基于WENO格式的高精度高分辨台风风暴潮数值模式

考虑到台风风暴潮在近岸浅水地区的非线性效应,基于无结构网格,通过采用有限体积法和高精度高分辨率的WENO数值格式对二维浅水方程进行空间离散,并利用三阶的Runge-Kutta格式进行时间离散,最后利用Rogers方法解决复杂海底地形造成的通量梯度项与源项数值离散后的不平衡问题,从而建立了二维台风风暴潮数值模式。模式中的风场和气压场分别采用宫崎正卫风场模式和藤田气压场模式。最后通过对江苏沿海的风暴增水的模拟和验证,表明了该数值模式对台风风暴潮模拟的有效性和可行性。     

GRAPES模式对“0703”强风暴潮的数值模拟分析

本文对2007年3月4～5日凌晨发生在渤海及山东北部沿岸的一次强风暴潮过程成因进行了分析和探讨,并利用我国新一代数值预报模式GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilauon and Prediction Enhanced System)对该过程进行了气压场和风场数值模拟.结果表明:由温带气旋产生的强而持久的向岸大风是引发此次强风暴潮发生的主要强迫动力;风应力增水作用与天文大潮相叠加直接导致风暴潮的发生;GRAPES模式较好的模拟出了本次风暴潮过程的气压场和风场特征.其中,气压场中,较好的模拟出了温带气旋的发生发展、移动路径、强度变化等特征;风场中,较好的模拟出了风增大和减弱的趋势以及造成风暴增水的向岸大风的风场分布特征等.     

基于WRF-SWAN耦合模式的台风“威马逊”波浪场数值模拟

获取高分辨率的风场数据和气压场数据是精确模拟台风浪的基础,采用经验公式构建台风风场和气压场对海浪模式进行驱动,无法反映台风影响下海气动力过程,难以提供高精度的风场、气压场数据。本文基于中尺度大气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)和第三代海浪模式SWAN(Simulating WAves Nearshore model),构建了南中国海地区大气—海浪实时双向耦合模式,针对超强台风"威马逊"进行数值模拟。将数值模拟结果与现场观测结果及卫星高度计观测结果进行对比验证,验证结果表明,本文建立的WRF-SWAN耦合模式在对台风"威马逊"影响下的南中国海台风浪的模拟中展现出较高的模拟精度,揭示了台风风场分布和台风浪分布在空间上的"右偏性"不对称分布特征及其形成机制。基于WRF和SWAN建立的大气-海浪实时双向耦合模式能够准确模拟台风动力过程以及台风浪的时空分布特征,可以推广用于南中国海地区台风浪的模拟分析。     

台风气压场与风场研究进展

回顾了台风气压场、风场研究的发展过程.从台风气压场与风场的理论研究、台风的不对称性结构、最大风速与变分调整方法、台风气压场与风场的数值模拟和台风作用下水汽热交换等方面的研究进展进行了综合分析与述评,并根据学科发展趋势和工程实际的需要,指出今后在台风气压场与风场的研究中应着重解决的问题和发展趋势.     

基于无结构网格有限体积法的风暴潮数值预报模式

基于无结构三角单元网格和有限体积法,建立了一个高精度高分辨率的风暴潮二维数值预报模式。该模式采用对岸线有较强拟合能力的无结构网格对求解区域进行离散,采用藤田公式和宫崎正卫风场模式模拟气压场和风场。由于台风暴潮在近岸地区受底部地形的影响,可能引起非线性较强的波动,从而产生陡度大的波面,因此模式中利用Roe的通量函数给出守恒方程的无粘性通量。针对复杂的海底地形,对模式专门进行了通量梯度项与源项的平衡。应用此模型模拟和预报珠江口地区的风暴潮增水,取得了较满意的结果。     

