observation，简写为OSSMO)是为了满足《地面气象观测规范》(2003版，即新规范)的需要，针对各类气象站地面气象测报业务工作和各级审核部门的资料处理而编制的一套综合业务应用软件。本软件适用于人工观测和自动站观测方式的各类气象观测站以及各级审核部门对地面气象观测资料模式文件的审核及信息化处理，     

地面气象资料数据文件审核技巧

从审核规则库的设置维护、A文件的格检审核和人工审核等方面,系统介绍了地面气象资料数据文件的审核技巧,以提高观测人员的应试能力和测报工作的技术水平。     

浅谈地面测报报表审核工作

为保证地面气象观测资料的准确可靠,地面气象观测记录、报表必需进行审核,纠正记录、报表中的错误,保证观测资料的质量。一、制作审核报表对审核员的基本要求1.审核工作是一项平凡而细致的工作,审核人员应严格掌握规范、地面测报操作手册和各种技术规定,以便及时处理各种疑误异     

自动气象站测报软件实用操作技巧

从建立实时数据的审核参数、逐日地面数据维护、自记雨量资料的处理、完善值班日记的填写等方面，详细介绍了自动气象站地面测报软件的一些操作技巧。     

地面气象测报资料微机处理系统〈AHDM〉的设计

设计出一套地面气象测报资料处理系统的全新业务流程，并在微机上开发出整套业务软件，使地面气象测报资料处理工作实现从传统的手工作业方式到计算机自动处理的转变。     

浅谈微机编制一般站气表-1的几点体会

为了充分发挥现代化技术和气象通信现代化设备的效益,努力提高气象测报业务现代化水平,现我省已要求一般气象站的地面气象记录报表采用微机编制,并通过气象信息网络实现省、地(市)、县之间的资料传输.这大大提高了使用气象资料的时效及准确性和美观程度,减轻了地面气象测报和预审、审核人员的劳动强度.     

自动站月报表预审中极值异常现象浅析

近年新型自动气象站在地面测报中发挥越来越大的作用,而地面预审是保证气象资料正确性的一项重要工作.随着计算机处理在地面审核中的应用,可以解决数据问相当多的逻辑错误,但由于现行地面气象测报业务软件月报表预审的功能尚不甚完备,以及受仪器故障和失误操作等的影响,容易造成记录的气象要素极值数据出现异常,分析此类问题成因并提出相关处理方法,以及就如何保证B、Z,A、J文件完整性,尤其是B到A文件转换时极值出现错误进行探讨,避免报表数据错误造成错情.     

自动气象站测报业务软件使用中应注意的问题

从自动气象站记录审核规则库的设置、降水记录的人工干预与处理、B文件和Z文件数据的更正，以及业务软件的管理等方面，详细地阐述了自动气象站测报业务软件使用中应该注意的问题，对地面气象测报业务有一定指导意义。     

微机地面气象测报报表中常见问题浅析

自地面气象测报应用ＩＢＭ－ＰＣ微机以来,大大地减轻了观测员的工作量,也使资料处理、上报的时效和质量均得到了提高。但是,由于部分观测员对微机测报业务软件的一些操作规定还不够熟悉。在上报的地面月报表资料中,还存在某些带普遍性的问题。从审核过程中发现的较常见问题,归纳起来主要有以下９个方面：（１）参数漏输小数点①经纬度漏小数点。则会造成日照百分率及日照量别日数无法打印出来,并影响审核工作的顺利进行。②通风速度漏小数点。则会造成湿度数据（水汽压、相对湿度、露点）查算错,或在审核时提示：通风系数改变或查算…     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...