台风海面风场动力诊断模式的建立与模拟计算

本文总结和归纳了已有的台风海面风场模式，按照风场模式物理背景的不同进行了分类．在此基础上，本文选择并建立了一种新的台风海面风场动力诊断模式．首先，利用台风影响范围内某条具有代表性的闭合等压线的拟合方程表示出台风海面气压场，并利用改进的气压场模式和修正的梯度风方程求得台风系统风场，同时还利用宫崎正卫的热带气旋合成风假设建立移行台风风场．然后将两者作权重订正后进行迭加，即得到台风模型风场．该模式考虑了包括台风气压场的非对称性、边界层摩擦效用、气压梯度的切向变化及台风中心移动的影响等多种因素．经过对0519号“龙王”台风的模拟，结果表明本文所建立的台风风场模式可以比较准确的模拟出非圆对称的台风海面气压场和海面风场，较为真实地反映实际台风风场的特征．     

影响湛江的台风风场数值模拟

本文利用对称型台风风场模型和基于特征线的非对称型台风风场，同时采用背景风场与台风模型风场的合成的方法，研究了影响湛江的台风气压场和风场的数值模拟。研究结果表明：(1)当台风气压场的不对称特征明显时，采用非对称型台风风场模型模拟的结果明显优于对称型台风风场模型的结果；(2)利用背景风场与台风模型风场的合成要比单独使用台风模型风场更好。     

台风浪数值模拟方法比较——以1513号台风“苏迪罗”为例

为减少复杂地形对台风浪数值模拟的干扰,有效优化模拟精度和效果,充分发挥台风浪数值模式在防灾减灾中的作用,文章利用ERA-interim风场驱动模式,以1513号台风"苏迪罗"为例,采用2种方案对其形成的台风浪进行数值模拟,并对二者进行比较。其中,方案(1)为采用WW3模式,方案(2)为采用WW3模式和SWAN模式嵌套。研究结果表明:选取有效波高的模拟值和观测值,根据对散点分布的定性分析以及对相关系数、偏差和均方根误差的定量计算,采用方案(2)的模拟精度更高;通过绘制台风浪场分布图,采用方案(2)对有效波高的动态数值模拟更加明显和准确,尤其对于复杂地形海域的模拟效果更优。因此,在未来的海浪数值模拟中,可参照采用方案(2),即在大区域采用WW3模式,在复杂地形海域嵌套SWAN模式。     

地形数据对台风浪数值模拟的影响

采用区域嵌套,在岛礁处理的方案上采用地形平滑及三次样条插值的方案处理底地形和岛礁。以QuikSCAT/NCEP混合风场驱动目前国际先进的第三代海浪模式WW3,对2006年7月发生在中国近海的一次台风浪过程展开模拟,对比分析了原始地形和处理后地形对海浪数值模拟的影响,对比结果显示:经过处理后的地形对于提高台风浪的模拟效果起到了积极作用。     

台湾海峡海面风场数值计算

一、引言众所周知,海—气相互作用错综复杂,使得海上风的理论计算遇到了许多困难。至今,海上风的估计多半是应用经验统计的方法,即根据气压形势场计算地转风或梯度风,再作有关海面摩擦和大气稳定度的订正。但这种估计误差较大。日益深入开展的数值天气预报与近地面层大气研究为理论上建立数值模式计算与预报海上风场提供了条件。Blachadar(1965)和Cardone(1969)在总结前人研究成果的基础上,先后建立了大气边界层数值模式。国内外学者均曾利用该数值模式进行过海上风场的计算。     

Numerical study of the marine breeze around Mallorca Island

A study of marine breezes and their impact on the wave field around Mallorca Island was carried out by numerical simulations with the spectral wave model SWAN and three different wind fields: WRF – Weather Research and Forecasting model, HIRLAM – High Resolution Limited Area model and ECMWF – European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The main characteristics of the modelled breeze circulation and its effects on the wave field are analyzed. The modified wave field under breeze conditions and the correlations with their variability and daily short life time period are studied and discussed by analyzing the spectral balance. The results show that the accuracy of a wave forecast will depend on the quality of the wind field and its ability to simulate the sea breeze induced waves. The study period covers the summers of 2009 and 2010. In addition, to assess the performance of SWAN forced with two different winds the numerically obtained significant wave heights (Hs) are collocated against the ENVISAT-ESA's Environmental Satellite measurements (GLOBWAVE data) of Hs around the Mallorca Island.     

海上风的边界层模式

由于航海、海上开发作业等对海洋上风和海浪的预报提出越来越高的要求,而海浪、风暴潮等海洋水文要素的数值计算和预报,迫切需要解决海洋上风场的精确计算。但是,复杂的海面结构,大气稳定度的影响以及风、浪之间动量的交换等,使海上风的理论计算遇到很多困难,至今大部分工作是依靠统计方法。利用天气预报的形势场计算地转风或梯度风,以及它与海面摩擦、大气稳定度的经验订正关系。     

Conjunction of 2D and 3D modified flow solvers for simulating spatio-temporal wind induced hydrodynamics in the Caspian Sea

The main objective of this study is the simulation of flow dynamics in the deep parts of the Caspian Sea, in which the southern and middle deep regions are surrounded by considerable areas of shallow zones. To simulate spatio-temporal wind induced hydrodynamics in deep waters, a conjunctive numerical model consisting of a 2D depth average model and a 3D pseudo compressible model is proposed. The 2D model is applied to determine time dependent free surface oscillations as well as the surface velocity patterns and is conjunct to the 3D flow solver for computing three-dimensional velocity and pressure fields which coverage to steady state for the top boundary condition. The modified 2D and 3D sets of equations are conjunct considering interface shear stresses. Both sets of 2D and 3D equations are solved on unstructured triangular and tetrahedral meshes using the Galerkin Finite Volume Method. The conjunctive model is utilized to investigate the deep currents affected by wind, Coriolis forces and the river inflow conditions of the Caspian Sea. In this study, the simulation of flow field due to major winds as well as transient winds in the Caspian Sea during a period of 6 hours in the winter season has been conducted and the numerical results for water surface level are then compared to the 2D numerical results.     

Simulation of the extreme waves generated by typhoon Bolaven (1215) in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea

Record-breaking high waves occurred during the passage of the typhoon Bolaven (1215) (TYB) in the East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea (YS) although its intensity did not reach the level of a super typhoon. Winds and directional wave measurements were made using a range of in-situ instruments mounted on an ocean tower and buoys. In order to understand how such high waves with long duration occurred, analyses have been made through measurement and numerical simulations. TYB winds were generated using the TC96 typhoon wind model with the best track data calibrated with the measurements. And then the wind fields were blended with the reanalyzed synoptic-scale wind fields for a wave model. Wave fields were simulated using WAM4.5 with adjustment of C_d for gust of winds and bottom friction for the study area. Thus the accuracy of simulations is considerably enhanced, and the computed results are also in better agreement with measured data than before. It is found that the extremely high waves evolved as a result of the superposition of distant large swells and high wind seas generated by strong winds from the front/right quadrant of the typhoon track. As the typhoon moved at a speed a little slower than the dominant wave group velocity in a consistent direction for two days, the wave growth was significantly enhanced by strong wind input in an extended fetch and non-linear interaction.     

简单海-气边界层模式中的埃克曼流动Ⅱ——有限深海的情形

本文是文献[3]研究工作的继续。利用文献[3]中所用的海-气边界层模式,重点考虑海深和底坡的影响,将该文的研究成果直接推广到有限深海的情形,和无限深海情形下所获得的相应结果进行比较,简洁地阐明两者的异同,并就海底摩擦以及浅海风暴潮的估值和导致风暴潮的发生和发展的大气强迫力作一简短讨论。     

台风的海面气压场和风场模拟计算

本文采用台风中心资料、地面天气图及部分台站的观测资料，使用改进的藤田气压模型和Myers气压模型，对1996年9月9日11时在广东吴川——湛江登陆的9615号(Sally)台风海面风场进行了数值计算，求得台风域内的风速分布，并和实测资料进行了比较。结果表明，改进后的台风气压模型对台风海面气压场和风场的模拟计算是可取的。     

Simulation of wind-induced oscillations of the Azov-Sea level

The prognostic fields of the surface winds and atmospheric pressure obtained according to the data of the Skiron prognostic system are used to study the surge phenomena in the Azov Sea by using a three-dimensional nonlinear model. The accumulated numerical results are compared with the data of direct measurements of the sea level at the coastal stations. The degree of sensitivity of the computed levels of surges to the value of the coefficient of surface friction is evaluated. Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, pp. 53–65, November–December, 2008.     

Numerical simulation of breeze circulation over the Crimean peninsula

Using the WRF-ARW model, we have conducted a numerical simulation of the atmospheric circulation in the Crimean region for a 30-day period in the summer. The characteristic features of the velocity fields of breeze circulation over Crimea have been identified. We have reproduced the specific features of the development of breeze as a gravity flow, such as the direct and indirect circulation cells, wave oscillations on the boundary between them associated with the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, and the formation of the breeze head. The breeze velocities and their diurnal cycle have been estimated. For mountainous regions of the southern coast of Crimea (SCC), we have shown that the coastal circulation is predominantly contributed by quasi-diurnal oscillations associated with the wind excitation on the mountain slopes. The physical conditions for the development of a strong katabatic wind have been considered. The counter breeze flows in eastern Crimea formed under the influence of the adjacent Black and Azov seas generate an intense air rise in the meeting zone. The related linear cloudiness area is clearly traced on satellite images. We have obtained daily hodographs of breeze circulation reflecting the local conditions of the shoreline and the configuration of coastal mountains.     

Sensitivity of near-surface Tropical Instability Waves to submonthly wind forcing in the tropical Atlantic

This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the near-surface properties in the tropical Atlantic Ocean to the high-frequency of the winds in numerical simulations. At intra-seasonal timescales (2–50 days), two distinct period ranges dominate the variability in the upper ocean: periods between 2 and 20 days, which are essentially wind-forced and periods between 20 and 50 days, due mostly to Tropical Instability Waves (TIWs). Using a numerical model forced by different wind fields, it is shown that the characteristics of the intra-seasonal variability in the ocean surface mixed-layer are strongly dependent on the wind forcing. Submonthly winds are shown to force large variability in the upper ocean that can strikingly decrease the amplitude of the TIWs in the mixed-layer and their imprint on the horizontal distribution of sea surface temperatures. Wind products containing too much energy at submonthly periods thus prevent wind-forced simulations from reproducing a realistic surface signature of TIWs, when compared to satellite observations of sea surface temperature. In addition, submonthly wind variability may be responsible for part of the observed interannual variability of the TIW signature in the temperature. The impact of submonthly winds is strongest in the mixed-layer: beneath the mixed-layer, all simulations show similar characteristics of the TIWs.     

Sensitivity of near-surface Tropical Instability Waves to submonthly wind forcing in the tropical Atlantic

This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the near-surface properties in the tropical Atlantic Ocean to the high-frequency of the winds in numerical simulations. At intra-seasonal timescales (2–50 days), two distinct period ranges dominate the variability in the upper ocean: periods between 2 and 20 days, which are essentially wind-forced and periods between 20 and 50 days, due mostly to Tropical Instability Waves (TIWs). Using a numerical model forced by different wind fields, it is shown that the characteristics of the intra-seasonal variability in the ocean surface mixed-layer are strongly dependent on the wind forcing. Submonthly winds are shown to force large variability in the upper ocean that can strikingly decrease the amplitude of the TIWs in the mixed-layer and their imprint on the horizontal distribution of sea surface temperatures. Wind products containing too much energy at submonthly periods thus prevent wind-forced simulations from reproducing a realistic surface signature of TIWs, when compared to satellite observations of sea surface temperature. In addition, submonthly wind variability may be responsible for part of the observed interannual variability of the TIW signature in the temperature. The impact of submonthly winds is strongest in the mixed-layer: beneath the mixed-layer, all simulations show similar characteristics of the TIWs.